do animals have emotions?
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DO ANIMALS HAVE EMOTIONS?. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGeKSiCQkPw. Clues From Primate Studies on Emotions as Inherited. Jane Goodall’s Chimp Observations Chimp society based on aggression and sex Aggression relates to social hierarchies - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
DO ANIMALS HAVE EMOTIONS?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGeKSiCQkPw
Clues From Primate Studies on Emotions as Inherited
Jane Goodall’s Chimp Observations
Chimp society based on aggression and sex
Aggression relates to social hierarchies
Aggression in chimps linked to serotonin levels. Same for humans
Chimps appear to be emotional—and to share same basic emotions as humans.
Jane Goodall: “Emotional states of chimps are so obviously
similar to ours that even an inexperienced observer can
interpret the behavior”.
From Reflexes to Emotion
a. Reflexes
b. Patterns of action
c. Innate releaser/sign stimulus/cue
d. Emotions
Emotions and Action Patterns
Cue
Emotion
Pattern
Purpose
Intruder
Anger, alarm
Aggression, warning
Defend territory
Potential Mate
Excitement, arousal
Flirtation, displays, approach
Mating, affiliation
Emotions and Problem Solving
Emotions draw attention to problems
Emotions keep attention on problems, until problems are solved.
Different emotions are keyed to different kinds of problems
EMOTION “PROBLEM” “SOLUTION”
Guilt Betrayal of
another Restore bonds
Fear Threat to self Self Protection
Culture and Emotions
Class 3
Universality of Emotions
Emotional expression evident among blind, deaf
Emotion expression common across literate cultures
Ekman study
Izard study
Emotional expression common between pre-literate cultures and literate culture (USA).
Ekman: South Fore of New Guinea
Heiders: Dani’
Researching Culture and Emotion
1. Cross time within a society
2. Between regions within larger society
3. Between separate societies
Emotional Differences Between Cultures Represent Adaptations
Constraints favor some emotions, some emotional expressions, and disfavor others.
Cultures differ in constraints (i.e., challenges, and opportunities) that they face.
Emotions are adapted to the problems people face in different places and different times.
Emotions During the Enlightenment
1. Reason and rationality great equalizers
2. Darwin: emotions associated with more primitive animals.
3. Spinoza: Spiritual freedom gained by controlling the “passive” emotions
4. Emotions associated with the irrational, the untamed, the feminine, the weak, the insane.
5. Embracing of science industrial revolution, command
over nature
Romanticism and Emotions
1. Reaction to the hyper-rationality of the Enlightenment
2. Philosophical spokesman: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1755)
“The heart has its reasons the reason cannot know”
3. Themes of Romanticism
a. Nature is basically benign
b. Good life lived in harmony with nature—inner and outer
c. Notion of “noble savage”
d. Dangers of ignoring nature: warped wonks
Frankenstein: Science run amok
Emotion vs. Reason in American Identity Pro-Reason:
Balance of power
Dedication to science, public education
Pro-Emotion:
People are “endowed with inalienable rights,
that among these are life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness.”
American Ambivalence Towards Emotions Anti Emotionality
1. 1960’s time of hedonistic chaos
2. When the going gets tough, the tough get going.
3. Political ruin of Ed Muskie and Thomas Eagleton
4. Clint Eastwood, John Wayne as icons
Pro Emotionality
1. 1950’s time of stultifying emotional repression
2. Go with your feelings
3. Bill Clinton: “I feel your pain”
4. Tom Hanks, Dustin Hoffman as icons
Different Constraints Within a Culture
North vs. South United States and the
“Culture of Honor”
Dov Cohen and Richard Nisbett
Cultural Differences: North vs. South
North
South
Settled by farmers, urbanites
Settled by herders, aristocrats
Livelihood not easily stolen
Livelihood easily stolen
Cooperation, community are adaptive
Independence, toughness are adaptive
Honor is not paramount value
Honor is paramount value
Insult says something about insulter
Insult says something about one’s self
Differences in Violence, North vs. South
Homicide in Cumberland Mtns: 10 times national rate, twice as high as inner cities during 1980s
Violent past-times:
Purring, no holds bar fights, toss-rock-at-head game
Laws lenient re. honor-related violence
Killing unfaithful wife and lover justified in Texas
Jury acquits man who shoots name-callers
02468
1012141618
Non-South South
Percent Who Approve of Punching a Drunk Who Bumps into One's Wife, Non-South vs. South
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mid-West South
FightInsult
Percent Who Would Be Angry with Friend for a Month Following a Fist-Fight or an Insult,
Mid-West vs. South
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
5
Non-South South
Felony Murders
Argument Murders
Homicide Rates Related to Insults
in Cities of Less than 200,000
North vs. South
Cohen and Nisbett Motorcycle Shop Study
1. Employment request letters sent to cycle shops in North and in South
2. “Applicant” is highly qualified motorcycle mechanic
3. BUT, applicant has a criminal past
a. Applicant stole money, went to prison
b. Applicant caught another man with his wife, thrashed the man, went to prison.
