do insects infest wood packing material with bark following heat treatment? robert haack, toby...

Do Insects InfestWood Packing Material with Bark

Following Heat Treatment?

Robert Haack, Toby PetriceRobert Haack, Toby PetriceUSDA Forest ServiceUSDA Forest Service

Pascal Nzokou and D. Pascal KamdemPascal Nzokou and D. Pascal Kamdem

Michigan State UniversityMichigan State University

27 Exotic Borers discovered in 1985-27 Exotic Borers discovered in 1985-20062006

1 Exotic2 Exotics3 Exotics6 Exotics

First found in 17 states

5 Cerambycids

1 Siricid

2 Buprestids

19 Scolytids11 ambrosia, 8 bark beetles

Common Common types of types of

WoodWoodPackingPackingMaterial Material (WPM)(WPM)

Pallets Pallets

Crating Crating

DunnageDunnage

SpoolsSpools

USA:USA: Bark- & wood-infesting insect interceptions Bark- & wood-infesting insect interceptions on on

WPM from 113 countries during 1985-2000WPM from 113 countries during 1985-2000

Source: USDA APHIS Port Information Network

Top 10ItalyGermany ChinaSpainBelgiumRussiaIndiaMexicoFranceUK

Chile:Chile: Insect interceptions on WPMInsect interceptions on WPMfrom 38 countries during 1995 – 1999from 38 countries during 1995 – 1999

Top 10USA BrazilGermanyArgentinaItalyIndiaPeruColombiaEcuadorSpain Source: Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero

The US Pallet The US Pallet IndustryIndustry > 500 million new pallets produced/year> 500 million new pallets produced/year > 250 million pallets repaired/year> 250 million pallets repaired/year

International TradeInternational TradeMost cargo is shipped in containersMost cargo is shipped in containers

More than 300 million containersMore than 300 million containersshipped worldwide in 2003shipped worldwide in 2003

Container ships often cross oceans in 1-2 weeksContainer ships often cross oceans in 1-2 weeks

Inspection rates are low worldwide, usually 1 to 5%Inspection rates are low worldwide, usually 1 to 5%The US inspection rate is < 2%The US inspection rate is < 2%

ISPM 15 (2002) ISPM 15 (2002) is an international standard to reduce the risk of introducing pests

associated with WPM

International Forest Quarantine Research Group International Forest Quarantine Research Group (2003)(2003)

1st question to IFQRG:1st question to IFQRG:

Do insects and disease organisms infest wood Do insects and disease organisms infest wood

after HT or MB treatment, after HT or MB treatment, especially when bark is present?especially when bark is present?

2004: Log Study2004: Log StudyPine, Hickory, Maple, OakPine, Hickory, Maple, Oak

2005: Lumber Study2005: Lumber StudyPinePine

2004: Log Study2004: Log StudyPine, Hickory, Maple, OakPine, Hickory, Maple, Oak

Trees cut in June 2004

Cut 1-m-long bolts of each species, no bark no bark removedremoved

Treated bolts (56C-30m) & put back in field within 2 weeks

Half of bolts recovered in July 2004

Others recovered in March 2005

Dissected half of each Dissected half of each boltbolt

Reared the other Reared the other halfhalf

in cardboard tubesin cardboard tubes

Scolytids and Scolytids and Cerambycids Cerambycids

infestedinfestedall logs,all logs,

including bothincluding bothcontrol & HT logscontrol & HT logs

Gnathotrichus, Ips, Monarthrum, Orthotomicus, Xylosandrus, Xyloterinus

Acanthocinus, Monochamus, Saperda, Urographus, Xylotrechus

Mean scolytid (2004) and cerambycid (2005) Mean scolytid (2004) and cerambycid (2005) emergence densityemergence density from green barked logs from green barked logs that that were subjected to natural attack after HTwere subjected to natural attack after HT

Number / m2 Number / m2 TreeTree Insect Insect HeatHeat Control Control

Hickory Ambrosia beetles 543 2 Cerambycids 36 4

Maple Ambrosia beetles 112 16 Cerambycids 27 4

Oak Ambrosia beetles 64 22 Cerambycids 4 23

Pine Bark beetles 1352 430 Ambrosia beetles 269 17 Cerambycids 1 14

2005 Study2005 Study 2 Treatments (HT, Control)2 Treatments (HT, Control) 1 Tree species (red pine)1 Tree species (red pine)

Lumber dimensionsLumber dimensions1 m long1 m long1-inch and 4-inch boards1-inch and 4-inch boards

