DIVERSITY IN LIVING DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMSORGANISMS

CONTENT ANALYSISCONTENT ANALYSIS MONERAMONERA PROTISTAPROTISTA FUNGIFUNGI THALLOPHYTATHALLOPHYTA BRYOPHYTABRYOPHYTA PTERIDOPHYTAPTERIDOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMSGYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMSANGIOSPERMS

These are multi cellular eukaryotes with These are multi cellular eukaryotes with cell walls. They are autotrophs and use cell walls. They are autotrophs and use Chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Thus, allChlorophyll for photosynthesis. Thus, all

plants are included in this group. Since plants are included in this group. Since plants and animals are most visible plants and animals are most visible forms of the diversity of life around us, forms of the diversity of life around us, we will lookwe will look

at the subgroups in this category later at the subgroups in this category later

PLANTAEPLANTAE

MONERAMONERA

MONERAMONERA These organisms do not have a defined nucleus or These organisms do not have a defined nucleus or

organelles, nor do any of them show multi-cellular organelles, nor do any of them show multi-cellular body designs. On the other hand, they show body designs. On the other hand, they show diversity based on many other characteristics. Some diversity based on many other characteristics. Some of them have cell walls while some do not. Of of them have cell walls while some do not. Of course, having or not having a cell wall has very course, having or not having a cell wall has very different effects on body design here from having or different effects on body design here from having or not having a cell wall in multi cellular organisms. The not having a cell wall in multi cellular organisms. The mode of nutrition of organisms in this group can be mode of nutrition of organisms in this group can be either by synthesising their own food (autotrophic) either by synthesising their own food (autotrophic) or getting it from the environment(heterotrophic). or getting it from the environment(heterotrophic). This group includes bacteria,This group includes bacteria,

blue-green algae or cyano bacteria, and blue-green algae or cyano bacteria, and mycoplasma mycoplasma

Q.1Q.2Q.2

This group includes many kinds of This group includes many kinds of unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Some unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Some of these organisms use appendages, of these organisms use appendages, such as hair-like cilia or whip-like such as hair-like cilia or whip-like flagella for moving around. Their mode flagella for moving around. Their mode of nutrition can be auto trophic or of nutrition can be auto trophic or heterotrophic. Examples are unicellular heterotrophic. Examples are unicellular algae , diatoms and protozoansalgae , diatoms and protozoans

PROTISTAPROTISTA

FUNGIFUNGI

These are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms. They These are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms. They use decaying organic material as food and are use decaying organic material as food and are therefore called saprophytes. Many of them have the therefore called saprophytes. Many of them have the capacity to become multicellular organisms at capacity to become multicellular organisms at certain stages in their lives. They have cell-walls certain stages in their lives. They have cell-walls made of a tough complex sugar called chitin. made of a tough complex sugar called chitin. Examples are yeast and mushrooms Some fungal Examples are yeast and mushrooms Some fungal species live in permanent mutually dependent species live in permanent mutually dependent relationships with blue green algae (or relationships with blue green algae (or cyanobacteria). Such relationships are called cyanobacteria). Such relationships are called symbiotic. These symbiotic life forms are called symbiotic. These symbiotic life forms are called lichens. We have all seen lichens as the slow-growing lichens. We have all seen lichens as the slow-growing large coloured patches on the bark of trees.large coloured patches on the bark of trees.

The first level of classification among The first level of classification among plants depends on whether the plant body plants depends on whether the plant body has well differentiated, distinct has well differentiated, distinct components. The next level of classification components. The next level of classification is based on whether the differentiated plant is based on whether the differentiated plant body has special tissues for the transport of body has special tissues for the transport of water and other substances within it. water and other substances within it. Further classification looks at the ability to Further classification looks at the ability to bear seeds and whether the seed are bear seeds and whether the seed are enclosed within fruits.enclosed within fruits.

PlantaePlantae

THALLOPHYTATHALLOPHYTA

Plants that do not have well-Plants that do not have well-differentiated body design fall in this differentiated body design fall in this group. The plants in this group are group. The plants in this group are commonly called algae. These plants commonly called algae. These plants are predominantly aquatic. Examples are predominantly aquatic. Examples are Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora are Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora and Chara.and Chara.

BRYOPHYTABRYOPHYTA

These are called the amphibians of the These are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom. The plant body is plant kingdom. The plant body is commonly differentiated to form stem and commonly differentiated to form stem and leaf-like structures. However, there is no leaf-like structures. However, there is no specialized tissue for the conduction of specialized tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another. Examples are of the plant body to another. Examples are moss (Funaria) andmoss (Funaria) and

Marchantia .Marchantia .

