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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
Prepared by : RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt.Ltd. Howrah,West Bengal
Page 1
CONFIDENTIALITY CLAUSE
This District Survey Report (DSR) of Gomati District, Tripura, has been prepared by
RSP Green Development and Pvt. Ltd., Howrah, West Bengal, India.
Any reproduction, direct or indirect other than for the specific purpose for which
the report has been prepared, should not be carried out, without prior written
consent of RSP Green Development and Pvt. Ltd. and Govt. of Tripura.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
Prepared by : RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt.Ltd. Howrah,West Bengal
Page 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Last but not the least, RSP Green Development and Pvt. Ltd. Record their
sincere thanks and gratefulness to the Government functionaries of Tripura
and prominent citizens of Gomati district and also the villagers in and around
the villages who have offered their fullest cooperation unhesitatingly but for
which the execution of the work would have not become as smooth as it has
been.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
Prepared by : RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt.Ltd. Howrah,West Bengal
Page 3
With Thanks ……………….
Depertment Respected Person(s) Designation
Forest
Respected Dr. Alind Rastogi, IFS, PCCF & HoFF “ Shri Shakti Kant Singh IFS, DFO “ Shri Pallab Chakraborty, SDFO “ Shri Siddhartha Debbarma SDFO “ Shri S. Soorya-narayan, SDFO “ All Officers Forest Dept (H.O)
District Administration
Respected Shri Tarun Kanti Debnath, IAS District Magistrate (DM)
“ All Officers Senior District Magistrate & Others Officers
DSTE Respected Shri Shivanand S. Talawar IFS Director
“ All Officers Science, Technology & Environment Deptt
TSPCB
Respected Sri Manas Mukherjee Member Secretary “ Dr. Mihir Kumar Das Scientist-C & HoO All Officers Tripura State Pollution
Control Board Rural Development
Respected Swapan Das Chief Engineers
“ All Officers RD Depertment
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
Prepared by : RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt.Ltd. Howrah,West Bengal
Page 4
Contents
Sl NO Chapter Page No 01 Preface 06-07 02 Introduction 07-09 03 General Profile of the District 10-31
04 Physio graphy of the District 32-32
05 Land use Pattern of the District 33-36
06 Geology 37-44 07 Mineral Wealth 45-55 08 Over view of Mining Activity in the
District 56-57
09 Details of Revenue Generated from Mineral Sector During last three years
58-58
10 Transport 59-59 11 Executive Summary 60-61
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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"Landaus patterns are an expression of deep political
economic and cultural structure; they do not change when an
ecologist or forester sounds the alarm that a country is
losing its resource base".
Anonymous
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
Prepared by : RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt.Ltd. Howrah,West Bengal
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1. PREFACE
On 15 January 2016, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change,
Government of India issued a notification and in which Para 7(iii) (a) and
Annexure (x), purpose and structure of District Survey Report has been
discussed. District Survey report (DSR) will be prepared in every district for
each minor mineral. The District Survey Report will guide systematic and
scientific utilization of natural resources, so that present and future
generation may be benefited at large. The guidelines of MoEF will support
that fundamental concept, promoting environmental protection, limiting
negative physiological, hydrological and social impacts under pinning
sustainable economic growth. Sand is naturally occurring granular material
composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles between 115 µ to 4.75
mm in diameter (IS 383-1970). Sand is formed due to weathering of rocks due
to mechanical forces. In the process the weathered rocks form gravel at first
and then sand. It is also felt that the grater use of substitute material
(manufactured sand, artificial sand etc.) and construction technology and
sustainable use of the resource could drastically reduce adverse impact of
mining on the environment. The broad principal on which any sustainable
sand mining guidelines or policy can be based is that river or natural
resources must be utilized for the benefit of the preset and future
generation, so river resources should be prudently managed and developed.
The purpose of District Survey report (DSR) "identification of areas of
aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification
of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
Prepared by : RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt.Ltd. Howrah,West Bengal
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installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual
rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in
that area". The District Survey report (DSR) will contain mainly data
published and endorsed by various departments and websites about Geology
of the area, Mineral wealth details of rivers, Details of Lease and Mining
activity in the District along with Sand mining and revenue of minerals. This
report also contains details of Forest, Rivers, Soil, Agriculture, Road,
Transportation and climate etc.
Gomati district is a district of Tripura, India. This district was created in
January 2012 when four new districts were created in Tripura, taking the
number of districts in the state from four to eight. Udaipur is its
headquarters.
. Gomati District is situated approximately between East longitude 91 degrees
18 minutes and 91 degrees 59 minutes and between North lattitude 22 degres
56 minutes and 23 degrees 45 minutes. The Gomati District is bounded on the
North by Dhalai district and West Tripura District, while on the other sides by
international border with Bangladesh. The total geographical area of Gomati
District is 2,966 Sq.km which is about 25% of the total state area.
Disclaimer: - The data may vary due to flood, heavy rains and other natural
calamities. Therefore, it is recommended that DEIAA may take into
consideration all its relevant aspects / data while scrutinizing and
recommending the application for EC to the concerned Authority.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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2. INTRODUCTION
The Gomati District with it‟s headquarter at Udaipur was created in the year
2012. Udaipur is popularly known as the city of lakes and was the capital of
Tripura till 1760 A.D. The city is famous for its Mata Tripura Sundari Temple
which is situated about 3 km away from Udaipur at Matabari. The temple is
one of the 51 Mahapithasthans of India. The Gomati figures prominently in
Tripura's indigenous folklore, culture, religious rites and ritual so much so
that tribal people perform posthumous rites dedicated to their departed near
and dear ones on the bank of the river Gomati in the conviction that ablution
with the consecrated water of the sacred river will pave the way for
ascendance to heaven of their departed dear ones. As part of the
administrative reorganisation effected in October last year the Gomati
district comprising Udaipur, Amarpur and newly created Karbook
subdivisions was created as a truncated version of the erstwhile South
Tripura district.Topographically,the Gomati district is marked by lush green
and fertile Gomati valleys and the towering Debtamura hill range which
straddles Udaipur and Amarpur subdivisions of the district with its exquisite
sculptural works carved on panels of the hills.
