DNA Technology and its DNA Technology and its Applications Applications

ObjectiveObjective

SB2. Students will analyze how SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to biological traits are passed on to successive generations.successive generations.

f. Examine the use of DNA technology in f. Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.forensics, medicine, and agriculture.

We are going to study the following We are going to study the following DNA technologies and their real-world DNA technologies and their real-world

applications: applications: DNA extraction DNA extraction Recombinant DNARecombinant DNA Gel ElectrophoresisGel Electrophoresis Polymerase Chain ReactionPolymerase Chain Reaction Gene Sequence AnalysisGene Sequence Analysis CloningCloning Gene TherapyGene Therapy

DNA EXTRACTIONDNA EXTRACTION

How is DNA extracted from living How is DNA extracted from living things? things?

In class, we extracted DNA from a In class, we extracted DNA from a banana. Scientists and researchers use banana. Scientists and researchers use more elaborate techniques when more elaborate techniques when extracting DNAextracting DNA

Click on the following link to extract DNA Click on the following link to extract DNA from a human from a human http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/

Recombinant DNARecombinant DNA& Transgenic Organisms& Transgenic Organisms

What is recombinant DNA? What is recombinant DNA?

Click on the following link to learn about Click on the following link to learn about recombinant DNA: recombinant DNA:

http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/TeachingResources/Applications/GMOpkgJKloseGLampard2.swf

Practical applications of Practical applications of recombinant DNA…recombinant DNA…

Recombinant Vaccines (ie. Hepatitis B) Recombinant Vaccines (ie. Hepatitis B) Prevention and cure of sickle cell anemia Prevention and cure of sickle cell anemia Prevention and cure of cystic fibrosis Prevention and cure of cystic fibrosis Production of clotting factors Production of clotting factors Production of insulin Production of insulin Production of recombinant pharmaceuticals Production of recombinant pharmaceuticals Germ line and somatic gene therapy Germ line and somatic gene therapy

Another Major Application of Another Major Application of Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA

Using the technology of recombinant DNA, Using the technology of recombinant DNA, we are able to introduce specific genes we are able to introduce specific genes from one organism into another. from one organism into another.

A A transgenic organismtransgenic organism is an organism that is an organism that has been genetically engineered to has been genetically engineered to contain 1 or more genescontain 1 or more genes

Applications of Transgenic OrganismsApplications of Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic LivestockTransgenic Livestock Farm animals that are genetically altered to Farm animals that are genetically altered to

synthesize marketable proteins.synthesize marketable proteins. Mice that urinate human growth hormone (HGH)Mice that urinate human growth hormone (HGH) Goats that produce the malaria antigen for use in Goats that produce the malaria antigen for use in

vaccinesvaccines Cows that produce a human protein in their milkCows that produce a human protein in their milk

Pigs that are genetically altered so their organs Pigs that are genetically altered so their organs can be transplanted into a human without rejection can be transplanted into a human without rejection

Applications of Transgenic OrganismsApplications of Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic PlantsTransgenic Plants Plants that produce their own insecticidesPlants that produce their own insecticides Crops that have increased drought and heat Crops that have increased drought and heat

resistance resistance

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering& GMO& GMO

Genetic Engineering is…Genetic Engineering is…

The technique of removing, modifying, or The technique of removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule in order adding genes to a DNA molecule in order to change the information it contains. By to change the information it contains. By changing this information, genetic changing this information, genetic engineering changes the type or amount engineering changes the type or amount of proteins an organism is capable of of proteins an organism is capable of producing, thus enabling it to make new producing, thus enabling it to make new substances or perform new functions. substances or perform new functions.

Genetically Modified Organisms Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)(GMO)

Often, the label GMO and the term Often, the label GMO and the term "transgenic" are used to refer to organisms "transgenic" are used to refer to organisms that have acquired novel genes from other that have acquired novel genes from other organisms by laboratory "gene transfer" organisms by laboratory "gene transfer" methods. methods.

News WorthyNews Worthy http://www.science.org.au/nova/009/009key.ht

ml

http://www.science.org.au/policy/gene-tech.htm

http://www.aaemonline.org/gmopost.html

http://www.fda.gov/food/foodscienceresearch/biotechnology/ucm346030.htm

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/gmfoods/

Gel Electrophoresis Gel Electrophoresis

What is Gel Electrophoresis?What is Gel Electrophoresis?

Click on the following link: Click on the following link: DNA Interactive to answer questions to answer questions about gel electrophoresis. about gel electrophoresis.

What are the practical applications What are the practical applications of gel electrophoresis?of gel electrophoresis?

