dm - 2- approaches

7/30/2019 DM - 2- Approaches

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Anuj Kumar Vaksha Indraprastha University 1

Disaster Management

Approaches


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Every disaster management policy adoptscertain kinds of approaches towards disastermanagement.

These approaches reflect the priorities, policyoptions, perspectives and methods ofdisaster management.

It also reflects the policys perception, nature

and extent of understanding to thephenomenon of disaster.


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Our approach to disaster reflects our understanding

about the disaster and determines the disaster

management practices we adopt.

Can there be more than one approach/understanding

to disaster management or the disaster itself?

Can there be multiple methods and practices of

disaster management?

YES

To make appropriate choices and priorities, is one of theimportant objectives of disaster management policy.


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Some of the important / well known

Disaster Management Approaches

Reactive approach

Proactive approach / Comprehensive

Approach ( PPRR)

Top-down management approach

Bottom-up /Community Based /Community

Resilience approach

All hazards approach, all agency approach Livelihood Approach


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Reactive and proactive approaches

Reactive and proactive approaches arecontradistinction to each other.

Each of them take two different approach to

disaster ( what is understood by disaster?)and

the disaster management ( How and at whatstage human intervention is to be done?)

Each of them have their own suitability &acceptability in the community dependingupon various socio-economic factors of thecommunity.


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Reactive approach

Traditional approach to disaster management. Now it

has almost become obsolete approach.

Professes disaster management initiatives to be taken

after the disaster/hazard has actually occurred Based on the assumption that disasters are rare,

unforeseen and extreme events, which do not happen

regularly. So hardly anything can be done to mitigate the

impacts of such rare, unforeseen and extreme events,

except for the relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction

after disaster.


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Reactive approach

This approach is generally symptomatic of relativelypoor community where scarce resources of thecommunity are diverted towards ameliorating moreobvious consequences (postdisaster impacts) of

disasters than mitigating the disasters in makingwhich are far less obvious.

The resources of the community/society should bebetter diverted to provide the needful relief andrehabilitation in the post disaster situation than for

doing something in the pre-disaster situation whichmay not be so beneficial. Pre- disaster expenses areconsidered surplusage.


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Approach ( PPRR)

Modern approach and possibly most popularapproach.

Disaster management is proactive intervention tominimize the impacts of disasters in all possible

manners whether pre-disaster or post disaster. Rejects the idea that disasters are rare, unforeseen

and extreme events, for which nothing can be doneexcept to act when it has actually struck.

Sees disaster as a function of hazard, vulnerabilityand manageability and assumes that by appropriatehuman interventions the impacts of disasters can inmost cases be hugely minimized and mitigated.

Advocates, strike the disaster before it strikes


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Approach ( PPRR)

Besides the losses to the life and property,disasters are seen as serious disruption ofvarious socio-economic processes which mayhave the potential to cause irreparable losses to

the community. Advocates all kinds of pre-disaster innovative

measures to mitigate the impacts of disasters,like risk and vulnerability assessment, risk

transfer capacity building, resilience, preventionand preparedness apart from the traditional post-disaster measures like response, rehabilitationand recovery.


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Approach ( PPRR)

Appreciates that the investments made onprevention, preparedness, minimizing thevulnerability, risk transfer and capacitybuilding would in long term cut the costs ofresponse, recovery and rehabilitation besidesminimizing the losses to life ,property andother resources.

It lays equal and in some cases moreemphasis on pre-disaster, disastermanagement processes than the post-disaster, disaster management processes.


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Approach ( PPRR)

This approach is generally symptomatic

of relatively rich, modern and

scientifically advanced community

which may have the resources,knowledge, expertise and technology to

adopt and sustain a comprehensive

disaster management programme.


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Top-down & bottom up approaches

Top-down and Bottom-up management

approaches are contradistinction to each

other.

They differ on two questions, who should have the lead role in disaster

management?

What is the nature of the disaster?


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Top-down approach

Relatively traditional approach

Disaster management plans and programmes

are decided at some higher level and passed

down to the community to face theimplementation.

Community does not have much say in the

disaster management processes, and it may

not be involved in the decision making

process of disaster management.


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Anuj Kumar VakshaIndraprastha University 14

Top-down approach

Local factors, local sentiments may get ignored.

Capacity building of the community may not be a

priority.

Approach is based on the assumption that disastersare rare and extreme events which necessarily

cripple the ability of the affected community to

recover.

So disaster management processes necessarily

require external resources, expertise, plans and

programmes even to the extent of completely

ignoring the relevant local factors.


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Anuj Kumar VakshaIndraprastha University 15

Bottom up approach

More popular approach now a days

Advocates enhanced participation of the communityin all phases of disaster management and its decisionmaking.

It rejects the restrictive notion of disaster that it isalways a rare and extreme event which cripple theability of the community to recover.

Adopts more inclusive approach to disasters to covereven relatively less impact events as disasters, onthe realization that in long term, cumulative lossesbecause of minor disasters far exceeds the majorlosses.

Whether minor or major, community can always playsignificant role in mitigating the impacts of disasters.


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Bottom up approach

Puts strong reliance on the capacity of the community

to withstand disasters. Rather capacity building of the

community is itself an important component of the

disaster management programme.

Strongly takes note of local factors, local sentiments,

local expertise and local resources

The approach aspires to build resilient communities.

The community which have the ability to manage the

disasters comprehensively of its own and recoverfrom it as early as possible.


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Which one of them singularly or combination

there of is th best approach to disaster

management and why?

dm - 2- approaches

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