dive physiology and medical aspects. underwater physiology respiration effects of heat and cold...
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Dive PhysiologyDive Physiology
AndAnd
Medical AspectsMedical Aspects
Underwater PhysiologyUnderwater Physiology
RespirationRespiration
Effects of heat and coldEffects of heat and cold
BarotraumaBarotrauma
Pressure related problemsPressure related problems– DirectDirect– IndirectIndirect
RespirationRespiration
The breathing cycleThe breathing cycle
Oxygen consumptionOxygen consumption
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
Breath holdingBreath holding
HypoxiaHypoxia
hypercapnia/hypocapniahypercapnia/hypocapnia
Carbon monoxide poisoningCarbon monoxide poisoning
RespirationRespiration
Air Must Pass Through“Dead” Spaces
Respiration
The ProcessMovement of air intoand out of the lungs
Transport of oxygento the cells and removalof carbon dioxide
Approx. 5% Oxygen Consumed
Carbon DioxideIncreases 5%
Shallow Water BlackoutCaused by ExcessiveHyperventilation
Skip Breathing CausesHypercapnia
Air with Less Than 10%O2 at 1atma Will NotSupport Consciousness
Mouth, Nose,Throat
Diaphragm
Lungs
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli Heart
Lungs
Capillaries
Vena Cava
Aorta Pulmonary Artery
PulmonaryVein
CO2
O2 CO2
O2
Hemoglobin Molecules in Red Blood Cells Carry Oxygen
Effects of Heat and ColdEffects of Heat and Cold
Heat injuries (hyperthermia)Heat injuries (hyperthermia)– crampscramps– exhaustionexhaustion– strokestroke
Cold injuries (hypothermia)Cold injuries (hypothermia)– Decreased body functionsDecreased body functions– Decreased mental functionsDecreased mental functions– Shivering, numbnessShivering, numbness– Related protection requirementsRelated protection requirements
Temperature InjuriesTemperature Injuries
Temperature Injuries
Progressive Symptoms and Effects
Heat Cold- Cramps- Exhaustion- Stroke
Profuse SweatingWeaknessMalaiseDry, Flushed Skin
Cool VictimOral FluidsNo Caffeine/Alcohol
Sym
ptom
s
- Hypothermia
Uncontrolled ShiveringLoss of Coord/DexterityNumbness
Warm VictimNo CaffeineNo Alcohol
Sym
ptom
s
1st A
id
1st A
id
Pressure Related ProblemsPressure Related Problems(direct)(direct)
Descent (squeezes)Descent (squeezes)– EarsEars– SinusesSinuses– MaskMask– ThoracicThoracic– TeethTeeth– Stomach/IntestinesStomach/Intestines– SuitSuit
Ascent (expansion)Ascent (expansion)
– Air embolismAir embolism
– PneumothoraxPneumothorax
– Mediastinal Mediastinal EmphysemaEmphysema
– Subcutaneous Subcutaneous EmphysemaEmphysema
Pressure Related ProblemsPressure Related Problems(indirect)(indirect)
Decompression sicknessDecompression sickness– Nitrogen partial pressuresNitrogen partial pressures– SolubilitySolubility
Nitrogen narcosisNitrogen narcosis
Oxygen toxicityOxygen toxicity
Nitrogen narcosisNitrogen narcosis
Nitrogen Narcosis
“Rapture of the Deep” - “Martini’s Law”
SURFACE
75-100’
150-175’
200’+
Thinking andJudgmentPOTENTIALLY Affected
Communication,Motor and MentalTasks IMPAIRED
NOT IN CONTROL
Symptoms and Effects onIndividual Diver VaryWith Depth and Exposure.
Barotrauma
Direct PressureRelated Problems
Indirect PressureRelated Problems
- Descent (Compression) Squeezes
Ear, Sinus, Lung,Stomach, Intestinal,Tooth, Equipment
- Ascent (Expansion)
Lung Ruptures -Subcutaneous andMediastinal EmphysemaPneumothorax
Air Embolism
- Decompression Sickness (The Bends) (DCS)
- Nitrogen Narcosis
- Oxygen Toxicity
Descend and AscendSlowly to MinimizePotential Problems
NEVER HOLD YOURBREATH ON SCUBA!
Precautionary Decompression Stops(Safety Stops) HelpReduce Bubble Formationand Incidence of DCS
Physiology SummaryPhysiology Summary
Physiology Summary
Respiration is Mechanical- Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Exchange- Slow Deep Breathing
Barotrauma - Pressure Injury- Direct Subcutaneous Emphysema Mediastinal Emphysema Pneumothorax Air Embolism- Indirect DCS (the Bends) Nitrogen Narcosis Oxygen Toxicity
Proper Exposure Protection isRequired to Avoid Hypothermia