There are 3(three) principal hill ranges in Gomati District. The South
Baramura and Deotamura hill ranges are completely in Gomati District while
a part of Atharamura hill range also comes in the District. Deotamura is the
principal hill range of Gomati District having a length of 85 Km. and forms the
boundary between Amarpur and Udaipur Sub-Division.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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Map 1: Administrative Map of Gomati District
Source : Gomati District Profile
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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3. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT
a) GENERAL INFORMATION
Geographical Area & Geographical Position: -
The State of Tripura lies approximately between the latitudes 22 degrees 56
minutes, and 24 degrees 32 minutes North and between longitudes 91
degrees 0 minutes and 92 degrees 22 minutes East. Gomati District is
situated approximately between East longitude 91 degrees 18 minutes and 91
degrees 59 minutes and between North latitude 22 degrees 56 minutes and
23 degrees 45 minutes. The Gomati District is bounded on the North by Dhalai
district and West Tripura District, while on the other sides by international
border with Bangladesh. The total geographical area of Gomati District is
2,966 Sq.km which is about 25% of the total state area.
There are 3(three) principal hill ranges in Gomati District. The South
Baramura and Deotamura hill ranges are completely in Gomati District while
a part of Atharamura hill range also comes in the District. Deotamura is the
principal hill range of Gomati District having a length of 85 km. and forms the
boundary between Amarpur and Udaipur Sub-Division.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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Map 2: Location map of Gomati District
Source : Gomati District Profile
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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Administrative Divisions :-
SUB DIVISION REVENEU CIRCLE TEHSIL
UDAIPUR UDAIPUR RADHAKISHORPUR, MATARBARI, GORJI, DHAJANAGAR, DAKSHIN CHANDRAPUR
KILLA KILLA, PITTRA, MOHARANI, BAGMA, RAIABARI, KHUPILONG
KAKRABON JAMJURI, KAKRABON, SHALGORA, MIRJA, DUDHPUSHKARINI
AMARPUR AMARPUR BIRGANJ, MALBASA, NATUN BAZAR, AMARPUR
AUMPI SONACHHARA, AUMPINAGAR, TAIDUBARI, BAMPUR
KARBOOK KARBOOK CHELAGANG, KARBOOK, JATANBARI
SILACHHARI SILACHHARI, GORAKAPA
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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Population (As per Census 2011):-
The projected population of GOMATI District alone is 4, 41,538, with break-up
of males 2, 25,428 and females 2, 16,110.
b) CLIMATIC CONDITION
The climate of the District is mostly warm and is characterized by a humid
summer and a dry cool winter with plenty of rains during July to October.
Rainfall is received from the South -West Monsoon, which normally breaks in
the month of May. Hailstorm generally occurs during the month of April &
May, occasionally causing damage to the field crops. Autumn and Spring are
of very short duration. Average annual rainfall in the district is about 2000
mm and the temperature varies between a maximum of 35.23 and a
minimum of 7.43 Celsius. The variation in temperature is much lower during
the rains than during any other season.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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c) RAINFALL (MONTH-WISE) AND HUMIDITY
SN MONTH AVERAGE RAINFALL (cm)
1 January 0
2 February 3.22
3 March 18.63
4 April 38.62
5 May 32.58
6 June 44.40
7 July 35.66
8 August 22.85
9 September 19.40
10 October 10.55
11 November 12.55
12 December 0
(Ref: DISTRICT LEVEL SURVEY REPORT ON SAND MINING, GOMATI DISTRICT)
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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Fig 1: Bar diagram of average rainfall (Gomati District)
Fig 2: Pie chart of average rainfall (Gomati district)
0 10 20 30 40 50
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
RAINFALL IN cm
RAINFALL IN cm
0%1%
8%
16%
14%
19%
15%
10%
8%
4% 5%
0%
RAINFALL IN cm
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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d) TOPOGRAPHY & TERRAIN
Gomati Tripura is a predominantly hilly area. About 60% of its land is hilly,
while the remaining 40% is plane land, even the plane land is not a dad level
land rather it is broken by many low hills and tillas of 30-60 m in elevation,
covered with trees and shrubs. The topography is immature. The major
geomorphic elements observed in the area are both structural and
topographic „highs‟ & „depressions‟, „flats‟ and „slopes‟, sculptured on the
topographic surface in a linear and aerial fashion. In the district the
topographic highs & lows are in accordance with the normal first order
structural elements. The ground rises from West- East. The general
elevation varies between 600m in the north eastern part to 15 m in the west.
The district is dissected by two broad and long valleys viz, Khowai –
Teliamura –Amarpur – Silachari, Agartala – Udaipur – Sabroom. These
valleys are located between the N-S trending parallel to sub parallel
antiformal hill ranges (Topographic Highs) such as the Baramura –
Devtamura ranges & the Atharamura range. These strike ridges form part of
the water shade of the Meghna Basin of Bangladesh fed by the river Gomati.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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e) WATER COURSE & HYDROLOGY
The principal rivers flowing through the district are, Gomati. The river Gomati
originates from the range connecting the Longtharai and Atharamura. At its
source, two rivulates, namely, Kalyansing and Malyansing meet, thereafter it
takes the name of Raimacherra till it meets the Sharmacherra. Later it
assumes the name Gomati. The River Gomati which is about 135 km. Long
runs across the sub-divisions Gandacherra, now under Dhalai District,
Amarpur and Udaipur under Gomati District and Sonamura Sub-Division of
West Tripura District. The river Muhuri has its source in the Deotamura
range. It is more than 64 km. long and has a catchment area of 1014 sq.km.
