diversifying dryland grain cropping systems for organic production
DESCRIPTION
Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production . Kristy Ott Borrelli Ph.D. Candidate Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Outline. Background of Region and Organic Wheat Production Dryland Organic Grain Production from Transition to Certification - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic
Production
Kristy Ott BorrelliPh.D. Candidate
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
![Page 2: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline• Background of Region and Organic Wheat
Production
• Dryland Organic Grain Production from Transition to Certification
• Intercropping winter pea and wheat for optimal soil nitrogen and moisture
• Dryland organic grain management considerations
![Page 3: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Palouse Prairie
![Page 4: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Sub humid Region– 500 mm annual precipitation (21 inches)– 60% precipitation November through March
• Rain-fed annual cropping systems
• Soft White Winter Wheat
• 2 to 3 year rotations– Winter Wheat – Spring Legume – Spring Wheat– Winter Wheat – Spring Legume – Winter Wheat– Winter Wheat – Winter Wheat – Winter Wheat
Papendick, 1996; Cook, 1986; McCool et al., 2001
![Page 5: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WA Organic Grain ProductionWhich of the following are your main reasons for NOT
having any certified organic acres? %
Organic weed control methods are inadequate 69.3Cannot get same yields with organic as conventional methods 59.3Organic pest/disease control methods are inadequate 58.9Not worth the time 43.4Transportation and access to organic buyers are limited 36.3Too difficult to get enough nitrogen 35.9Need more information on organic production 33.2Certification is too much trouble 24.3Other reasons 17.8
Jones et al., 2006
![Page 6: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Jones et al., 2006
Within the last five years, 2001 – 2005, have you considered transitioning any of your acreage to certified organic?
![Page 7: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Dryland Organic Grain Production from Transition
to Certification
(AKA The Boyd Farm Project)
![Page 8: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Dryland organic cropping systems
• Identify strategies to minimize economic and management risks for organic grain growers
• To evaluate different transition cropping systems– Do not rely on inversion tillage
– Supply N using legume crops (grain, green manure and forage)
![Page 9: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Objectives• To identify how cropping systems in
transition phase impacted grain yield and protein during the certified organic phase.
• To develop a soil fertility management plan for organic grain producers.– Construct a nitrogen budget
![Page 10: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Materials and Methods
![Page 11: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Experimental Design
![Page 12: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Rotation SystemsTransition Phase Certifiable Organic Phase
Year
System 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Control Rotation
1 Spring Wheat Winter Wheat Spring Barley Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
3 yr of Grain Cropping
2 Spring Pea Winter Wheat Spring Pea Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
3 Spring Pea Spring Wheat Spring Pea Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
2 yr of Grain Cropping + 1 yr Green Manure
4 Spring Pea Winter Wheat Winter Pea GM Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
5 Spring Pea Spring Wheat Winter Pea GM Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
1 yr of Grain Cropping + 2 yr Green Manure
6 Fava Bean GM Winter Wheat Winter Pea GM Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
7 Fava Bean GM Spring Wheat Winter Pea GM Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
3 yr Green Manure
8 Fava Bean GM Winter Pea GM Winter Pea GM Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
Legume/Grass Forage
9 Alfalfa + Oat/Pea Alfalfa + Oat/Pea Alfalfa + Oat/Pea Spring Wheat Winter Wheat
![Page 13: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
General Agronomics• 2x Seeding Density
• Cereal Crops– BioGro 7-7-2 NPK– Foliar Fish Emulsion 12-0.25-1 NPK– Gypsum
![Page 14: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Rotary Harrow
• Pre-plant weed control and soil prep.• 1-2 passes
![Page 15: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Rotary Hoe
• In-crop weed management • 3-5 passes
![Page 16: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sub Sampling• Crops and Weeds
– Separated and biomass yield was determined– Total N– Grain N measured separately
• Soil Samples– 1.5 m depth– Inorganic N
![Page 17: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Harvest• Green Manure Crops were Flail Mowed
– Residue retained on soil
• Forage cut 1-2x season– Baled as hay
• Grain HarvestedGallagher, R.S., D. Pittmann, A.M. Snyder, R.T. Koenig, E.P. Fuerst, I.C. Burke, & L. Hoagland, 2010. Alternative strategies for transitioning to organic production in direct-seeded grain systems in Eastern Washington I: Crop agronomy. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 34:483-503.
