diuretics lecture zeb
DESCRIPTION
It is lecture on DIURETICS, on ppt frmat......TRANSCRIPT
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distal tubule
glomerulus
urine
blood(artery)
collectingduct
proximaltubule
K+-sparing
loop diuretics
thiazides
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
osmotic diuretics
Diuretic Drugs
SITES OF ACTION
pharmacological class
structural class
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70%
20%
5%
4.5%
0.5%
Volume 1.5 L/dayUrine Na 100 mEq/L
Na Excretion 155 mEq/day
100%GFR 180 L/day
Plasma Na 145 mEq/LFiltered Load 26,100
mEq/day
CA Inhibitors,Osmotic diureticsProximal tubule
Loop Diuretics,Osmotic diuretics
Loop of Henle
ThiazidesDistal tubule
Antikaliuretics
Collecting duct
Thick Ascending Limb
MethylxanthenesGlomerulus
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CA inhibitorsCA inhibitors
AcetazolamideAcetazolamide
DorzolamideDorzolamide
BumetanideBumetanide
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Carbonic anhydrase InhibitorsCarbonic anhydrase Inhibitors
Carbonic anhydrase:Carbonic anhydrase:Location: PCTLocation: PCTFunction: Function: catalyzes the dehydration of Hcatalyzes the dehydration of H22COCO33, a , a
critical step in the proximal reabsorption of critical step in the proximal reabsorption of HH22COCO33..
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CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORSCARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
Developed from sulfanilamide, after it was noticed that sulfanilamide caused metabolic acidosis and alkaline urine
Acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, methazolamide
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MOAMOA
Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity profoundly depresses bicarbonate profoundly depresses bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule.reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
------ sodium bicarbonate diuresis ------ sodium bicarbonate diuresis ----- decrease in total bicarbonate stores----- decrease in total bicarbonate stores
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CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORSCARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-CA
• mild diuretics
• decrease acidity of urine
• action limited by hyperchloremic
metabolic acidosis
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PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics
Well absorbed after oral administrationWell absorbed after oral administration Increase in urine pH in 30 m9in: due to Increase in urine pH in 30 m9in: due to
Excretion is by tubular secretion in Excretion is by tubular secretion in proximal tubule.proximal tubule.
Bicarbonate diuresis
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Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics
Inhibition of carbonic Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase------------------ decrease anhydrase------------------ decrease bicarbonate reabsorption in proximal bicarbonate reabsorption in proximal tubule.tubule.
Maximal acetazolamide administration Maximal acetazolamide administration ---------- 45 % inhibition of whole kidney ---------- 45 % inhibition of whole kidney bicarbonate reabsorption.bicarbonate reabsorption.
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Therapeutic UsesTherapeutic Uses
Glaucoma (Glaucoma (dorzalamide, brinzolamide)dorzalamide, brinzolamide)
Urinary alkalinizationUrinary alkalinizationMetabolic AlkalosisMetabolic AlkalosisAcute mountain SicknessAcute mountain SicknessEpilepsyEpilepsy
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Urinary alkalinizationUrinary alkalinization
Uric acid and cystineUric acid and cystineRenal excretion of weak acid “Aspirin” is Renal excretion of weak acid “Aspirin” is
enhanced by acetazolamide enhanced by acetazolamide
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Metabolic AlkalosisMetabolic Alkalosis
When the alkalosis is due to excessive use of When the alkalosis is due to excessive use of diuretics in patients with severe heart failure diuretics in patients with severe heart failure
Metabolic alkalosis secondary to Respiratory Metabolic alkalosis secondary to Respiratory acidosisacidosis
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Acute mountain sicknessAcute mountain sickness
SymptomsSymptomsWeakness, dizziness, insomnia, Weakness, dizziness, insomnia,
headache, nausea headache, nausea Progressive pulmonary and cerebral Progressive pulmonary and cerebral
edema ------ life threatening.edema ------ life threatening.
What is the role of acetazolamide?
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Decrease cerebrospinal fluid formationDecrease cerebrospinal fluid formation
Decrease pH of the cerebrospinal fluid Decrease pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and Brainand Brain
Can be used for prophylaxis 24 hour Can be used for prophylaxis 24 hour before ascent.before ascent.