and it flows westwards through hillocks and plains of Belonia sub-division
till it enters Bangladesh. At the source of river Feni, there are three streams
known as the Asslang, the Rangafeni and Taindung, of which the Asslang is
the principal channel. The river Feni forms the natural boundary between the
Gomati District and Bangladesh.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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Map 3: River system map of Gomati District
Source : Gomati District Profile
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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f) GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT
VES curve at Tepania is classified as Type QH Curve reflecting the presence
of four subsurface layers which gives the resistivity relationship of ρ1 > ρ2 > ρ3
< ρ4. VES curve at Matabari and Amarpur is classified as Type Q Curve
reflecting the presence of three subsurface layers which gives the resistivity
relationship of ρ1 > ρ2 > ρ3. VES curve at South Karbook is classified as Type K
Curve reflecting the presence of three subsurface layers which gives the
resistivity relationship of ρ1 < ρ2 > ρ3. VES curve at East Karbook is classified
as Ascending Type Curve reflecting the presence of two subsurface layers
which gives the resistivity relationship of ρ1 > ρ2. All the VES curves are
presented in Fig. 6 (Fig. 6a to Fig. 6e).
From the interpreted true resistivities at Gomati district, Tripura, we can see
that subsurface formations are highly variable. At Tepania we can see four
subsurface layers out of which the top layer is generally formed with coarse
sand particles, the second layer is generally formed with clay mixed with fine
sand particles, the third layer is generally formed with clay mixed with very
fine sand particles and the bottom layer is generally formed with very coarse
sand particles with gravel. At Matabari we can see three subsurface layers
out of which the top layer is generally formed with coarse sand particles, the
second layer is generally formed with clay with conserved moisture contents
and the bottom layer is generally formed with clay. At Amarpur we can see
three subsurface layers out of which the top layer is generally formed with
silty clay, the second layer is generally formed with clay mixed with fine sand
particles and the bottom layer is generally formed with clay with conserved
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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moisture contents. At South Karbook we can see three subsurface layers out
of which the top layer is generally formed with clay with conserved moisture
contents, the second layer is generally formed with clay mixed with fine sand
particles and the bottom layer is generally formed with clay. At East Karbook
we can see two subsurface layers out of which the top layer is generally
formed with coarse sand particles and the bottom layer is generally formed
with clay.
The two important Dar Zarouk parameters viz. Total Transverse Resistance
and Total Longitudinal Conductance calculated for each VES point for this
study area varies within 0.747 ohm-m 2 to 46293.1 ohm-m 2 and 0.00713
Siemens to 2.7599 Siemens respectively. From the values it can be seen that
Teliamura, Paharpur and South Karbook are the locations which have both
the above said parameters value near the maximum i.e., these are the
locations having good groundwater potential and Maheshpur and Kathalia
are the locations which have both the above said parameters value near the
minimum i.e., these are the locations having poor groundwater potential.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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(ref: Study of Identification of Effective Sand Bed in Aquifer Zones using Resistivity Survey in
Tripura: Case Studies by Jayanta Debbarma , Amit Kumar Ghosh , Pankaj Kumar Roy and Gourab
Banerjee)
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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g) DRAINAGE SYSTEM (GENERAL)
The overall drainage pattern of the district is dendritic. The principal rivers
flowing through the district are, Gomati. The river Gomati originates from the
range connecting the Longtharai and Atharamura. At its source, two
rivulates, namely, Kalyansing and Malyansing meet, thereafter it takes the
name of Raimacherra till it meets the Sharmacherra. Later it assumes the
name Gomati. The River Gomati which is about 135 km. Long runs across the
sub-divisions Gandacherra, now under Dhalai District, Amarpur and Udaipur
under Gomati District and Sonamura subdivision of Sipahijala District.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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Map 4: Drainage Pattern Map of Gomati District
Source : Gomati District Profile
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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h) DEMOGRAPHY
PARAMETERS PARTICULARS
TOTAL POPULATION 4,41,538
MALE 2,25,428
FEMALE 2,16,110
SC 74, 430
ST 1,88,554
OVERALL LITERACY RATE 84.50
MALE LITERACY RATE 89.94
FEMALE LITERACY RATE 78.90
FEMALE PER THOUSAND MALE 959
(ref: GOVERNMENT OF TRIPURA- DIARY 2018 & DISTRICT PROFILE- GOMATI DISTRICT,
TRIPURA)
Fig 1: Bar diagram of estimated population (Gomati District)
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000
MALE
FEMALE
SC
ST
POPULATION
PA
RA
MET
ER
PARTICULARS
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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Fig 2: Pie chart of estimated population (Gomati District)
Fig 3: Bar diagram of literacy rate (Gomati District)
MALE, 225428
FEMALE, 216110
SC, 74430
ST, 188554
89.94
78.9
70 75 80 85 90 95
MALE LITERACY RATE
FEMALE LITERACY RATE
LITERACY RATE
LITERACY RATE
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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Fig 4: Pie chart of literacy rate (Gomati District)
i) CROPPING PATTERN
Agriculture is the main occupation. However, only 31.61% of the land in the
district is cultivable. The holdings are small, and agriculture is mainly rainfed
and at subsistence level. The State Government has set before itself a target
of attaining self-sufficiency in food production by 2010 A.D. As a result of this,
a number of activities are undertaken these days to bring more land under
cultivation, make them irrigable and increase the productivity. A large
population however is daily labourer, which depends on the employment
generation schemes of the Government. As a result of weak economic base
and lack of industrial development and entrepreneurship, dependency on
the Government is very high. An analysis of occupational structure in the
MALE LITERACY RATE, 89.94
FEMALE LITERACY RATE, 78.9
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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District shows that about 12.6% are cultivators, 8-9% are agricultural
labourers and 1.61% are dependent on trade and commerce. The non-working
population is about 68% which is an indication of the weak economic base and
under-development. About 72% of the rural population is living below
poverty line. Paddy is the main food crop grown. Potato, sugarcane, mesta,
jute, mustard, etc. are some other crops grown in the district. Tea, coffee,
rubber, jackfruit, banana, mango, pineapple, etc. are the major plantation
crops.