![Page 18: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nitrogen Balance• Net N input = (Fertilizer N + Plant N + Post-
harvest Soil N) – Pre-plant Soil N
– Fertilizer N = organic N when applied to cereal crops– Plant N = crop N + weed N– Pre-plant soil N = post-harvest soil N from the previous year
• Net N Balance = Net N input – N removal (crop)
– Net N input = equation above– Crop N removal = grain or forage crop N only
![Page 19: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Transition Phase Results
![Page 20: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cropping System
Net
Sys
tem
N B
alan
ce (k
g ha
-1)
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300200320042005
Cash cereal/grain
ns = not significant 2003; ab for 2004; xyz for 2005
xy
z
x
ns†
x
x
x x x
yz a b b b b b b bb
Net System Nitrogen Balance (by year)
GRM last year
3yr GRM
Forage
![Page 21: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cropping System
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
itrog
en (k
g ha
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160 200320042005
b
b b b b a b ns
ns†
b b
† ns = not significant (2003 and 2005); ab for 2004
Soil Inorganic Nitrogen (by year)
Cash cereal/grain GRM last year3 yr GRM Forage
![Page 22: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Certified Organic Phase Results
![Page 23: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cropping System
SW - W
W - S
B
SP - WW
- SP
SP - SW
- SP
SP - WW
- WP
SP - SW
- WP
BB - WW
- WP
BB - SW
- WP
BB - WP - W
P
For - F
or - F
or
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg·
ha-1
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Pro
tein
(%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2006 Spring Wheat Yield (bars) and Protein (dots)
e cde de bcd de abc bcd ab a
y y y
x x x x x x
Cash cereal/grain3 yr
GRM ForageGRM last year
3293 kg ha-1
![Page 24: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cropping Systems
SW - W
W - S
B
SP - WW
- SP
SP - SW
- SP
SP - WW
- WP
SP - SW
- WP
BB - WW
- WP
BB - SW
- WP
BB - WP - W
P
For - F
or - F
or
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Pro
tein
(%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2007 Winter Wheat Yield (bars) and Protein (dots)
d cd bcd abcd a ab a a abc
y y y y
x x x x x
Cash cereal/grain3 yr GRM ForageGRM last year
5052 kg ha-1
![Page 25: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cropping Systems
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
(kg
ha-1
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180Sp 2006Fa 2006Fa 2007
aab bc
bc de e
e e
cd
w w wx wx xyz wx wxy yz z
†ns (not significant) for Sp 2006; abc for Fa 2006; wxy for Fa 2007
Soil Inorganic N in Certified Organic Phase
†ns
![Page 26: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Summary• Certified organic grain had some of the
highest yields and protein levels following Forage systems in the 1st year– decreased 2nd year
• Green manure in 3rd year of transition resulted in some of the highest grain yields 2nd year– High protein levels both years
![Page 27: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Intercropping winter pea and wheat for optimal soil
nitrogen and moisture
![Page 28: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Intercropping
• The simultaneous cultivation of more than one crop species on the same piece of land with part of the crop life-cycles overlapping.
(Hauggaard-Nielsen et al., 2008; Walker et al., 2011; Pridham and Entz, 2008).