4. Who hires Applicant?
Offer Job to Convict, Convicted of Stealing or Honor-Motivated Manslaughter, North Vs. South
NORTH SOUTH
THIEF Low Low
REVENGING Low High
HUSBAND
Sequence in Cohen and Nisbett Insult Studies
1. Subjects: white males, non-Hispanic and non-Jewish
2. Subjects are from the North or the South
3. Subject told to walk down narrow corridor, drop off form and return
4. S encounters/doesn’t encounter guy working a file cabinet.
5. Filer first grumpily makes way for S
6. When S returns filer bumps him and calls him “asshole”
Results of Insult Experiments1. Insult Study 1: Emotions expressed after insult
* South: Anger
* North: Amusement2. Insult Study 2: Stress and aggression hormone activation
* Cortisol: Higher among insulted Southerners
* Testosterone: Higher among insulted Southerners
3. Insult Study 3: Behavioral measures
a. Handshake
b. Dominance vs. Submission posture
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Non-South South
No Insult
Insult
Distance (in feet) Before Avoiding Fred the Bouncer in “Chicken Game”, After No Insult or After Insult
North vs. South
Conclusions from Culture of Honor Studies
1. Culture shapes meaning of events, and therefore emotional reactions.
2. Culture shapes how people act on emotions
3. Implications for policy: change social conditions that support need to project toughness.
Cross-Cultural Analysis of Emotion
Different societies face different environments, histories, and current challenges
The factors influence emotional emphases
Hypercognized: Emphasized, have special names, objects of discussion
Hypocognized: Underemphasized, not conceptualized.
Example: Anger vs contentment
Cultures Factors US vs. Japan
U.S.A. Japan
Environ. Wide open continent Small Island
History Settled by rebels, 1000 yrs, little immigration
people willing to break ties
Values Distrust authority Respect authority
Independence Collectiveness
“I” self “We” self
Innovation Tradition
Emotions, US vs. Japan
Amae: Japanese positive emotion
Comfort in another’s complete acceptance
No US equivalent
Anger: Japan – OK between groups, not within group
US – OK to show anger to close others
Infant toy study: Baby approaches toy when mom shows
joy, fear, or anger, Japan vs. US
Saying “No” in US and Japan
USA Japan
I don’t think this will work
No, we cannot do that
Are you out of your %$##%
mind???
That is interesting
We would like to think about that
We may have a problem
Moral Emotions: Shame vs. Guilt
Asian vs. Western CulturesYoung-Hoon Kim & Dov Cohen, under review
Individualistic Cultures (USA/W. European)
Self is audience to own actions
Motive is personal dignity
Constraining emotions = Guilt
Collectivist Cultures (Asia)
Others are audience to own actions
Motive is saving face
Constraining emotion = Shame
Kim & Cohen Experimental Method
(Abridged)
Participants: 205 non-Hispanic Euro-Americans, 181 Asian Americans
Moral Transgression Survey:
Number of times that you:
____ Lied to parents
____ Talked about friend behind his/her back
Complete Survey from perspective of own self, OR significant others
Outcome measure: Thanks for being in this study. You get a free gift.
___ Handiwipes
___ Pencil
Moral Emotions: Shame vs. Guilt
Asian vs. Western Cultures
Young-Hoon Kim & Dov Cohen, under review
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Own Perspective Others'Perspective
Cho
se H
andw
ipe
over
Pen
cilEuro-AmericansAsian-Americans
Circumstances of US and Ifaluk
US
Ifaluk
Unlimited land space Island size of 1/5th Central Park
People stress self-reliance
People stress interdependence
“Go West young man” No where to go.
Society generally free of natural disaster
Typhoons can wipe out entire structures
Emotions of the Ifaluk
1. Ker = self-centered happiness, draw attn. to self, rowdiness
2. Maluwelu: gentle, quiet, calm pleasantness
3. Song: Dissatisfaction with another’s break of social decorum
4. Fago: Compassionate love/sadness. Most valued emotion