PARAMETERS PARTICULARS
Net sown area (in ha) 39,375 Ha.
Current fallow (in ha) 303 Ha.
Area sown more than once a year
(in ha)
24581 Ha.
Gross cropped area (ha) 72914 Ha.
Net cropped area (ha) 39375 Ha.
Area under food grains (ha) 40211
Productivity of jhum (kg/ha) 1 (kg/ha)
Number of cold storage 1. no. (on progress)
(Ref: DISTRICT PROFILE- GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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Fig 5: Bar diagram of cropping pattern(Gomati District)
j) LAND FORM AND SEISMICITY
There are 3(three) principal hill ranges in Gomati District. The South
Baramura and Deotamura hill ranges are completely in Gomati District while
a part of Atharamura hill range also comes in the District. Deotamura is the
principal hill range of Gomati District having a length of 85 km. and forms the
boundary between Amarpur and Udaipur subdivision. It falls under
earthquake prone Zone-V.
k) FLORA :
The most important crops that are associated with this north-eastern state of
India are paddy, pulses, oilseeds, jute and different kinds of fruit and
vegetables. (ref: mapsofindia.com)
39375
303
24581
72914
39375
40211
0 20000 40000 60000 80000
NET SOWN AREA
CURRENT FALLOW
AREA SOWN MORE THAN ONCE A YEAR
GROSS CROPPED AREA
NET CROPPED AREA
AREA UNDER FOOD GRAIN
AREA IN Hectare
AREA IN Hactare
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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The forests of Tripura are varied. On the basis of large-scale studies in other
North-Eastern States, Deb(1981) considered the classification of forest types
suggested by Champion and Seth (1968) as better suited for describing and
correlating the forest types in India. Deb‟s description of the flora of tripura
has beenfollowed here.
Based on climate (also altitude and longitude), the forests of Tripura are
treated under tropical forest types. They are grouped and described as
follows:
A. Climate Types
B. Seral types
C. Subsidiary Edaphic types
Bamboo brakes widely in character and aspect cover very large areas in
Tripura as in Burma and Chittagong. Continuous bamboo forests are
interrupted with scattered evergreen treesor deciduous secondary stands.
Sheltered hollows and other favourable sites are dominated by bamboo. The
vast preponderance of bamboo forest may be the result of activity of man in
his practice of shiftingfavourable for bamboo growth. It is also possible that
bamboo holds the ground as a primary edaphic sub-climax.
(ref: biodiversity.tripura.gov.in/flora)
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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Map 5: Forest Map of Gomati District
Source : Gomati District Profile
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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l) FAUNA
Wide variety of wild animals belonging to different groups are found in
Tripura. The richness of fauna could be attributed to its unique bio-
geographical location and zoo-geographical position. Literature shows that
there were large populations of rhinoceros, elephant, tiger, leopard, langurs
and monkeys in Tripura (Gupta, 2000).
Of a total of 15 species of non-human primate in India, 7(46.70%) are
documented from Tripura (Gupta, 2000). These also include some of the
highly rare, endemic and endangered species, viz., Hoolock gibbon, slow
loris, capped langur, Phayre‟s langur, stump-tailed macaque and pig-tailed
macaque. The other endangered and threatened mammalian species in
Schedule 1 of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 are elephant, sloth bear, Indian
wolf, Binturong, leopard, marbled cat, leopard cat, Chinese pangolin and
serrow, etc.
Seven Primate species have been documented in Tripura out of a total 15
found in India. Of these Primates slow loris and stumped tailed monkeys have
become rare. Phayre‟s leaf monkey (locally known as „Chashma Banar‟), has
a very restricted distribution in India, and is found in Tripura. Hoolock gibbon
is the only ape found in India, and its population has been rapidly dwindling in
Tripura.
(ref: biodiversity.tripura.gov.in/fauna)
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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4. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT
There are four physiographic units in the district:
I. Steep slopping & slightly dissected, high relief structural hills &
ridges exemplified by areas like Taidu, Amarpur, Tirthamukh.
II. Moderately slopping with moderately dissected, low relief
structural hills and ridges found in parts of Udaipur, Amarpur,
Tirthamukh.
III. Moderate to gently slopping with moderately dissected, flat
topped denuded hills found in southern part of Udaipur &
Amarpur And
IV. Undulating plane with low mounds and gently slopping valley
situated mostly in the southern part of Udaipur.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
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5. LAND USE PATTERN OF THE DISTRICT:
FOREST LAND AREA (in Hectare)
TOTAL FOREST AREA 101262.3
UNCLASSIFIED GOVERNMENT
FOREST
38597.4
RESERVE FOREST 58311.7
PROTECTED FOREST 51.8
AGRICULTURAL LAND
NET CROPPED AREA 39375
AREA UNDER FOOD GRAIN 40211
CURRENT FALLOW 303
GROSS CROPPED AREA 72914
(Ref: DISTRICT PROFILE- GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA)
Rest of the area are built up area & others.
