dln - erica and michael
TRANSCRIPT
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Michael MossaadErica Borden
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Eukaryotes Larger Internal organelles Nucleus
Prokaryotes Smaller Lack internal
organelles No nucleus
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Algal Cells Measurement
Cell 1 0.116 mm
Cell 2 0.162 mm
Cell 3 0.0861 mm
Average 0.1214 mm
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CytoplasmChloroplast
Cell Wall
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Long strands Block-like cell walls Green filaments Chloroplasts are spiral like Clear cytoplasm surrounding green
chloroplasts
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Cyanobacteria Measurements
Cell 1 0.00672 mm
Cell 2 0.00362 mm
Cell 3 0.00387 mm
Average 0.00474 mm
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Cell wall
Cytoplasm
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GREEN ALGAE CYANOBACTERIA
Long strands Blocks which are cells Green filaments
(strands of cells) Chloroplast spirals Clear cytoplasm
surrounding the chloroplast
Smaller, longer filaments
Circular cell walls Chloroplasts-small,
appear as green dots
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Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
0.055mm
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Eukaryote (green algae) Large in comparison to prokaryote (cyanobacteria) Long strand
Strand separated by blocks Large green chloroplast Clear cytoplasm within cell
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0.00915 mm
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Bacteria (dark spots)
Nucleus
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Epithelial Cell Eukaryotic Larger Cell body with
nucleus in the center Circular cell with
circular nucleus
Bacteria Prokaryotic Smaller Circular On top of epithelial
cell
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First eukaryotes, live in moist habitats Led to the other three kingdoms of eukaryotes:
Fungi Plantae Animalia
Microscopic in size Classified by ecological roles, major groups include algae,
protozoa, and fungus-like protists Habitat
Oceans, lakes, wetlands, and rivers Ice, acidic hot springs and other extreme environments
Many can perform photosynthesis Move using flagella or cilia Evolved from prokaryotes Most protists contain mitochondria
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Movement: Single cell organism with a flagellum
Function in ecosystem: Thrive in moist environments Peranema are predators and scavengers
Ingest bacteria, algae, and other large organisms Appearance/behavior:
Body is half flagella and half body stucture Round, oval-like body Thin flagella moves back and forth, and enables
movement
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FlagellaCell membrane
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How it moves: Move using cilia in a spiracle fashion
Function in ecosystem: Live in freshwater environments and are attracted to
acidic conditions Feed on bacteria, yeast, and algae
Appearance/behavior: Oval-shaped body Cilia surrounding body: movement Larger body than the peranema
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Cilia
Food Vacuole
Oral Groove
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How it moves: Movement through pseudopodia,; projections of the
cell by moving cytoplasm Function in ecosystem:
Inhabit decaying organic material Appearance/behavior:
Take any shape they desire Flexible cell wall Transparent body
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pseudopodia
pseudopodia
Cell membrane
Food vacuole
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Amoeboid movement involves extending the pseudopodia, also known as the false feet, into lobes.
When the pseudopodia move toward a certain stimulus, such as food, the shape of the organism changes, due to the cytoplasm following the pseudopodia.
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Major group: Eukaryotic algae Common type: phytoplankton How it moves:
Amoeboid movement: Extending protist cytoplasm into pasuedopodia, which are lobes, known as “false feet”
Function in ecosystem: Found in oceans Contribute primary production, freshwater and damp soil Decomposition and decay of diatoms allow for organic and inorganic
material for their water environments Appearance/behavior:
Autotroph Golden-brown chloroplast Clear, only nucleus is visible in some Half-crescent shape All unique with nucleus’ against cell walls
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Glassy (Silica) Cell Wall
Nucleus
Chloroplast
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volvox
Green algae
Euglena
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Green algae Chloroplasts Cell walls cytoplasm
Volvox It contains a mature daughter colony
Euglena Chloroplasts Round, oval-like body structure
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Characteristics of Animals: Multicellular Heterotrophs: feed on other organisms because of inability
to produce their own food No cell walls: Permit flexibility Nervous tissue: Nervous system to respond to the
environment Movement: enabled by a muscle and nervous system Sexual reproduction Extracellular matrix: proteins bind and give more support
and strength Hox genes Similar rRNA Characteristic cell junctions: anchoring, tight, and gap
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Whether or not tissue types are present Parazoa: no special tissue types or organs Eumetazoa: multiple tissue types
Type of body symmetry Radiata: Divided on a longitudinal plane Bilateria: Divided on a vertical plane.
