dna (deoxyribonucleic acid) what is it? read chap 13 read chap 13 how does it work? read chap 14...
TRANSCRIPT
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DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
What is it? Read Chap 13
How does it work? Read Chap 14
How do we know? Read 13, 14 & class notes
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The Central DogmaDNA makes PROTEINS and PROTEINS make LIFE
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The Central DogmaDNA makes PROTEINS and PROTEINS make LIFE
But how? At its essence, DNA is a set of instructions
for making proteins. “DNA is a cookbook and the genes are recipes”
Proteins are made from different arrangements of protein building blocks called Amino Acids.
There are 20 different Amino Acids. You get them from your food.
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So how do you change the protein in a tuna fish sandwich into human hemoglobin, hair, enzymes, etc.???
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There’s a little problem here…
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Step 1: Transcription Copying the DNA
DNA g mRNA
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Transcription: Copying the DNADNAgmRNA
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Transcription: Copying the DNADNAgmRNA
COMPARISON OF DNA AND MESSENGER RNA
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Transcription: Copying the DNADNAgmRNA
COMPARISON OF DNA AND MESSENGER RNA
DNA mRNA
StructureDoubleHelix
SingleStrand
SugarDeoxyribose
C5 H10 O4
RiboseC5 H10 O5
Bases A,G,C,T A,G,C,UUracil
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How can 4 bases tell you how to make proteins from 20 amino acids???
Law of Parsimony (The simplest answer is often the right answer. Sort of, not always but a lot.)
4 letter alphabet making 1–letter words?
4-letter alphabet making 2-letter words?
A G C T
AA GA CA TA
AG GG CG TG
AC GC CC TC
AT GT CT TT
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mRNA & Codons
The 3-base units of information on mRNA are called codons.
AAU,GCC,CAU,GGG,CGA…………….
Codons “spell out” the names of the specific amino acids to be used in making a specific PROTEIN.
The sequence of bases on DNA or RNA is called, duh,
the “base sequence”
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The Universal Genetic Code is 64 tripletsIt’s a 4-letter alphabet that makes 64 3-letter words
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Protein Synthesis (makin’ proteins)So this movie requires another actor… TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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Protein Synthesis
Some terms that you MUST know…
DNA codes or triplets (the genetic code of DNA)
TRANSCRIPTION (of DNA to make mRNA)
mRNA CODONS (3-base information units of mRNA
tRNA ANTICODONS (anticodons pair with codons)
TRANSLATION (tRNA reads mRNA to make a protein)
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Hook together AMINO ACIDS
with PEPTIDE BONDS
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Protein Synthesis = Translation(makin’ proteins)
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Codons
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)“Picks up and transfers the amino acids over to the ribosome and mRNA”
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codon in mRNA
anticodon in tRNA
amino
acid
Fig. 14-7, p.223
tRNA Structure
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Protein Synthesis (makin’ proteins)
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“Poly-ribosomes”
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Overview
Transcription
Translation
mRNA rRNA tRNA
Mature mRNA transcripts ribosomal subunits mature tRNA
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binding site for mRNA
P (first binding
site for tRNA)
A (second binding
site for tRNA)
initiation
elongation
Amino
Acid
1
Amino
Acid
2
Amino
Acid
1
Amino
Acid
2
a A mature mRNA transcript leaves the
nucleus through a pore in the nuclear
envelope.
c Initiation ends when a large and small ribosomal subunit converge and bind
together.
b Initiation, the first stage of translating mRNA, will start when an
initiator tRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit.
d The initiator tRNA binds to the
ribosome.
e One of the rRNA molecules
Fig. 14-9a-e, p.224
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f The first tRNA is released
g A third tRNA binds with the next
codon h Steps f and g are repeated
termination
i A STOP codon moves into the area where the
chain is being built.
j The new polypeptide chain is released from
the ribosome.
k The two ribosomal subunits now
separate, also.
Fig. 14-9f-k, p.224
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and all this requires just 28 molecules…
20
5
2
1
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THE END. TEST NEXT TIME.
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Extra slides below.
Disregard the remaining slides…
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Hershey
and
Chase
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REPLICATION OF DNA