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Fig 6: Bar diagram of land use pattern- Forest & Agricultural land (Gomati
district)
Fig 7: Pie chart of land use pattern Forest & Agricultural (Gomati district)
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
FOREST
AGRICULTURE
AREA IN HECTARE
AREA IN HACTARE
58%
42%
AREA IN HECTARE
FOREST AGRICULTURE
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Map 6: Land use map of Gomati District
Source : Gomati District Profile
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Map 7: Forest Classification Map, Gomati District
Source : Gomati District Profile
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6. GEOLOGY:
Regional Geology
The state of Tripura exhibits an wide array of sedimentary rocks characteristics of
marine-mixed-fluvia type origin ranging age from upper most Oligocene (38
million years from present time) to Recent period. These sediments, according to
GSI, have been laid down in the Surma basin during Tertiary age (which lasted for
65 million years) in an wide range of environmental conditions governed by local
tectonic movement. Tectonically, the region now comprises a series of sub-
parallel arcuate, elongated, doubly plunging folds arrange in north south direction.
These folds for anticlines separated by wide flat sinclines.
Regional Lithology of Gomati District
Group Sub-Group Formation Rock type
Recent Recent (Unconformit
y)
Unconsolidated silt, and clay with decomposed vegetable matter and gravels
Dupitila Dupitila (Unconformit
y)
Sandy clays, clayey sandstone, ferruginous sandstone with pockets of plastic clay, silica
and laterite.
Tipam Tipam Champanagar Sandstone, occasional sandy shale and abundant lumps of fossil wood
Manu Bazar Sandstone with laminated layers and lenses of sandy shale, siltstone and mudstone.
Surma (Contact transitiona
l) Boka Bill
Thinly bedded repetition of sandstone, siltstone/shale, mudstone and ferruginous
sandstone.
Bhuban Hard compact sandstone, olive shale, sandy shale and siltstone repetitions
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Local Geology
Dupitila Group of rock & Recent Alluvium rocks are covered most of the
portion of the district. Dupitila Formation a Pliocene-Pleistocene mappable
body of rock in the Bengal Basin. P Evans named it after the Dupitila hills in
the Hari (Shari) river (25°06'N; 92°08'E) valley of Sylhetdistrict.In the eastern
side Bhuban Formation is present. Most of the area are structurally disturbed
by manifold tectonism.
Stratigraphy of Gomati District
Age Group Formation Holocene Khowai Formation
Ghilatoli Formation Teliamura Formation Kalyanpur Formation
Quaternary Dupitila Dupitila Formation Upper Pliocene to
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Tipam Upper Tipam Formation
Lower Tipam Formation
Micocene- Lr. Pliocene
Upper most Oligocene
Surma Bokabil Formation
Upper Bhuban Formation
Middle Bhuban Formation
Lower Bhuban Formation (Not exposed in Tripura)
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Map 8: Geological Map of Gomati District
Source : Gomati District Profile
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Detailed Sedimentation Study
Drainage system is the pattern formed by streams, rivers and lakes in a
drainage basin. In a drainage system, streams or rivers always connect
together to form networks. Many factors such as topography, soil type,
bedrock type, climate and vegetation cover influence input, output and
transport of sediment and water in a drainage basin (Charlton, 2008). These
factors also influence the nature of the pattern of water bodies (Twidale,
2004). As a consequence, drainage pattern can reflect geographical
characteristics of a river network to a certain extent. There are several types
of drainage pattern. So far, much research has been done on the description
of drainage patterns in geography and hydrology (e.g. Howard, 1967;
Lambert, 1998; Twidale, 2004; Pidwirny, 2006). In addition, sediment
transport knowledge is important in river restoration, ecosystem protection,
navigation, watershed studies and reservoir management. Bed load
represents the lower portion of sediment load in natural rivers. Fluvial
sediment load materials are transported by rivers. Sediment load can be
divided into bed load and suspended load based on the mode of transport.
Bed load is transported close to the bed where particles moved by rolling,
sliding, or jumping (Adegbola, 2012). Xlaoqing (2003) explained that bed load
transport in natural rivers is a complicated phenomenon. Its movement is
quite uneven in both the transverse and longitudinal directions, which vary
considerably.
Erosion has been defined as the detachment of soil and rock fragments or
particles from their initial resting place by water and other geological agents
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such as wind, ice, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc. Geological erosion and soil
erosion are the two basic terms usually used to describe the erosion process.
A third term used in this report is water course erosion which is
predominately stream bank or channel erosion and in some cases is a part of
both the geological and soil erosion processes. Although man's activities
have had their greatest effect on soil erosion and water course erosion, he
has suffered and felt the effects of all forms of erosion and deposition of
sediments. Geological erosion is the erosion that has scarred the earth's
surface creating mountains, chasms, flood plains, deserts, and deltas under
natural or relatively undisturbed conditions. Weathering is a process of rock
disintegration by mechanical and chemical processes and in this report is
considered to be a part of the geological erosion process.
GEOLOGICAL EROSION is caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
landslides, mudflows, and gullying and has to a varying degree been
influenced by man's activities and may require partial control by man.
SOIL EROSION is more closely associated with agricultural land because by
definition soil is the unconsolidated mineral or organic material that will
support plant growth. Soil particles located on the surface of agricultural
lands, forest lands, or grazing lands are detached by rainfall or eroded away
by surface runoff. This may take place in the form of sheet erosion with a thin
sheet of water flowing down a gentle upland slope. Rill erosion is another
form with runoff occurring in well-defined yet small incisions in the land
surface. Gully erosion is the dissection of the soil surface with a deep cut in
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the land channel formed below an uncut reach thus creating a sudden break
in surface slope.
WATER COURSE EROSION is the erosion of a stream channel's bank and bed
caused by flowing water. A river channel or water course transports or
carries sediment that originates from surface runoff in the upland reaches by
the erosion processes previously described of geological or soil erosion. The
water course's ability to transport its sediment load is dependent on channel
velocity or energy. If the upland sediment inflow to the river channel or water
course is low then there is unspent energy which will pick up or erode the
bank and bed of the channel. A meander pattern may develop with erosive
forces active on the bank and bed of the channel on the outside or concave
bends in the water course meander. A more spectacular and unusual form of
water course erosion is a waterfall with the erosive forces of water acting on
a more resistant geological formation.
DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT is the end product of the sedimentation cycle.
Temporary deposition of the rock or soil particle is the most common form
that is visible in earth's surface landscape development. As previously
described a single particle of sediment may be deposited in a flood plain and
wait thousands of years in a stream bank before being eroded away. In
considering a river basin of any size, large or small, sediment particles once
moved by any of the erosive forces described may be temporarily deposited
at any point. Typical depositional environments are mountain valleys, talus
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slopes along mountain foothills or high plateaus, gravel plains below steeper
mountain channels, alluvial fans, flood plains and deltas.
METHODOLOGY: The catchment area of river will be analyzed with the help of
ArcGIS approach. The mined affected area of the river will be measured
through ArcGIS approach and ground based survey by GPS approach. The
stretch of the mined area of river is divided in various segments depending
on stretch of the rivers. The width (meters) and GPS information at each
segment is collected to quantify the total mined area of river. The geo-
morphological patters in terms of stream orders were also observed using
ArcGIS methodology. Besides, the mined affected area of the river is divided
in to various segments to analyze grain size distribution in river bed.
Bed Load :- The mixture of sediment that composes a streambed. Bed
material is stationary, but particle size is important to sediment transport
because as energy level of a stream increases, some bed-material particles
are mobilized and become part of the bedload or suspended load. In this
report, composition of bed material is defined by particle-size distribution.
Suspended sediment Load:-usually small particles, suspended by
turbulence of the flow or existing as colloids, and transported at about the
same downstream velocity as the flowing water. Suspended sediment is
distributed at all depths in flowing water. In this report, suspended sediment
is expressed as concentration in milligrams per litre.
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Suspended-sediment Load:- A general term referring to the quantity
(weight) of suspended sediment in transport. In this report, annual
suspended-sediment load is expressed in tonnes. Suspended-sediment
discharge: A computed value of the quantity (weight) of suspended sediment
per unit time, also referred to as suspended-sediment transport rate.
Total sediment Load:- The sum of bed load and suspended sediment load. In
this report, total sediment load is expressed in tonnes. Total sediment
discharge: The sum of bed load discharge and suspended-sediment
discharge.
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7. MINERAL WEALTH/RESOURCES
Overview of mineral resources (covering all minerals)
Gomati district of Tripura is a unique place with rich and varied geology. It has preserved
many important rock groups from earliest to the geologically “Recent” time. The varied
geological base has been host to many important minor minerals and major minerals.
The Central Government has declared the following minerals as minor minerals:
Sl.No. Minor Minerals
i) Boulder
ii) Shingle
iii) Chalcedony pebbles used for ball mill purposes only
iv) Lime shell, kankar and limestone used in kilns for manufacture of lime
used as building material
v) Murrum
vi) Brick-earth
vii) Fuller's earth
viii) Bentonite
ix) Road metal
x) Reh-matti
xi) Slate and shale when used for building material
xii) Marble
xiii) Stone used for making household utensils
xiv) Quartzite and sandstone when used for purposes of building or for
making road metal and household utensils
xv) Saltpetre, and
xvi) Ordinary earth (Used for filling or leveling purposes in construction or
embankments, roads, railways building) by MoEF 2010
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Proper depiction about River Bed Mining:
Environment damage being caused by unregulated river bed mining of sand, bajri and
boulders is attracting considerable attention including in the courts. The following
recommendations are therefore made for the river bed mining.
(a) In the case of mining leases for riverbed sand mining, specific river stretches should
be identified and mining permits/lease should be granted stretch wise, so that the
requisite safeguard measures are duly implemented and are effectively monitored by the
respective Regulatory Authorities.
(b) The depth of mining may be restricted to 3m / water level, whichever is less.
(c) For carrying out mining in proximity to any bridge and / or embankment, appropriate
safety zone should be worked out on case to case basis, taking into account the structural
parameters, locational aspects, flow rate etc. and no mining should be carried out in the
safety zone so worked out.
In the section “Minerals Wealth”, the details of geological association, origin, reserve
estimation, exploitation, industrial utilization of different deposits and their sustainable
development are beyond of advanced scientific tools for exploration would possibly lead
to discovery of new deposits in near future.
The mineral resources of any state provide an avenue for economic
development but the process of mining may have extensive impact on land,
soil and water resources. The mining projects have as a consequence
become a part of development sector requiring environmental clearance
under Environmental Protection Act, 1986, EIA Notification 1994
In Tripura, the mineral resources are mainly glass sands, limestone, plastic
clay and hard rock; all of these material are being used to a variable degree.
However, the single most important resource in the state is oil and natural
gas. ONGC or Oil and Natural Gas Commission has initiated massive
exploration programme in the State.
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As for the other minerals, provides an account of locations, deposit, current
uses, etc. Details of clay deposit in Tripura has been dealt in the State of
Environment Report for Tripura (1989). The impact of mining and quarrying of
mineral resources in Tripura has so far been insignificant.
Mineral Resource of Tripura
Mineral Location Uses
Hard
Rock
Jampui Hills
Longatari Hill
Road metals
Limeston
e
Sakhan&Jampui Range
Manpui area
(990,000 tonnes reserve)
Not suitable Cement
Suitable for inferior
quality of Lime
Puzzolana mix.
Clay All over the State generally in
river bank deposit
Good clay deposit in West and
South region.
