dna “the molecule of life”. do now what is dna? why is it important? who helped to discover dna...
TRANSCRIPT
DNA
“The Molecule of Life”
Do Now
What is DNA? Why is it important? Who helped to discover DNA and it’s
structure? Draw a picture of what you think DNA looks
like.
Objectives
To explain the structure of DNA To identify the different types of bases and
which pair with which. To list the scientists involved in discovering
DNA.
DNA
What do the letters stand for? DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Where is it found? In the nucleus (or nuclear region in
prokaryotes)
What is it used for? Blueprints of your genes/traits
What is DNA Made of?
Repeating units of nucleotides
DNA STRUCTURE
Nucleotides: 5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate Group Nitrogen base
Nitrogenous Bases
Purines Double ring structure *Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines Single ring structure * Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil
Nitrogenous Bases
Erwin Chargaff
Chargaff’s rule C= G T = A
Draw in the complimentary sequence
ATGCTAATTCGCATCG
Rosiland Franklin
X-ray Diffraction use of photo 51
X-ray diffraction data helped solve the structure of DNA
Indicated that DNA was a double helix
X-Ray Crystallography
Watson and Crick
Built a model of the double helix that conformed to the others’ research two outside strands consist of alternating
sugar and phosphate molecules cytosine and guanine bases pair to each other
by three hydrogen bonds thymine and adenine bases pair to each
other by two hydrogen bonds
DNA Structure
DNA often is compared to a twisted ladder.
Rails of the ladder are represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate.
The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine or thymine–adenine) form the steps.
Label the parts of the DNA molecule
Structure Worksheet!
Do Now
How does DNA get into EVERY cell of our bodies?
Is it the same in every cell? What is RNA? How is it different from DNA?
Objectives
To understand how DNA is replicated. To compare and contrast DNA vs. RNA.
DNA Replication
Allows cells to get an exact copy of DNA.
Steps to Replication
1- The two DNA strands unwind and separate.
Steps to Replication
2- Nucleotides in the area around the DNA match up base by base with the nucleotides on each TEMPLATE DNA strand. All of the C’s pair with the G’s and all of the
A’s pair with the T’s.
Steps to Replication
3- Each new molecule has one strand of new DNA and one from the original strand.
Replication Animation
http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html
What is DNA responsible for again?
RNA is needed to make proteins!
What is RNA? Ribonucleic Acid
How is it different from DNA? Single Stranded Indefinite shape Uses “uracil” Contains Ribose
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Located in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm Brings genetic code from DNA to the ribosome
to make protein
Types of RNA
Ribosomal (rRNA) Located within the ribosome Helps make the structure of the ribosome
Types of RNA
Transfer (tRNA) Located in the cytoplasm Brings amino acids to ribosome to build
proteins.
DNARNAProtein
Transcription: Occurs in nucleus Create mRNA from DNA
Translation: Occurs in cytoplasm Takes mRNA and makes proteins with the
help of tRNA.
DNA vs. RNA worksheet!
Do Now
What are the 3 types of RNA? What is the purpose of each of them? What are the names of the two processes
involved in making proteins?
Objectives
To understand how mRNA is made. To determine how proteins are made through
the process of translation.
Transcription
** Only individual genes are transcribed, not a whole DNA molecule.
What is the first step to making a protein?
Transcription
Step 1: DNA molecule unwinds and separates just like in replication.
Transcription
Step 2: RNA nucleotides match up with their complimentary bases on the template strand.
Practice: Write the complimentary mRNA strand from this DNA…
ATCGATGGCAAGCTA
Transcription
Step 3: mRNA detaches once entire gene is done and the DNA recoils.
*Many copies of RNA can be made from the same gene in a short period of time.
Translation
What happens in translation?
Where does this happen?
Translation
Step 1: Translation begins when a ribosome attaches to the beginning end of an mRNA molecule.
*Translation MUST START AT THE LETTERS “AUG”.
* Every 3 letters on the mRNA is called a “Codon” that codes for a specific amino acid.
CODON BINGO!!
Translation
Step 2: A tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid matches up to a complementary codon in the mRNA on the ribosome.
*tRNA molecules contain “Anticodons” which are 3 bases on the tRNA.
Translation
Step 3: The ribosome attaches one amino acid to another as it moves along the mRNA molecule. Amino acids are attached by PEPTIDE
BONDS.
Translation
Step 4: The tRNA molecules are released after the amino acids they carry are attached to the growing chain of amino acids.
Translation
Step 5: The ribosome completes the translation when it reaches a stop codon. The newly made protein molecules in the form of a chain of amino acids, is released.
Practice!
Translate this mRNA sequence. *Remember to start and stop at the right
places!!
TCACTAUGCGGACGGACATTATCG
Translation Practice Worksheet!