dna review
TRANSCRIPT
Biology and DNA Review
Honors Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Organic Chemistry
4 major types of organic compounds (“molecules of life”)–Carbohydrates
–Lipids
–Nucleic acids
–Proteins
The Big Picture…
DNA
Nucleic Acid– Contains hereditary information– protein made when DNA is expressed
• Hair color, eye color, tissues, enzymes, etc
Deoxyribonucleic acid– Monomer = nucleotide
• Sugar (ribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base
Nucleotide
Structure of DNA
Double Helix
– Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
– Nitrogenous base “rungs”
DNA to Protein – 2 steps
Transcription– DNA --> RNA– Complementary base pairing rules (uracil
instead of thymine)– nucleus
Translation– RNA-->protein– Genetic code– ribosomes
Genes and Proteins
Genes = specific sequences of DNA that “code” for a particular proteinProteins are built by stringing together amino acids–Amino acid = building block (monomer)
of proteins.–Where do amino acids come from?
Why do we need this in Human Phys?
Mutations (mistakes) in DNA sometimes result in non-functioning or malfunctioning proteinsGenetic diseases or disorders may result.
DNA technology
Gene therapy/genetic counseling
Genetic diagnostics
Don’t Forget About the Cell!
Multicellular Organisms
Cells are specialized to perform particular functions.– One cell in a multicellular organism can
not do all of the functions of the whole organism.
– Cells work as “teams.”– Some cells move, react to the
environment, produce substances, transport substances, send signals, provide protection…
Specialized cells
Cell with specific function = specific organelles to accomplish that function– Example: Pancreatic cells produce
enzymes to help digest food.• What kind of molecule are enzymes?• What organelles do you think pancreatic
cells have a lot of?
Examples
Skin cells
Nerve cells
Muscle cells
Blood cells
Hierarchy of the Body
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism (Human)