dna (deoxyribonucleic acid). genetic material of cells… genes – dna coded instruction for making...
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DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
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Genetic material of cells…Genetic material of cells…
• GENES – DNA coded instruction for – DNA coded instruction for making making PROTEINSPROTEINS
• DNA and RNA are Called DNA and RNA are Called NUCLEIC NUCLEIC ACIDSACIDS
• DNA is made up of repeating molecules DNA is made up of repeating molecules called called NUCLEOTIDES.NUCLEOTIDES.
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DNA NucleotideDNA Nucleotide
OO=P-O O
PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup
N
Nitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)
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Watson & Crick proposed…Watson & Crick proposed…
•DNA has pairing between nitrogen DNA has pairing between nitrogen bases:bases:
ADENINEADENINE – – THYMINETHYMINE
CYTOSINECYTOSINE – – GUANINEGUANINE
•DNA is made of DNA is made of 22 long strands of long strands of nucleotides nucleotides
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DNA Double HelixDNA Double Helix
NitrogenousNitrogenousBase (A,T,G or C)Base (A,T,G or C)
““Rungs of ladderRungs of ladder””
““Legs of ladder”Legs of ladder”
Phosphate &Phosphate &Sugar BackboneSugar Backbone
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DNA Double HelixDNA Double Helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A
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If you are reading this, You are Awesome!
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Nitrogenous BasesNitrogenous Bases
• PURINESPURINES
1. Adenine (A)Adenine (A)
2. Guanine (G)Guanine (G)
• PYRIMIDINESPYRIMIDINES
3. Thymine (T)Thymine (T)
4. Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)T or C
A or G
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• AdenineAdenine must pair with ThymineThymine
• GuanineGuanine must pair with CytosineCytosine
• Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the sameabout the same.
G CT A
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BASE-PAIRINGSBASE-PAIRINGS
CG
Hydrogen-bonds
T A
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Genetic Diversity…Genetic Diversity…• Different arrangements of Different arrangements of
NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES in DNA provide in DNA provide DIVERSITYDIVERSITY among living among living organisms.organisms.
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The Code of Life…The Code of Life…
• The “code” of the chromosome is the The “code” of the chromosome is the SPECIFIC ORDERSPECIFIC ORDER that nitrogen bases that nitrogen bases occur.occur.
A T C G T A T G C G G…A T C G T A T G C G G…
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DNA is wrapped tightly around histones to form a structure called
chromatin.
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Chromatin is coiled into Chromosomes