Total 1.73 million tonnes deposit
in four zone out of six zones
[Mohanpur-Bamutia-
Kamalghat; Bisramganj-
Bagma; Champamura-
Baldakhal-Jogendranagar;
Khowai-Teliamura-Ampi;
Shantirbazar-Udaipur;
Kumarghat and
Baidyathakurpara-
Sanitary ware
Stone wares
Sewerage pipes
Electric insulator
Refractory grade
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Mineral Location Uses
Anadanagar- Maheshkhola-
Dukli-Sonamura area]
Glass
Sand
Bishramganj (160,000tonnes)
Old Agartala (16,000tonnes)
Jogendranagar (3627tonnes)
Sekerkota (80,000tonnes)
Dasharambari (5330tonnes)
Mohanpur (97,875tonnes)
Baidyathakurpara- Anadanagar
Maheshkhola and Dukli (NA)
Total Reserve 3,62,832 tonnes
Many uses
[Source: GSI Report 1982, 1999]
Of the total geographical area of Tripura, 76% can be marked as “Tertiary”
origin and 24% belong to Quaternary period; none of these contain any
major mineral resource. A GSI Report of 1982 provide a list of Non-
metallic and metallic mineral vis-a-vis their location or otherwise in
Tripura (Table-14) indicating the poor profile.
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Mineral Resource potential in Tripura
Sl. No. Mineral Status
A. Non-metallic
1. Limestone Commodity not located or
absent
2. Dolomite Commodity not located or
absent
3. Coal Commodity not located or
absent
4. Clay Commodity not located or
absent
5. Refractories Commodity not located or
absent
6. Glass sand Good reserve, low grade
7. Graphite Commodity not located or
absent
8. Fertilizer Commodity not located or
absent
9. Gravel, sand, silt Good reserve, low grade
10. Building stone Commodity not located or
absent
B. Metallic
11. Ferrous Commodity not located or
absent
12. Non-ferrous Commodity not located or
absent
13. Noble metals Commodity not located or
absent
[Source: GSI Report 1982]
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The current production of natural gas in estimated at one million cubic
meters per day. The available figure for 1990-91 to 1997-98 shows a fast
increasing rate of production from 70 million tonnes per year in 1990-91 to
2.7x in 8 years reaching 196 million tonnes in 1997-98.
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(A) Sand and other River bed minerals:
(i) Drainage System
a) Drainage system with description of main rivers/Cherras
S.NO Name of the River or
Stream
Total Length in the
District (in km)
Percentage area drained
in the district
1 Gomati 80 21.9%
S.NO Name of the River
or Stream
Area drained (sq
km)
1 Gomati 650
2 Ekcharicherra 110
2 Rambhadracherra 90
4 Thakcherra 95
5 Chechuacherra 110
6 Pitra Cherra 105
7 Raiya Cherra 90
8 Gangacherra 85
9 Dhuptali Cherra 75
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b) Salient Features of important Rivers & Streams/Cherras:
S.NO Name of the River or
Stream
Total Length in the
District (in km)
(Approx.)
Place of origin Altitude at
Origin
1 Gomati 80 Tirthamukh 350m
S.NO Name of the River
or Stream
Total Length in
the District (in
Km)
Place of
Origin
Altitude at
origin (metre)
2 Ekcharicherra 30 Ekchari 150
2 Rambhadracherr
a
25 Kalajhari 200
4 Thakcherra 25 Kalajhari 150
5 Chechuacherra 30 Baramura
Devtamura
160
6 Pitra Cherra 40 Baramura
Devtamura
170
7 Raiya Cherra 20 Baramura
Devtamura
150
8 Gangacherra 28 Baramura
Devtamura
145
9 Dhuptali Cherra 20 Kashari RF 105
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c) Name of river streams & list of villages,through which river passes.
SN Name of River / Stream Flowing through
1 Gomati Tirthamukh (Karbook) – Amarpur –
Udaipur
2 Ekcharicherra Ekchari – chellagang much – Gomati
3 Rambhadracherra Kalajhari – Ram Bhadra – Gomati
4 Thakcherra Kalajhari – Thakcherra – Gomati
5 Chechuacherra Baramura Devtamura – Chechua –
Bampur – Gomati
6 Pitra Cherra Baramura Devtamura – Pitra – Gomati
7 Raiya Cherra Baramura Devtamura – Raiyamolsom –
Gomati
8 Gangacherra Baramura Devtamura – Gangacherra –
Gomati
9 Dhuptali Cherra Kashari RF – Dhuptali - Gomati
ii) Annual deposition of riverbed minerals
Process of deposition
Being situated in very high rainfall zone, the district receives an average
annual rainfall of 2500- 3000 mm. This heavy rainfall associated with steep
sloppy terrain and loose soil structure results in heavy soil erosion which
ultimately deposited in the river beds and shores as sediments. This
sediment mainly consists of course to fine sand and silt.
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(iii) Riverbed Mineral Potential
SN Name of River/Stream Availability of Sand (cum)
1 Gomati 700000
2 Ekcharicherra 125000
3 Rambhadracherra 55000
4 Thakcherra 65000
5 Chechuacherra 75000
6 Pitra Cherra 150000
7 Raiya Cherra 55000
8 Gangacherra 105000
9 Dhuptali Cherra 130000
Evaluation based on following parameters:
a) Geomorphological studies
i. Place of origin of Gomati River-Tirthamukh faslls
ii. Catchment area of Gomati River-800sq.km & Muhuri River-12900sq.km.
iii. General profile of Gomati River/Stream: iv. Annual deposition factor: It depends on load carrying capacity of the flowing river
along with the competency and capacitance of river. Provenance of sediment, mode of
transport, quantity of suspended load and bed load, rate of sedimentation,settling velocity
of sediments all together enhance the process of sedimentation giving high yield value of
sand.
v. Replenishment : Replenishment of the sand takes place during monsoon season
every year.
vi. Total potential of minor minerals in river bed: 14,60,000 cum.
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b) Geological studies
i. Lithology of catchment area: Sandy clay, Gritty and Ferruginous sandstones, Shale
and Alluvium.
ii. Tectonics and structural behavior of rocks: Seismicity prone zone-V. Environmental
condition is governed by local tectonic movement.
c) Climatic Factors
i. Intersity of rainfall: Average rainfall 2500mm-3000mm.
ii. Climate zone : Tropical monsoon climate.
iii. Temperature variation : Maximum temp. 7.43degree celsius to 35.23degree celsius.
