dna and transcription tutorial
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DNA and Transcription Tutorial. Start from Beginning. Transcription. Predicting Transcription. Review Questions. Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse. Genes and DNA. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
DNA and Transcription Tutorial
Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse.
Start from Beginning
Transcription
Predicting Transcription
Review Questions
Genes and DNADNA can be divided into segments
called genes. It is estimated that human DNA is composed of ~25,000 genes among its 46 total chromosomes.
Quick Review. Proteins are made from smaller units called _____.
monosaccharides Amino acids
nucleotidesFatty acids
Monosaccharides make up complex
sugars
Fatty acids make up lipids
Nucleotides make up nucleic acids
Correct
GenesGenes (small sections of DNA)
are blueprints to make proteins for use throughout the body. Genes are found inside the nucleus of cells, but proteins are created outside of the nucleus.
Quick review. Which organelle creates proteins?
mitochondria
lysosome
chloroplast
ribosome
back
Lysosomes break down food and
pathogens
Mitochondria creates ATP energy
Chloroplasts creates sugars
Correct
Meet MelissaMelissa is an architect and has designed
a new high-rise apartment complex.
back
Meet MelissaMelissa is an architect and has designed
a new high-rise apartment complex.
The construction blueprint holds the information needed to create the high-rise apartment complex.
back
Meet MelissaMelissa is an architect and has designed
a new high-rise apartment complex.
The construction blueprint holds the information needed to create the high-rise apartment complex.
A gene is like the construction blueprints. The gene holds the information needed to make a protein.
back
Meet MelissaMelissa is an architect and has designed
a new high-rise apartment complex.
The construction blueprint holds the information needed to create the high-rise apartment complex.
A gene is like the construction blueprints. The gene holds the information needed to make a protein.
Quick Review. A gene is a small section of?
DNA Proteins RNA Ribosomes
back
Proteins are created from DNA codes
RNA is created from DNA. Stay
tuned.
Ribosomes make proteins
Correct
TranscriptionThe DNA undergoes a process called
transcription. Transcription is the process where the DNA code of a gene is used to make a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA).
Examine the picture. The red letters are DNA nucleotides. The green letters are mRNA being created. Notice how mRNA nucleotides are attaching to the DNA sequence.
Quick review: Where is DNA stored?
CytoplasmNucleus VesicleVacuole
back
Vacuole stores water and waste
Cytoplasm contains many organelles, but not the DNA
Vesicles usually transport proteins
Correct
Transcription (continued)Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
sugar
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
phosphateNitrogen base
Key
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
sugar
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
phosphateNitrogen base
Key
RNAPolymerase
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
sugar
T
T
TA A
A
A
T
C
C CG
G G
phosphateNitrogen base
Key
RNAPolymerase
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
sugar
T
T
TA A
A
A T
C
C CG
G G
phosphateNitrogen base
Key
RNAPolymerase
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
sugar
T
T
TA A
A
A T
C
C C
G
G G
phosphateNitrogen base
Key
RNAPolymerase
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
sugar
T
T
TA A
A
A T
C
C C
G
G G
phosphateNitrogen base
Key
RNAPolymerase
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
sugar
T
T
TA A
A
A T
C
C
C
G
G G
phosphateNitrogen base
Key
RNAPolymerase
back
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
sugar
T
T
TA A
A
A T
C
C CG
G G
phosphateNitrogen base
Key
RNAPolymerase
back
Transcription (continued)
Now that the DNA has been separated, free-floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the now open DNA nucleotides.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G GRNAPolymerase
back
Transcription RulesNow that the DNA has been separated, free-floating mRNA
nucleotides bond to the now open DNA nucleotides.
Before performing transcription, remember the table below.
DNA mRNA
A U
T A
C G
G C
back
Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which mRNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
AA U
C G
Click one
back
Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
A UA U
C G
Click one
back
Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
A U GA U
C G
Click one
back
Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
U
Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
A U GA U
C G
Click one
back
Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
A U G U CA U
C G
Click one
back
Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
A U G U C CA U
C G
Click one
back
Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
A U G U C C AA U
C G
Click one
back
Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
Predicting TranscriptionNow that the mRNA is complete, it will detach from the DNA…exit the nucleus… and then hook up with a ribosome.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
A U G U C C A
back
Predicting TranscriptionNow that the mRNA is complete, it will detach from the DNA…Exit the nucleus… And then hook up with a ribosome.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
A U G U C C A
back
Fate of the DNA?Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
back
Fate of the DNA?Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.
T
T
TA A
AA T
C
C CG
G G
back
The final stage.
Remember Melissa? Her blueprint for the apartment complex needs to be copied and then taken to the construction site. In this analogy, Melissa would fax the blueprints over to the construction site. The fax would be the mRNA. The construction site is the ribosome.
Now that a copy of the blueprint has arrived, the construction team can begin to build the apartment complex. In a cell, now that the mRNA has arrived, the ribosome has the instructions to begin to make a protein.
back
A U G U C C A
The final stage.
mRNA makes a copy of the DNA…
the mRNA exits the nucleus…
the mRNA links up with a ribosome.
ribosome
Once at the ribosome, the process called translation will begin. Translation is the process where a ribosome builds a protein. The details of translation will be discussed another day. For now, let’s review.
back
Final Review #1
What will eventually be created by the DNA code of a gene?
proteinribosome nucleolus
back
Ribosomes will be used to make proteins
The nucleolus makes ribosomes
Correct
Final Review #2
RNA polymerase separates DNA at the start of which process?
transcription translation replication
back
We will discuss translation another day
DNA helicase separates DNA during replicationCorrect
Final Review #3
RNA polymerase is a type of which organic molecule?
Nucleic Acid Carbohydrate Lipid Proteins/enzyme
back
Which chemicals end with ASE?
Which chemicals end with ASE?
Which chemicals end with ASE?
Correct
Final Review #4
Which shows the process of transcription done properly?
Key
Black = DNA
Red = mRNA
back
Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
Correct
Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”
Try Again
Final Review #5
After exiting the nucleus, where will the finished mRNA travel?
ribosomemitochondria nucleolus
back
Mitochondria makes ATP energy. mRNA is not
needed for this.
The nucleolus makes ribosomes. mRNA is not
needed for this.
Correct
Final Review #6
Once arriving at the ribosome, which process will begin next?
Replication Transcription Translation
Replication is not performed while making
a protein.
Transcription already happened to make the mRNA that has arrived
at the ribosome. Correct
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Final Review #7
Click on the RNA letter that is not matched properly to the DNA letters.
Black = DNARed = mRNA
No. U joins
with A.
No. G joins
with C.
No. G joins
with C.
No. C joins
with G.
No. U joins
with A.
No. G joins
with C.
No. A joins
with T.
No. A joins
with T.
No. G joins
with C.
No. C joins
with G.
Correct
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Final Review #8
Genes are small segments of _____.
Proteins mRNA DNA
No. Try again. No. Try again.Correct
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I hope this tutorial was helpful. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review.