In this group, the plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and In this group, the plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and has specialised tissue for the conduction of water and leaves and has specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another. other substances from one part of the plant body to another. Some examples are Marsilea, ferns and horse-tails. The Some examples are Marsilea, ferns and horse-tails. The thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes have naked thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes have naked embryos that areembryos that are

called spores. The reproductive organs of plants in all these three called spores. The reproductive organs of plants in all these three groups are very inconspicuous, and they are therefore calledgroups are very inconspicuous, and they are therefore called

‘‘cryptogamae’, or ‘those with hidden reproductive organs’. On cryptogamae’, or ‘those with hidden reproductive organs’. On the other hand, plants with well differentiated reproductive the other hand, plants with well differentiated reproductive tissues thattissues that

ultimately make seeds are called phanerogams. Seeds are the ultimately make seeds are called phanerogams. Seeds are the result of the reproductive process. They consist of the embryo result of the reproductive process. They consist of the embryo along with stored food, which serves for the initial growth of the along with stored food, which serves for the initial growth of the embryo during germination. This group is further classified,embryo during germination. This group is further classified,

based on whether the seeds are naked or enclosed in fruits, based on whether the seeds are naked or enclosed in fruits, giving us two groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms.giving us two groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms.

PTERIDOPHYTAPTERIDOPHYTA

GYMNOSPERMSGYMNOSPERMS

This term is made from two Greek This term is made from two Greek words: gymno– means naked and words: gymno– means naked and sperma– means seed. The plants of sperma– means seed. The plants of this group bear nakedthis group bear naked

seeds and are usually perennial, seeds and are usually perennial, evergreen and woody. Examplesevergreen and woody. Examples

This word is made from two Greek words: angio This word is made from two Greek words: angio means covered and sperma– means seed. The seeds means covered and sperma– means seed. The seeds develop inside an organ which is modified to become develop inside an organ which is modified to become a fruit. These are also called flowering plants. Plant a fruit. These are also called flowering plants. Plant embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons.embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons.

Cotyledons are called ‘seed leaves’ because in many Cotyledons are called ‘seed leaves’ because in many instances they emerge and become green when the instances they emerge and become green when the seed germinates. Thus,seed germinates. Thus,

cotyledons represent a bit of pre-designed plant in cotyledons represent a bit of pre-designed plant in the seed. The angiosperms are divided into two the seed. The angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of thegroups on the basis of the

number of cotyledons present in the seed. Plants number of cotyledons present in the seed. Plants with seeds having a single cotyledon are called with seeds having a single cotyledon are called monocotyledonous or monocots. Plants with seeds monocotyledonous or monocots. Plants with seeds having two cotyledons arehaving two cotyledons are

alled dicots. alled dicots.

ANGIOSPERMSANGIOSPERMS

1)Monera organisms do not have a 1)Monera organisms do not have a defined defined

a) nucleus or organelles b) nucleus or becteria

c) organelles or becteria d) becteria

Correct answerGo to Question 2

2) monera show ---------- based on 2) monera show ---------- based on many other characterism.many other characterism.

a) diversity a) diversity b)b) bacteria bacteria c) c) organelles organelles d)d) nucleus nucleus

3) Fungi are which type organisms?3) Fungi are which type organisms?

A) Heterotrophic eukaryoticA) Heterotrophic eukaryotic

B) Eukaryotic cellularB) Eukaryotic cellular

C) AspergillusC) Aspergillus

D) AgaricusD) Agaricus

4) Symbiobic life are called _______4) Symbiobic life are called _______ A) LichensA) Lichens B) Fungi B) Fungi C) Blue green algaeC) Blue green algae D) AlgaeD) Algae

5) Thallophyta plants group 5) Thallophyta plants group commonly called ______commonly called ______

A) AlgaeA) Algae B) FungiB) Fungi C) ProtistaC) Protista D) MoneraD) Monera

6) Bryophyta there is no specialised 6) Bryophyta there is no specialised _______ for the conduction of water _______ for the conduction of water and other substance.and other substance.

A) Tissue A) Tissue B) AmphibiansB) Amphibians C) StemC) Stem D) Leaf-likeD) Leaf-like

7) Example of pteridophyta.7) Example of pteridophyta. A) Marsilea , FernA) Marsilea , Fern B) Marchantia, FunariaB) Marchantia, Funaria C) Ulva, CharaC) Ulva, Chara D) CladopheraD) Cladophera

8) Which group plants is bear naked 8) Which group plants is bear naked seeds?seeds?

A) BryophytuA) Bryophytu B) GymnospermsB) Gymnosperms C) Angiosperms C) Angiosperms D) ThallophytaD) Thallophyta

9) Which type of plant called 9) Which type of plant called flowering plants?flowering plants?

A) BryophytuA) Bryophytu B) GymnospermsB) Gymnosperms C) AngiospermsC) Angiosperms D) ThallophytaD) Thallophyta

10) Plants with seeds having a single 10) Plants with seeds having a single cotyledon are called --------cotyledon are called --------

A) DicotsA) Dicots B) Monocotyle donousB) Monocotyle donous C) cotyledinsC) cotyledins D) coverdD) coverd