DNA fragments produced by the gel DNA fragments produced by the gel electrophoresis can be used in other electrophoresis can be used in other technologies like PCR, cloning and DNA technologies like PCR, cloning and DNA sequencingsequencing

Or, the DNA fragments can be used by Or, the DNA fragments can be used by forensic scientists, conservation biologists, forensic scientists, conservation biologists, taxonomists, evolutionary biologists, etc.taxonomists, evolutionary biologists, etc.

How is gel electrophoresis used by How is gel electrophoresis used by scientists?scientists?

Human DNA can be analyzed to Human DNA can be analyzed to Provide evidence in criminal casesProvide evidence in criminal cases Diagnose genetic diseasesDiagnose genetic diseases Solve paternity casesSolve paternity cases

Samples of DNA can be obtained from tissue Samples of DNA can be obtained from tissue and body fluidand body fluid Cheek cellsCheek cells SkinSkin Hair Hair BloodBlood Semen Semen

What are the practical applications What are the practical applications of gel electrophoresis?of gel electrophoresis?

Conservation biologists use DNA to Conservation biologists use DNA to determine genetic similarity among determine genetic similarity among populations and individualspopulations and individuals

Taxonomists use DNA to help distinguish Taxonomists use DNA to help distinguish species species

Evolutionary biologists use DNA profiles to Evolutionary biologists use DNA profiles to compare similarities and differences to compare similarities and differences to construct family trees construct family trees

PCRPCR

What is PCR?What is PCR?

Click on the following link to learn about Click on the following link to learn about Polymerase Chain Reactions, make sure Polymerase Chain Reactions, make sure you scroll down to see the information…you scroll down to see the information… www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/pcr.html

What are the practical applications of What are the practical applications of PCR?PCR?

PCR creates high amounts of pure DNA, PCR creates high amounts of pure DNA, enabling analysis of DNA samples even enabling analysis of DNA samples even from very small amounts of starting from very small amounts of starting material to be used in other DNA material to be used in other DNA technologies.technologies.

DNA/Gene SequencingDNA/Gene Sequencing

What is Gene Sequence Analysis?What is Gene Sequence Analysis?

Click on the following link to learn about Click on the following link to learn about gene sequencing: gene sequencing:

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/faq/seqfacts.shtml

Applications of DNA SequencingApplications of DNA Sequencing Click on the following article review: Click on the following article review:

http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/31354.aspx

Cost Article #1 (read the whole article) (read the whole article) Baby Sequencing Cost DNA FingerprintingDNA Fingerprinting http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/artic

les/article/dalyacolumn8.htm/ If you have time, solve a crime: If you have time, solve a crime: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/anal

yze.html

CloningCloning

What is cloning?What is cloning?

Click on the following link to learn about Click on the following link to learn about cloning: cloning: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/

whatiscloning/

What are the practical applications of What are the practical applications of cloning? cloning?

Click on the following link to look at the Click on the following link to look at the practical applications of cloning: practical applications of cloning:

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whyclone/

Gene TherapyGene Therapy

What is Gene Therapy? What is Gene Therapy?

Click on the following link to learn about Click on the following link to learn about gene therapygene therapy

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/gtintro/genetherapy/gtintro/

What are the practical applications of What are the practical applications of gene therapy?gene therapy?

potential to eliminate and prevent hereditary diseases such as potential to eliminate and prevent hereditary diseases such as Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis hemophilia hemophilia heart disease, heart disease, AIDS AIDS cancer cancer

**There's a fair amount of risk involved in trials of this kind of therapy, and to date, only children who are seriously ill or have illnesses incurable by conventional means have been involved in clinical trials using gene therapy.

Current Events: Connecting DNA Current Events: Connecting DNA Technology to the Real WorldTechnology to the Real World

Back to our original objective…Back to our original objective…

““Examine the use of DNA technology in Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.”forensics, medicine, and agriculture.”

You need to find a current You need to find a current event/article/activity that relates to at least event/article/activity that relates to at least one aspect of this question. Use the one aspect of this question. Use the directions on the next slide to help you find directions on the next slide to help you find an article. an article.

Finding an article…Finding an article…

Open up the internet explorerOpen up the internet explorer Go to http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/Go to http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/ Explore an area of genetics in forensics, Explore an area of genetics in forensics,

medicine, or agriculture not covered in this medicine, or agriculture not covered in this power point and tell me about it.power point and tell me about it.

Other LinksOther Links Cloned Meat-FDACloned Meat-FDA http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?

storyId=6692091 storyId=6692091 http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/

content/mar2008/db2008033_119633.htmcontent/mar2008/db2008033_119633.htm Is Cloned Meat Safe to Eat?Is Cloned Meat Safe to Eat? http://www.newsweek.com/id/95962http://www.newsweek.com/id/95962 DNA & ForensicsDNA & Forensics http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/

forensics/forensics/