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Toxicity Toxicity
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosisHyperchloremic metabolic acidosisRenal stonesRenal stonesRenal potassium wastingRenal potassium wastingHypersensitivity reactions --- fever, rashes, Hypersensitivity reactions --- fever, rashes,
bone marrow supressionbone marrow supression
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Contra indicationsContra indications
Hepatic cirrhosisHepatic cirrhosis
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THIAZIDE DIURETICSTHIAZIDE DIURETICS
variable effects on CA inhibitionvariable effects on CA inhibitionblock Nablock Na++-Cl-Cl-- co-transport co-transport relax vascular smooth musclerelax vascular smooth muscle
General Structure of Thiazide Diuretics
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Thiazide DiureticsThiazide Diuretics
ChlorothiazideChlorothiazide
HydrochlorothiazideHydrochlorothiazide
IndapamideIndapamide
MetolazoneMetolazone
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Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics
Chlorothiazide is less lipid soluble ---- must Chlorothiazide is less lipid soluble ---- must be given in relatively large dosesbe given in relatively large doses
Chlorothalidone: slowly absorbed longer Chlorothalidone: slowly absorbed longer duration of actionduration of action
Idapamide: excreted primarily by biliary Idapamide: excreted primarily by biliary systemsystem
All thiazides compete with uric acid All thiazides compete with uric acid secretion secretion
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Pharmacodynamics
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CLINICAL USES Of THIAZIDESCLINICAL USES Of THIAZIDES
1) HYPERTENSION1) HYPERTENSION
2) EDEMA 2) EDEMA (cardiac, liver, renal)(cardiac, liver, renal)
3) NEPHROLITHIASIS (IDIOPATHIC 3) NEPHROLITHIASIS (IDIOPATHIC HYPERCALCIURIA)HYPERCALCIURIA)
4) NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS4) NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS
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Toxicity Toxicity
Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosisHypokalemic metabolic alkalosisHyperuricemiaHyperuricemiaImpaired carbohydrate tolerance – Impaired carbohydrate tolerance –
Hyperglycemia Hyperglycemia HyperlipidemiaHyperlipidemiaHyponatremiaHyponatremiaAllergic reactionsAllergic reactions
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LOOP DIURETICSLOOP DIURETICS
Furosemide, Furosemide,
Bumetanide, Bumetanide,
Ethacrynic acidEthacrynic acid
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Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics
Rapidly absorbedRapidly absorbedEliminated by renal secretion as well as Eliminated by renal secretion as well as
glomerular filtrationglomerular filtrationRapid diuresis after IV administrationRapid diuresis after IV administration
DOA: 2-3 hoursDOA: 2-3 hours
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Pharmacodynamics
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strong diureticsstrong diuretics
block Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transportblock Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transport
increase K+, Mg++ and Ca++ excretionincrease K+, Mg++ and Ca++ excretion
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Actions Actions
Induce renal prostaglandin synthesisInduce renal prostaglandin synthesis These prostaglandins participate in the renal These prostaglandins participate in the renal
actions of these drugs.actions of these drugs. Direct effect on blood flow Direct effect on blood flow Increases renal blkood flow Increases renal blkood flow Redistribution of blood flow within the renal Redistribution of blood flow within the renal
cortex.cortex. Relieve pulmonary congestion Relieve pulmonary congestion Reduce let ventricular filling pressures in CHFReduce let ventricular filling pressures in CHF
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Therapeutic usesTherapeutic uses
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CLINICAL USES OF LOOP DIURETICSCLINICAL USES OF LOOP DIURETICS
EDEMAEDEMA due to CHF, nephrotic syndrome or due to CHF, nephrotic syndrome or cirrhosiscirrhosis
Acute heart failure with Acute heart failure with PULMONARY PULMONARY EDEMAEDEMA
Acute renal failure ---- Acute renal failure ---- enhance K+ enhance K+ excretion, increase rate of urine flow excretion, increase rate of urine flow
HYPERCALCEMIAHYPERCALCEMIAAnion overdose: bromide, fluoride and Anion overdose: bromide, fluoride and
iodide are reabsorbed in thick ascending iodide are reabsorbed in thick ascending limb limb
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Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, Hyperuricemia Hyperuricemia HyperglycemiaHyperglycemia Hyponatremia Hyponatremia HypocalcemiaHypocalcemia (in contrast to thiazides) (in contrast to thiazides) Hypomagnesemia Hypomagnesemia HypersensitivityHypersensitivity DehydrationDehydration and postural hypotension and postural hypotension OtotoxicityOtotoxicity (especially if given by rapid IV (especially if given by rapid IV
bolus)bolus)
Adverse Effects of Loop DiureticsAdverse Effects of Loop Diuretics
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POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICSPOTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS
Spironolactone Spironolactone
Triamterene,Triamterene,
Amiloride Amiloride
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Antagonize the effects of aldosterone Antagonize the effects of aldosterone
at cortical collecting tubule and late distal at cortical collecting tubule and late distal tubuletubule
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Mechanisms of inhibitionMechanisms of inhibitionDirect pharmacological Direct pharmacological antagonism of antagonism of
mineralocorticoid receptorsmineralocorticoid receptors --- --- spironolactonespironolactone
Inhibition of Na+ flux through ion channelsInhibition of Na+ flux through ion channels in the luminal membrane --- triamterene, in the luminal membrane --- triamterene, amilorideamiloride
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POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICSPOTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS
• spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist
• triamterene and amiloride directly inhibit electrogenic Na+ transport
• useful adjuncts with K+-depleting diuretics
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Therapeutic usesTherapeutic uses
Mineralocorticoid excess ----- Primary hypersecretion: Conns syndrome, Ectopic ACTH production
Secondary aldosteronism:CHF, Hepatic cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome,
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Toxicity Toxicity
HyperkalemiaHyperkalemiaHyperchloremic metabolic Hyperchloremic metabolic
acidosisacidosisGynecomastiaGynecomastiaAcute renal failureAcute renal failureKidney stonesKidney stones
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Agents that Agents that enhance water enhance water
excretionexcretion
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Osmotic diureticsOsmotic diuretics
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HO-C-H
HO-C-H
CH2OH
CH2OH
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
--
--
-
Mannitol
O
O
HO
H
OH
H
H
H
Isosorbide
H2N-C-NH2
O
=Urea
H2COH
H2COH
H2COH
Glycerol
OSMOTIC DIURETICSOSMOTIC DIURETICS
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Proximal tubule and descending limb of Proximal tubule and descending limb of loop of henle are freely permeable to loop of henle are freely permeable to water.water.
Osmotic agent causes water to be Osmotic agent causes water to be retained in these segments and promote a retained in these segments and promote a water diuresis water diuresis
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Mannitol Mannitol
Not metabolizedNot metabolizedHandled by glomerular filtrationHandled by glomerular filtrationPoorly absorbedPoorly absorbed
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Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics
Limits water reabsorption in those segments Limits water reabsorption in those segments of nephron that are freely permeable to water of nephron that are freely permeable to water ----- the proximal tubule and descending limb ----- the proximal tubule and descending limb of loop of henle by exerting an osmotic of loop of henle by exerting an osmotic force------- increase urine volume with force------- increase urine volume with mannitol excretion.mannitol excretion.
Hypernatremia.Hypernatremia.
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Therapeutic UsesTherapeutic Uses
To increase urine volumeTo increase urine volume
Reduction of intracranial and intraocualr Reduction of intracranial and intraocualr pressurepressure
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ToxicityToxicity
Extra cellular volume ExpansionExtra cellular volume Expansion
Dehydration and HypernatremiaDehydration and Hypernatremia
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OSMOTIC DIURETICSOSMOTIC DIURETICS
relatively inert pharmacologicallyrelatively inert pharmacologically freely filtered at the glomerulusfreely filtered at the glomerulus limited reabsorption by renal tubuleslimited reabsorption by renal tubules
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OSMOTIC DIURETICS: OSMOTIC DIURETICS: Therapeutic Therapeutic UsesUses
Prophylaxis of renal failureProphylaxis of renal failureMechanism:Mechanism:
Drastic reductions in GFR cause dramatically Drastic reductions in GFR cause dramatically increased proximal tubular water reabsorption increased proximal tubular water reabsorption and a large drop in urinary excretionand a large drop in urinary excretion
Osmotic diuretics are still filtered under these Osmotic diuretics are still filtered under these conditions and retain an equivalent amount of conditions and retain an equivalent amount of water, water, maintaining urine flowmaintaining urine flow
• Reduction of CSF pressure and volume
• Reduction of intraocular pressure
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Adverse Effects of Osmotic DiureticsAdverse Effects of Osmotic Diuretics
Increased extracellular fluid volumeIncreased extracellular fluid volume Hypersensitivity reactionsHypersensitivity reactions Glycerol metabolism can lead to hyperglycemia Glycerol metabolism can lead to hyperglycemia
and glycosuriaand glycosuria Headache, nausea and vomitingHeadache, nausea and vomiting
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ADH antagonistsADH antagonists
LithiumLithiumDemeclocycline Demeclocycline
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THANKSTHANKS