![Page 29: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Benefits of Intercropping• Source of plant N to cereal crops• Suppress weeds• Reduce disease• Stabilize erodible soils • Increase SOM • Provide crop rotation options• Management tool in organic or low-input systems• Reduce time spent growing a green manure
(Walker and Ogindo, 2003; Blackshaw et al., 2010; Hauggaard-Nielsen et al., 2008; Walker et al., 2011; Liebman and Dyck, 1993; Thiessen Martens et al., 2005; Lithourgidis et al., 2011; Hartl 1989; Reynolds et al., 1994)
![Page 30: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Objective• Determine the optimal time to mechanically
remove winter pea intercropped with winter wheat
– Improve N input
– Reduce soil moisture stress
![Page 31: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Materials and Methods
![Page 32: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Experimental Design
![Page 33: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Seeded Mid-October
• Winter Wheat – (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Brundage 96’)
• Winter Pea – (Pisum sativum L. cv. ‘Granger’)
• “Direct seeded” 2.2 m wide Fabro® no-till drill– Wheat 135 lbs. acre-1; 15” row spacing (152 kg ha-1; 38 cm row spacing)
– Pea 200 lbs. acre-1; 15” row spacing (225 kg ha-1; 38 cm row spacing)
![Page 34: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Treatments
25% CoverEarly May
50% CoverMid May
![Page 37: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
75% CoverEarly June
100% CoverLate June
![Page 38: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
IntercropNo Removal
No IntercropControl
![Page 39: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Soil Samples
– Pre and Post season 1.5 m – 0 to 30 cm– Repeated each sampling date– Gravimetric water content– Inorganic nitrogen
![Page 40: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Plant Biomass
– 0.3 m2 collected on each sampling date– Repeated each sampling date– Dried and weighed
Grain Yield– Late August
![Page 41: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Inter-row Cultivator
![Page 42: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Results
![Page 44: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Soi
l Moi
stur
e (%
) 0-3
0 cm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30Control25% Cover50% Cover75% Cover100% CoverHarvest
Soi
l Moi
stur
e (%
) 0-3
0 cm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30Control 25% Cover50% Cover75% Cover100% CoverHarvest
% Soil Moisture (0-30 cm) Over Time
Sampling Date
2010 2011
![Page 45: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Soil Moisture (0 – 1.5 m) Pre and Post Season
Soi
l Moi
stur
e (%
) 0 -
1.5
m
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Soi
l Moi
stur
e (%
) 0 -
1.5
m
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Treatment
2010 2011ns
a b ab ab b b b
![Page 46: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
(kg
ha-1
) 0-3
0 cm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control25% Cover50% Cover75% Cover100% CoverHarvest
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
(kg
ha-1
) 0-3
0 cm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control 25% Cover50% Cover75% Cover100% CoverHarvest
Sampling Date
Soil Inorganic Nitrogen (0-30 cm) Over Time2010 2011
![Page 47: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Soil Inorganic N (0 – 1.5 m) Pre and Post Season
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
(kg
ha-1
) 0 -1
.5 m
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Soi
l Ino
rgan
ic N
(kg
ha-1
) 0 -
1.5
m
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Treatment
2010 2011
a b b b ab ab b
a b b b b b b
![Page 48: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Wheat Biomass Variation with Intercrop Removal Time
Sampling Date5/3 5/17 5/31 6/14 6/28
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3502010 Wheat w/ pea removed2010 Wheat w/ pea all season2011 Wheat w/ pea removed2011 Wheat w/ pea all season
Bio
mas
s Y
ield
(g m
-2)
a
xax
![Page 49: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Wheat Grain Yield after Pea Removal for Different Crop Growth Phases
ns
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Treatment
2010 2011ns ns
Mean = 3527 kg ha-1Mean = 5560 kg ha-1
5666 kg ha-1
![Page 50: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Summary
• No differences in soil moisture
• No difference in soil nitrogen
• No difference in grain yield or protein
• No difference among plant N levels or biomass yield
![Page 51: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Dryland Organic Grain Management Considerations
![Page 52: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Agronomics
• Reduced tillage weed control (in crop)– Rotary Hoe– Rotary Harrow– Inter-row Cultivator
• Choose competitive crops and cultivars– Winter Crops > Spring Crops
![Page 53: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Agronomics
• Peas established better with wheat
• Biodiversity in intercrop system
![Page 54: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Soil Fertility
• Include a forage system during the transition ($)– Supplement soil N following 1st year of grain
production
• Include a green manure during the last year– Multiple years of green manure likely not
necessary
![Page 55: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Soil Fertility
• External (commercial) organic fertilizer sources are too expensive
• Adding a source of animal manure may be beneficial
![Page 56: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
AcknowledgmentsCommittee MembersDr. Rich Koenig (Co-Chair)Dr. Ian Burke (Co-Chair)Dr. Dave HugginsDr. Scot Hulbert
Special ThanksDr. Bill PanDr. Pat Fuerst
Co-AuthorsDr. Rob GallagherDr. Lori HoaglandDr. Kate PainterAmanda SnyderMisha Manuchehri
FarmersPat and Lester Boyd
TechniciansDennis PittmannRod Rood John RumphMargaret DaviesDave Uberaga
Undergraduate AssistantsCharlie ClarkLydia Baxter PotterMadeline JacobsenHeather FuerstNick Boydson Rachel King
![Page 58: Diversifying Dryland Grain Cropping Systems for Organic Production](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816609550346895dd9406c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Questions?