Amount of bark present on one faceAmount of bark present on one face No barkNo bark Eight small patches: 4-inEight small patches: 4-in2 2 or 25 cmor 25 cm22 Two large patches: 16 inTwo large patches: 16 in22 or 100 cm or 100 cm22 All barkAll bark

12 replicates for each combination12 replicates for each combination Placed in field for 3 weeksPlaced in field for 3 weeks Half dissected, half rearedHalf dissected, half reared

Bark categoryBark category Control Control HeatHeat

1-inch boards1-inch boardsNo bark 0 % 0 %Small patches 83 45Large patches 67 55All bark 67 67

4-inch boards4-inch boardsNo bark 0 0Small patches 50 75Large patches 83 83All bark 100 100

Percent Infestation of BoardsPercent Infestation of Boardsby Bark Beetlesby Bark Beetles


1-inch boards1-inch boardsNo bark 0 0 Small patches 100 35Large patches 50 100All bark 87 120

4-inch boards4-inch boardsNo bark 0 0Small patches 133 308 Large patches 50 191All bark 100 250

Bark BeetleBark BeetleGallery Density (No. / mGallery Density (No. / m22))




Percent of Boards with Percent of Boards with Bark Beetle Progeny Exit Holes Bark Beetle Progeny Exit Holes




Percent Infestation of BoardsPercent Infestation of Boardsby Cerambycidsby Cerambycids

SummarySummary1.1. Scolytids and cerambycids did infest Scolytids and cerambycids did infest

boards with bark following HT. boards with bark following HT.

2.2. Eggs were laid on both small (25 cmEggs were laid on both small (25 cm22) and ) and large (100 cmlarge (100 cm22) bark patches.) bark patches.

3.3. Scolytids completed development under Scolytids completed development under large bark patches (100 cmlarge bark patches (100 cm22) but not ) but not small bark patches (25 cmsmall bark patches (25 cm22).).

4.4. Scolytids and cerambycids did not infest Scolytids and cerambycids did not infest bark-free boards.bark-free boards.

The NAPPO Forestry Panel met inThe NAPPO Forestry Panel met in Long Beach, CA, in early 2006 Long Beach, CA, in early 2006

Considering that the NAPPO members (Canada, Considering that the NAPPO members (Canada, Mexico, US) started to require ISPM-15 Mexico, US) started to require ISPM-15 treated wood in 2006, they also agreed to treated wood in 2006, they also agreed to collect data to answer these 2 questions:collect data to answer these 2 questions:

1.1. What is the incidence of phytosanitary quarantine What is the incidence of phytosanitary quarantine pests on WP with bark that has the ISPM 15 mark? pests on WP with bark that has the ISPM 15 mark? How does this differ from marked WP without bark? How does this differ from marked WP without bark?

2.2. What is the incidence (and size) of bark on the What is the incidence (and size) of bark on the lumber used in the manufacture of WP? lumber used in the manufacture of WP? No barkNo bark< credit card< credit card> credit card, but < piece of paper> credit card, but < piece of paper> piece of paper> piece of paper

2006 US National WPM Survey2006 US National WPM Survey

Six ports were selected for survey in 2006Six ports were selected for survey in 2006

Seattle, WA

Long Beach, CA

Detroit, MI

Elizabeth, NJ

Laredo, TX

Savannah, GA

Long Beach, CALong Beach, CA

Busiest US portBusiest US port4.5 million containers4.5 million containers

in 2005 in 2005

What is the incidence of phytosanitary quarantine What is the incidence of phytosanitary quarantine pests on WP with bark that have the ISPM 15 pests on WP with bark that have the ISPM 15 mark? mark? How does this differ from WP without bark? How does this differ from WP without bark?

2.6% of boards with bark had live insects2.6% of boards with bark had live insects0.0% of boards without bark had live 0.0% of boards without bark had live

insectsinsects

Preliminary Results from Long Beach, CAPreliminary Results from Long Beach, CA

What is the incidence of phytosanitary quarantine pests on WP with bark that have the ISPM 15 mark? How does this differ from WP without bark?

2.6%2.6% of boards with bark had live insects0.0% of boards without bark had live insects

What is the incidence (and size) of bark on the lumber used in the manufacture of WP?

88.9 % no bark11.111.1 had bark

71 % < credit card 24 > credit card, but < piece of paper 5 > piece of paper

2.6% x 11.1% = 0.3% WP had live insects under 2.6% x 11.1% = 0.3% WP had live insects under bark. bark. This is similar to reports from Australia and EU: This is similar to reports from Australia and EU: 0.5%0.5%

Preliminary Results from Long Beach, CAPreliminary Results from Long Beach, CA

ThanksThanks

Questions?Questions?

do insects infest wood packing material with bark following heat treatment? robert haack, toby...

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