Whether or not a body cavity is present Coelom: fluid-filled body cavity Pseudocoelom: coelom isn’t completely lined with tissue from the
mesoderm. Acoelomates: lack fluid-filled boy cavity Hydrostatic skeleton: fluid-filled body cavity surrounded by muscles
Patterns of embryonic development Spiral cleavage Radial cleavage Determinate cleavage Indeterminate cleavage
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Osculum
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Mouth/Anus
Tentacles
Epidermis
Gastrovascular cavity
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Appearance Tentacles surrounding the mouth/anus Long, thin body surrounded by the epidermis layer Hypostome and mouth/anus are surrounded by the
tentacles Behavior
Cnidocytes, stinging cells, function in defense or capturing of prey
Cnidocytes contain nematocysts, which are known as the stinging cells
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SPONGES CNIDARIANS
lack a digestive system and have intracellular digestion
digest food inside their individual body cells through phagocytosis, or the infolding of the cell membrane Water circulates the food,
oxygen, and waste removal, which goes out through the ostia, into the spongocoel, and out the osculum
possess a gastrovascular cavity and have extracellular digestion
digest food in their gastrovascular cavity, which is a single opening that serves as the mouth and anus gastrovascular cavity is a
significant advancement because it allows larger food particles to be digested, compared to the intracellular digestion of sponges
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Body Advances Sponges Cnidaria
Symmetry Absent Radial
Digestive System Absent Gastrovascular Cavity
Support Endoskeleton Hydrostatic Skeleton
Nervous System Absent Nerve Net
Tissues Absent Present
Germ Layers Absent Two
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The sponges lack symmetry, tissues, and both a digestive and nervous system. The little support they have is through an endoskeleton. Cnidarians have symmetry (radial), a digestive system (gastrovascular cavity), a nervous system (nerve net), and tissues. The nerve net is the most basic nervous system, consisting of neurons without a central control organ, which sends messages to muscle cells. They also have better support than the sponges in the form of a hydrostatic skeleton, which is a fluid-filled body cavity that is surrounded by muscles. Cnidarians also possess two embryonic germ layers made up of ectoderm and endoderm.
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Eye Spots
Auricle
* Pharynx and gastrovascular cavity not visible
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Planaria have three germ layers present: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, compared to Hydra, who only have ectoderm and endoderm. The mesoderm that planaria possess allows for more sophisticated organs to develop. planaria also possess an incomplete digestive system with one opening that serves as both the mouth and anus. Digestion occurs in the gastrovascular cavity, which is reached through the pharynx. The incomplete digestive system of planaria is an evolutionary advancement because it prevents continuous feeding from occurring. Another advancement is the excretory system, which consists of protonephridia, which are lateral canals, with branches that are capped by flame cells. This particular excretory system allows for osmotic balance between the planaria and their surroundings. Finally, planaria exhibit sensory cells in their auricles and light sensitive eyespots, which lead to a more centralized nervous system, serving as the early development of a brain. The brain consists of cerebral ganglia, which receives messages from the sensory cells, and leads to nerve cords that run laterally along the body.
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Epidermis
Pharnyx & Gastrovascular Cavity
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Planaria have a pharynx that leads to the gastrovascular cavity. The gastrovascular cavity splits into branches, enabling nutrients to be distributed throughout the entire body. These sections are therefore that branched parts of the gastrovascular cavity.
Planaria lack a respiratory or circulatory system meaning they must obtain oxygen by diffusion. Earthworms on the other hand have a closed circulatory system and blood with hemoglobin in order to transport oxygen.
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Movement is due to segmentation. Earthworms have longitudinal and circular
muscles, which compact and contract. Each segment elongates as it contracts against the hydrostatic skeleton.
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Clitellum
Segments
Setae not visible
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Epidermis
Longitudinal Cells
Circular Muscles
Gastrovascular Cavity
Digestive tract
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Earthworms possess long and circular muscles that contribute to their movement. The circular muscles in a segment contract, elongating the segment. When the longitudinal muscles in a segment contract, the segment compacts. The muscle contraction of the circular, then longitudinal muscles enable movement in an earthworm. These muscular contractions differ from planaria, which move in a gliding motion due to the movement of cilia on their ventral surface.
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Planaria have an incomplete digestive system, while earthworms have a complete digestive system. Planaria have a digestive system, which consists of multiple parts of the gastrovascular cavity because it splits into branches. As a result of the split branches, nutrients reach all parts of the body. In contrast, earthworms have only one section of digestive tract because of their complete, unsegmented digestive system. The digestive system in an earthworm consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, and anus, while planaria digestive system solely consists of the pharynx and gastrovascular cavity.
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Digestive Tract
Cuticle
Muscle
Reproductive structures
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Digestive tract
*Reproductive Structures: not shown
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Annelid Roundworm
Body cavity Coelom Pseudocoelom
Segmentation Present Absent
Circulatory System Closed Absent
Excretory System Metanephridia Excretory gland cells
Nervous System Brain, ventral nerve cord Brain, nerve cord
Annelids move forward by using peristaltic contractions of the circular muscle and turn by contracting the longitudinal muscles.
Roundworms move using a thick layer of obliquely arranged muscle fibers just under epidermis, they lack circular muscles so motion is always undulatory.
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Annelids have a coelom, which is a fluid-filled body cavity, and segmentation, due to their circular and longitudinal muscles. They also possess a closed circulatory system and an excretory system composed of metanephridia. Annelids also have a central nervous system (brain) that is made up of ganglion and connects to a large ventral nerve cord that runs down the entire length of the body.
