Aim: How do we manipulate DNA?

1. Genetic Engineering=technology used to manipulate organism’s

DNA by inserting DNA of another organism

1. Genetic EngineeringUsed to increase or decrease expression of

specific genesgenome=the total DNA present in the

nucleus of each cellMillions in human genome—have tools to

isolate and manipulate one specific gene

2. Restriction Enzymes=proteins that recognize and bind to specific

DNA sequences and cut that piece out

3. Gel ElectrophoresisSeparates DNA fragments for analysisPulled with electric charge—DNA is negative moves to positive end)

3. Gel ElectrophoresisMove and separate according to size of

fragmentsSmaller fragments—move faster and fartherLarger fragments—move slower and stay

closerMakes a unique pattern

Allows for identification and comparison

http://www.dnatube.com/video/957/Movement-of-proteins-in-SDS-polyacrylamide-gel

4. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)Makes millions of copies of a specific region

of a DNA fragmentDone by heating DNA to separate the strands

and is copiedEach copy is copied—a few dozen

cycles=millions of copies

5. Biotechnology=using genetic engineering to find solutions

to problemsProduces organisms with genes from another

organismTransgenic

6. Transgenic plantsEngineered to be more resistant to viruses

and pestsPests and viruses can kill all crops

Make them resistant so they can survive

Some scientists working on peanuts and soybeans that don’t cause allergic reactions

7. Selective Breeding=the process of selecting certain desirable

traits to pass on to future generations in certain plants and animals

8. Hybridization=Mixing of different organisms to bring

together the best traitsStronger than parents, have competitive edgeExample—crossing tomato that is resistant to

specific disease with one that grows fastOffspring disease resistant and grows fast

9. Inbreeding=continued breeding of individuals with

similar characteristicsPure breed dogs maintained this way—keeps

their unique traits Disadvantage—harmful recessive traits

passed on, increased chance of homozygous recessive for disease