DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS

MADE BY :- JYOTIIK AND HARSH

Science Project Work 2012-13 Dec

Science of classification is taronomy

Importance :- classification makes the study of the organisms easy it helps in exploring the diversity of life .

BASIC OF CLASSIFICATIONNature of the cell – prokaryotic and

eukaryotic.No. of cells – single cell or multicellular.

Monera

Lack well defined nucleus and membrane bound all organelles.

Mode of nutrition :- either autotrophic or hetrotrophic.

Ex:- bacteria , blue-green algae.(gnobacteria)

Protista

Unicellular eukaryotic organism.

Movement is done by cilia or whip like flagella.

Ex :- algae , cliatoms protozoa's.

Fungi

they are non – green , hetrotrophic (particle or saprophyte).

Cell wall is made up of complex sugar called chitin.

Ex :- yeast and mushroom.

Plantae

Those are multicellular eukaryotes with cell wall.

These are autotrophic and use chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Animalia

These include all organisms which are multicellular eukaryotes.

Without cell walls.These are hetrotrops.

Phylum - THALLOPHYTAThallophyta don’t have well differentiated

body design fall in this group.The plant in this group are commonly

called algae.These plants are aquatic.Ex :- spirogyra , cladophora and chara.

SPIROGYRA

Phylum - BRYOPHYTABryophyta are called the amphibians of

the plant kingdom.The plant body is commonly differentiated

from stem and leaf like structure.There is no specialised tissue for the

conduction of water and other substance from one part of the water plant body to another.

Ex :- moss and marchantia.

MOSS

MOSS

MARCHANTIA

Phylum - PTERIDOPHYTAThe body is differentiated into roots ,

stem and leaves.Pteridophyta has specialised tissue for

the conduction of water other substance from one part of the plant body to another .

Some examples are marcilia ferns horse-tails.

Phylum - CRYPTOGAMAEThallophyta , Bryophyta , Pteridophyta , these all three groups have hidden reproductive organ and hence they are called Cryptogamae.

Phylum - PHANAROGAMES

They are most advanced type of bearing seeds they have root , stem , leaves and flowers . They includes gymnosperm and angiosperm.

Seeds are enclosed in fruits.

Productive organ are flowers which carry male and female sex organs.

Ex :- pea , maize .

Angiosperm

Plants bear naked seeds.They have productive organ cone which carry male and female sex organs.

Ex :- pinus , cycus.

Gymnosperm

Monocots

Leaves have parallel venation.

They have fibrous roots.They have one cotyledon.Ex :- maize.

Dicots

Leaves have reticulate venation.

They have tap roots. They have two cotyledons.Ex :- pea , maize.

PARALLEL VENATION

RETICULATE VENATION

Phylum - PORIFERAThey have pores called Ostia all over the body;

with a single large opening , known as Osculum on the top.

Animals of this phylum are known as sponges. They have a characteristics canal system for water passage not found in any other kind of animals.

Their skeleton is made up of calcareous and siliseous spicules of spongin fibres.

Reproduction is both asexual by gemules and sexual reproduction through fertilizations.

Ex :- Sycon , Spongilla , Euplectella.

Phylum – CNIDARIA The body of this phylum is radially symmetrical.The body bears tentacles supplied with special

stinging cells called cnibloblasts.There is a cavity in a body.The body is made up of two layers of cells.Some coelenterates live in colony (obelia) while

others solitary (hydra).Animals of this phylum exists in two types known

as zooids-polyps and medusae. Polyps are always fixed but medusae are free swimming.

Reproduction is usually asexual (budding) in polyp form and sexual in medusae form.

Ex :- Hydra (sea anemones) Obelia , Aurelia and Jelly fish.

Phylum - PLATYHELMINTHESTheir body is dorsiventrally flat and leaf-

like or ribbon like.Body symmetry is bilateral.Body cavity is absent.There are three layers of cells from which

differentiated tissues can be formed. So , animals of this phylla are triploblastic.

Ex :- Dugesia (planaria) is free living , Fasciola (liver fluke) and Taenia solium (tape worm) are parasitic animals.

Phylum - NEMATODAMost of the Aschelminthes are small

cylindrical or round worms.Body cavity is not a true coelom. A

pseudocoelom is present.Body is bilaterally symetrical and

triploblastic.Sexes are separate.Ascaris (round worms) ,Ancylostoma (hook

worm) and Wuchereria (filarial worm) causes elephantiasis.

Phylum - ANNELIDAThey have elongated and segmented body.Body bears laterals appendages for locomotion

in the form of chitinous setae or Parapodia.The body is bilaterally symmetrical and

triploblastic.Reproduction by sexual means. Sex may be

separated or hermaphrodite (body sexes in the same individual).

They are the first animals with true coelom (body cavity).

Ex:- pheretima (earthworm) , hirudinaria (cattle leech)

Phylum - ARTHOPODA

They poses jointed legs/appendages.Aethropodes have chitinous exoskeleton.The body is segmented and may divisible into two

regions-cephalothorax (head and thorax joined) and abdomen.

Body cavity is reduced and is known as haemoceol (cavity filled with blood).

These animals are bilaterally symmetrical.There is an open circulatory system i.e., the blood

does not flow in definite blood vessels.Ex:- apis (honey bee) , musca , anopheles (mosquito)

, palaemon (prawn) , crabs

Phylum - MULLUSCAThey have unsegmented soft body.The body is divided into three regions – head ,

dorsal visceral mass and ventral foot.Body is bilaterally symmetrical.The coelomic cavity is reduced.They have open circulatory system and kindly like

organs for excretion.Some molluscs have hard calcareous shell , an

outer covering of the body.Respiration is by gills called ctenidia.Ex:- pila (snail) , unio (fresh water mussel) and

octopus.

Phylum - ECHINODERMATA

They are marine and free living.They triploblastic , and have a coelomic cavity.

They are spiny skinned animals.Water driven tube system is present.

Ex:- asterias , featherstar etc.

Phylum – PROTOCHODATA

They have motochord which runs up to the pasteorior and saparates the nervous tissue from the elementary canal.

They live in sea water.They show bilateral symmetrical.They are tribloblastic and have coelom.

VERTIBRATA

VERTIBRATES

They have a notochord. They have a dorsol nerve card. They are triploblastic. They have paired gill pouchis. They are coelomak. They are:- pisces , amphibia ,

reptilia, aves , mammalia.

NOMENCLATURE

The binomial nomenclature makes for a uniform way of identification of the vast diversity of life around us.

The binomial nomenclature is made up of two words :- a gernic name and a specific name.