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8. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT (a) General overview
Sand lifting/mining used to take place mainly from the river and few streams
from the district for all purposes. There are no sand mines or quarries in
Gomati except rivers and streams. The lifting of sand was carried out from
main rivers and its tributaries in the entire District. All illegal activities in
regard to sand mining in the Gomati have been stopped till any decision
received from the appropriate authority.
(b) List of existing mining leases of the districts with location, area, period for
each minor mineral.
Attached later
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(c) Details of production of sand in last three years
SN Subdivision Year Production of sand (in cum)
1 Udaipur 2015-16 48933
2 Amarpur 19714
3 Karbook 677
Sub Total= 68784
1 Udaipur 2016-17 55275
2 Amarpur 16174
3 Karbook 186
Sub Total= 71635
1 Udaipur 2017-18 52938
2 Amarpur 11790
3 Karbook 7317
Sub Total= 72045
G. Total= 212464
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9. DETAILS OF REVENUE GENERATED FROM
MINERAL SECTOR DURING LAST THREE YEARS.
SN Subdivision Year Revenue collected from sand (rs. In lakh)
1 Udaipur 2015-16 20.87
2 Amarpur 8.41
3 Karbook 0.24
Sub Total= 29.52
1 Udaipur 2016-17 23.58
2 Amarpur 6.90
3 Karbook 0.065
Sub Total= 30.55
1 Udaipur 2017-18 22.58
2 Amarpur 5.03
3 Karbook 2.56
Sub Total= 30.17
G. Total= 90.24
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10. TRANSPORT/LOGISTIC FACILITY The main roadway at the district is NH 8 and railway line is the Sabroom Agartala connecting line.
Map 9: Transportation Map of Gomati District
Source : Gomati District Profile
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11. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of District Survey report (DSR) "identification of areas of
aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification
of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and
installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual
rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in
that area".Although sand is a replenishable resource, its unplanned
developed may lead to its mining and pleothora of environmental problems.
The District Survey report (DSR) will contain mainly data published and
endorsed by various departments and websites about Geology of the area,
Mineral wealth details of rivers, Details of Lease and Mining activity in the
District along with Sand mining and revenue of minerals. This report also
contains details of Forest, Rivers, Soil, Agriculture, Road, Transportation and
climate etc.The main minor mineral of the district i.e. sand will be
replenished annully and available for excavation in the next post- monsoon
season. Additional areas may be further assessed on the basis of various
ecological, environmental, social consideration. It can be further studied as
potential area for mining and revenue generation.
There is a gap of feeling which might be attributed to the factors of immediate
benefit as the very question of subsistence is involved particularly when the
majority of the people in Tripura are below poverty line. Exploitation and not
extinction should be the way of life. If that be the case the forest resources
which are national wealth should be preserved in such a way that they are
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exploited and not extinct. Else danger is inherent in expressing their
displeasure. The signs of danger, are apparent when we see erosion of soils
due to indiscriminate felling of trees. There is uneven rainfall. Water flows
merry- go-round. It carries sands which turns into deposits causing heavy
damage to fertile lands which are going to be scarce particularly when the
population is increasing in geometrical progression.
Successful management of sand mining from riverbed or bank of the river
involving exploration of new vistas of sand-deposits,
exploitation,conservation and protection of the resource in the state will be
pivotal to its economic growth and sustenance of the quality of environment.
APPENDEX A
SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE SAND MAINING
1
Sl. No. STATE SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE SAND MAINING
01
TRIPURA
1. While attempting to prepare a model Guideline/Policy for the State,.
2. For environmentally sustainable sand mining a strict and comprehensive sand mining policy need to be framed .
3. To ease the process of EC granting, SEIAA may have benches across the state with each bench having a SEAC under it. Time bound clearance with ease of access and grant.
4. Working cum Environment Management Plan has been Made mandatory. The mining activities are allowed after submission of environment clearance.
5. Compliance Report is mandatory every 6 Month. (ie July, Dec.) Every 2 Year's Revised Mining Plan submit are mandatory.
6. Mining should be done in accordance with an approved mining plan.
7. EC Should be valid for settlement Periode subject to ceiling of five years.
8. Sand mining operation has to carried out between 6 am to 7 PM.
9. River width are between 30 meter to 90 meter, so 10% width river can be restricted for mining activities from the river bank.
APPENDEX A
SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE SAND MAINING
2
Sl. No. STATE SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE SAND MAINING
01
TRIPURA
10. . Since the most of the main rivers of Tripura are of Perennial origin (i.e., water remains all through out the year) hand mining is not a suitable methodology. In this case, recovery of sands is not possible manually from river bed. To trigger the mining of sands & other minor minerals mechanised mining methods are to be adopted applying modern mining tools. Needless to say, in the case of river bed mining of perennial river, necessary arrangements for avoiding accidents/fatal are to be taken into account on priority basis: otherwise it may cause a huge loss of human property and the concerned mining project which ultimately will jeoperdise the economic viability of the entire project. So, mechanised mining may be allowed.
11. As per Guideline of SUSTAINABLE SAND MINNG GUIDELINE (Page No 85-92) Some State (Like Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, UP etc.)allowed Some Mechanised/Semi-mechanised Mining Process.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT (GOMATI DISTRICT)
" To illustrate my meaning and intention more plainly,
I would compare the relationship existing between forestry
and agriculture to that which exists in ordinary life
between husband, dark, stern and strong, but protecting
and cherishing; agriculture, bland benignant and
bountiful, may, in my parable, be described as the wife.
Deprived of the aid and resources derived from the forest,
agriculture pines and languishes and becomes barren and
unfruitful"
G.K.B Indian Forester
XV-330, Sept. 1889