Roundworms have a pseudocoelom, which is a coelom that isn’t completely lined by tissue from the mesoderm. Their pseudocoelom is acts as both a hydrostatic skeleton and a circulatory system. Roundworms have a tough cuticle, made of collagen, which covers the body. They also possess only longitudinal muscles, but no circulatory muscles. As a result of no segmentation, roundworms thrash. Their excretory system is made up of gland cells, and their nervous system composes of a central nervous system (brain) and nerve cords.
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Exoskeleton
Legs
Segments (13)
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Appearance: 13 segments Exoskeleton is scale-like Legs are very small, protected by body
Behavior & Movement: Movement occurs through the few small, short legs
of the sow bug that are attached to the segments.
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Exoskeleton
Legs
Segments (3)
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Appearance: Six legs and two antennae Exoskeleton covering the body Divided into three segments:
Head, abdomen, and thorax Behavior & movement:
Movement occurs through the six legs of the tenebrio beetle, one pair per segment.
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Segmentation becomes more specialized from earthworms to sow bugs to tenebrio beetles.
Earthworms exhibit circular and longitudinal muscles in each segment.
Sow bugs have less, more specialized segments and small appendages.
Tenebrio beetles have the most specialized segmentation, consisting of three segments known as the head, abdomen, and thorax.
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Segments
head
exoskeleton
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Head
Mouth parts
segments
exoskeleton
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gonads
Digestive glands
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Stomach
Radial canal
Ring canal(underneath stomach)
ampullae
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Tube Feet
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madreporite
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Eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic Majority of species grow as multicellular
filaments called hyphae forming a mycelium Sexual and asexual reproduction of the fungi is
common through spores often producing fruiting bodies
Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are examples of fungi
fungi are more closely related to animals than plants
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MyceliumCulture Medium
Sporangia
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Many strands of clear hyphae Hyphae are the clear strands that make up the
organism, together they are form a structure known as the mycelium
Sporangia are abundant at the ends of many hyphae Sporangia are the fruiting bodies that are produced,
in this case, asexually by the Rhizopus
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Mating Strain Hyphae
Zygospore
Sporangia
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Fungal Hyphae
Top of LichenAlgal Cells
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Ascus and spores
ascocarp
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Hyphae
Nematode
Trap
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gills
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Basidiospores
Gills
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hyphae
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Plants most likely evolved from green algae Both groups have chlorophylls a and b and betacarotene
as their photosynthetic pigments Both store reserve food as starch Both have cellulose containing cell walls
The Plantae kingdom includes mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants
Nearly all plants produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis
Alternation of generations Plants cycle between diploid sporophyte and haploid
gametophyte stages
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The earliest plants in the evolutionary timeline are Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) which include mosses and liverworts require a constantly moist environment dominant gametophyte structure in plant stay small and close to the ground lack true stems, leaves and roots
Then came the vascular plants which can be divided into two categories, seedless and seed plants Vascular plants developed a root system Phloem and xylem (transport water/nutrients)
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Seedless vascular plants include club mosses, horsetails, and ferns
Seed plants developed a more extensive root system, a more efficient vascular system, and a new adaptation in which the reproductive structure in which the gametophyte is protected inside sporophyte tissue (the seed) Seed plants can be further separated into two
groups, Naked seed plants (such as conifers) known as
gymnosperms Flowering plants, or angiosperms
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Stem
Leaves
Hyaline Cells
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Epidermis
Vascular BundlePhotosynthetic Cells
Guard Cells
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Guard Cell
Epidermal Cell
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Vascular Bundle
Guard Cells
Air Spaces
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These leaves only have stomata on the upper surface because this leaf comes from a water lily that floats on the top of ponds. Therefore, there are no stomata on the bottom of the leaf to ensure they do not open and let water into the leaf.
The vascular tissue is reduced in the hydrophytic leaf due to the plant being surrounded by water. Because of this, the hydrophytic leaf does not need water to be sent to it from the roots but rather water diffuses into them. The mesophytic leaf on the other hand is surrounded by air causing a need for water to be transmitted from the roots up to the leaves.
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Epidermis
Guard Cells
Vascular Bundle
Photosynthetic Cells
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Stomata/Guard Cells
Vascular Bundle
Epidermis
Photosynthetic Cells
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Xerophytic leaf comes from plants that are native to arid environments.
To combat the lack of water available, xerophytic leaves adapt by making their epidermis and cuticle thicker, while obtaining stomata in pits. As a result of these adaptations, xerophytic leaves reduce water loss, allowing them to survive in droughts.
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Archegonia
Antheridia
Roots
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Scale
Pollen Sacs
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Pollen Grain
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Ovule
Scale
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Seed Coat
Embryo
Food Supply
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Filament
Stigma
Style
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Anther
Petal
Pollen Grain
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Ovary
Ovule
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Outer shell from ovary Skin from ovule
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Embyonic leaves (plumule)
Embyonic root (radicle)
Stored food (cotyledons)