disturbance ecology - usu. · pdf filedisturbance ecology . objectives ... utah and great...
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Disturbance Ecology
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Objectives
• 1. Describe the major types of ecological disturbances and how they influence site potential, productivity, and sustainability.
• 2. Describe the role of disturbance in ecosystem structure and function.
• 3. Discuss disturbance theories and concepts.
• 4. Describe disturbance regimes that influence Utah and Great Basin ecosystems.
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What is Disturbance?
• Definition
• Types
• Spatial and temporal considerations
• Ecosystem wide effects
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Disturbance regimes
• Fire
• Flood Avalanches
• Slash and burn agriculture
• Timber harvest
• Ranching and Agriculture
• Development
• results - biodiversity crisis
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Factor Example
Type of Disturbance:
Physical factor Drought impact on distribution of birds in forest
Biological factor Mountain pine beetle
Interaction of physical Rain and bird distribution affect of fish population
Anthropogenic disturbance
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Regime of Disturbance:
Spatial dimension
Frequency
Time of occurrence
Spatial
Annual vs. irregular
Food during spawning period of fish
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Concepts
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Equilibrium vs. Non-equilibrium forces influencing community structure
Equilibrium:
stability, climax community
- Competition
- Predation
- Other species interactions
Non-equilibrium:
communities constantly changing
- Disturbances
- Recruitment
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The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) states that local species diversity is maximized when ecological disturbance is neither too rare nor too frequent.
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• Disturbance and land management
• Consequences of altered disturbance regimes
• Ecological restoration
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Forest Disturbance
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Characteristics of Disturbance Regimes
• Type
• Frequency
• Magnitude
• Predictability
• Extent
• Timing
• Synergism
• Severity
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Typically refers to vegetation… (but fauna changes in response to succession)
A process of more-or-less predictable and orderly changes in composition or structure of an ecological community
Time
What is Ecological Succession?
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Secondary succession takes place following a major disturbance (e.g. fire, flood, landslide, agriculture)
Secondary Succession
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Succession after fire
Herbs Shrubs Young Developing Mature Forest Forest Forest
Why wouldn’t this lead to a climax community? (where plant community is stable and unchanging) Is constant change natural?
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Pattern on landscape
• Fires
• Beetle outbreaks
• Timber harvest
• Avalanche
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Management Issues
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Fire Behavior in Bark Beetle- Affected Fuels
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PURPLE LAKE 1902
PURPLE LAKE 2002
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Adapted from: http://www.fsl.orst.edu/lemma/export/pubs/zald_2009_plant_ecology.pdf
Change Detection on Mountain meadows -- Oregon
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Fig. 5. Example of Landsat composites, forest cover mapping and change detection results (Arkhangelskaya Obl, 63°40′N, 42°30′E). A—Circa 2000 Landsat composite (band 5-4-3 combination); B—Circa 2005 Landsat composite; C—Classification results: forest cover for year 2000 (green), gross forest cover loss (red), non forest areas (yellow).
Forest Loss within European Russia
Peter Potapov,Svetlana Turubanova,Matthew C. Hansen, 2011, Regional-scale boreal forest cover and change mapping using Landsat data composites for European Russia, Remote Sensing of Environment
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MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE LIFE CYCLE
summer fall over winter spring summer
attacking adult egg larva larva pupa brood adult
Green Green Infested
Yellow Red
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FIRE SUPPRESSION CONSIDERATIONS IN BARK BEETLE-AFFECTED FUELS (CONT.)
• Increased fireline construction time
• Snag mitigation
• Downed wood fuel
• Increased burnout times increase threat to firelines
• Increased retardant for adequate coverage
• Increased time for mop up
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