District Survey Report Dhamtari

AS PER NOTIFICATION NO. S.O. 141(E) NEW DELHI, 15TH JANUARY, 2016 OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

2016

DGM [Type the company name]

27/05/2016

DIRECTORATE OF GEOLOGY AND MINING MINERAL RESOURCES DEPARTMENT

Govt. of Chhattisgarh

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LOCATION AND COMMUNICATION MAP – DHAMTARI DISTRICT

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1.Introduction

With reference to the gazette notification dated 15th January 2016, ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, the district- environment Impact Assessment Authority (DEIAA) and District - Environment Assessment Committee (DEAC) are to be constituted by the divisional commissioner for prior environmental clearance of quarry for minor minerals. The DEIAA and DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of ministry of minor minerals on the basis of district survey report. The main purpose of preparation of District Survey Report is to identify the mineral resources and mining activities along with other relevant data of district. This report contains details of Lease, Sand mining and Revenue which comes from minerals in the district. This report is prepared on the basis of data collected from different concern departments.

Dhamtari district is situated in the southeaster part of the Chhattisgarh. It is fertile plains. It falls in the servey of India degree sheet No. 64/H,L and G between Lattitude 20°02"42' : 21°01"33' N and Longtitudes 81°24'41" : 82°10'45" E. The district's total area is 4080 sq. km. and it is about 317 meters (1,040 feet) above sea level. It is bordered by the Raipur and Durg District to the north, the Kanker and Bastar Districts to the Orrisa state of the south. The Gariyaband to the east and the Kanker and Balod Districts to the west. The fertility of the land in the Dhamtari District is due to the Mahanadi River and its tributaries (Sendur, Pairy, Sondur, Joan, Kharun, and Shivnath).dhamtari is situated 79 km from capital Raipur.

The Dhamtari including 4 tehsil namely Dhamtari, Nagri,Magarload and Kurud. Population of the district is 7, 99,781 of which 397897 male and 401884 female respectively. The Mahanadi is the main river which originated from sihawa pahadh of the district and runs through Nagari to south of Dhamtari town to Rajim to Raipur.

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2. Overview of Mining Activity in the District

There are no major economic mineral deposits of any significance except limestone at Sonadihi, Nari, Goji, Gotra and Amlidihi and clay at Kosagonda. Laterite cappings of Cainozoic age occuring over the Bundeli granitoids are seen in the southeastern part of the district. Existence of granite in the district as denudational/Structural at Nagri, Sihawa where quarry lease are given in the name of ordinary stone for road and building material. 6 quarry leases are given above granite at village Deopur, Kokdi, Dhaurabhata. Beside these 23 leases to the village panchayat for Sand mining in different rivers and nala. Sand mining are mostly at and around bank of Mahanadi, Sondhur, Pairi. There for in Dhamtari district mining activities are mainly for sand, laterite ordinary stone and clay for brick making.

3. List of Mining Leases and Sand in the District with location, area and period of validity

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(ii) List of Quary lease in the district with location area and period of validity

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¼?keh@Vu½ 1 vkf'k"k VkfV;k xksth 2286 1504 2 xxu ukgVk nsoiqj 1653 1631 3 ;ksxs’k dalkjh dksdMh 1967 4904 3 uhjt xaxoky Xksth 4224 4524 4 iwtk HkksFkjk /kkSjkHkkBk 0 0 5 jktsUnz ikgkfM;k xksth 0 0 6 ukxsUnz 'kqDyk vNksyh 1210 1127 7 iwtk ikj[k dksdMh 5261 3234 8 vCnwy XkQ~Qkj /kkSjkHkkBk 321 321 9 v;qc fjtoh dksdMh 3691 9984 10 foey es?kokuh /kkSjkHkkBk 0 0

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1 2 3 4 5 6 1 vNksVk rsUnwdksuk 26 501 2-40 2 vNksVk rsUnwdksuk 26 2@1 5-50 3 tojxkao tojxkao 35 117 8-00 4 yhyj yhyj 35 02 8-00 5 [kjsaxk [kjsaxk 34 920 6-00 6 njhZ njhZ 34 759 16-00 7 f<ejfVdqj f<ejfVdqj 9 1292 2-00 8 lkjaxiqjh lkjaxiqjh 34 757 6-00 9 nsoiqj nsoiqj 16 1392 6-00 10 nksuj nksuj 15 3170 6-00 11 es?kk es?kk 10 959 8-00 12 uokxkao ¼cq-½ uokxkao ¼cq<suh½ 42 1283 9-50 ,- 13 fxjkSn fxjkSn 6@40 319 4-00 14 djsyhcMh djsyhcMh 41@6 01 6-00 15 cq<suh cq<suh 8 1344 5-10

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1 2 3 4 5 6 16 Hks.Mjh Hks.Mjh 7 651 5-10 17 uohu tksjkrjkbZ uohu tksjkrjkbZ 40 1018 16-05 18 tuin dq:n xkMkMhg 36 2061 8-00 19 tuin dq:n ij[kank 36 2290 8-00 20 eanjkSn eanjkSn 37 1711 8-00 21 lsejk¼ch½ lsejk¼ch-½ 15 778 6-00 22 veyhMhg veyhMhg 13 1653 8-50 23 ijsokMhg ijsokMhg 09 145 10-00

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4. Details of Royalty or Revenue Received in Last Three Year

(i) Major Minerals In Dhamtari district there have no any mining lease.

(ii) Details of Royalty or Revenue Received in Last Three Year Minor Minerals

dzekad

o"kZ 2013&14 o"kZ 2014&15 o"kZ 2015&16 mRiknu ¼?ku

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¼?ku eh- esa½ jkf'k mRiknu

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1 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 & & 50000 1000000 40600 812000 3 70511 1410220 95989 1919780 & & 4 6171 123420 73434 1468680 & & 5 & & 102149 2042980 39477 789540 6 & & & & 50000 1000000 7 & & 40000 800000 & & 8 & & 50000 1000000 50000 1000000 9 10413 208260 44012 880240 16350 3270000 10 540 10800 & & & & 11 11855 237100 & & & & 12 & & 142304 2846080 131557 2631140 13 6000 12000 25000 500000 25000 500000 14 & & 25000 500000 25000 500000 15 & & 35323 706460 25380 507600 16 & & 51400 102800 & & 17 & & & & 51000 1020000 18 900 18000 53040 1060800 48566 971320 19 & & 55207 11041140 & & 20 & & 60000 1200000 & *& 21 6472 129440 & & & & 22 6307 126140 & & & & 23 28400 568000 & & & & 24 2699 72660 & & & & 25 716900 10000 2522500 26000 408500 24000 26 1344550 20000 653600 20000 1361400 26800

dqy 2211718 2946040 16177700 27114960 2272830 13052400

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5.Details of Production & Royalty of Sand in last Three years

foRRkh; o"kZ 2013&14 foRrh; o"kZ 2014&15 foRRkh; o"kZ 2015&16 dzekad mRiknu

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mRiknu ¼?keh@Vu½

fczdh ¼?keh@Vu½

tek jkf’k

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fczdh ¼?keh@Vu½

tek jkf’k

1 2286 1504 3]81]000 2721 2432 1]80]000 1263 1259 1]60]00 2 1653 1631 1]07893 1455 801 84148 2552 2947 2]50]000 3 1967 4904 2]34]372 5210 5079 2]17]157 1641 1484 1]77]520 4 4224 4524 3]35]767 3976 3632 4]02]000 10950 10851 6]00]000 5 0 0 30]000 325 206 1795 155 35 35]000 6 0 0 15950 1105 224 70]950 4860 2187 1]74]960 7 1210 1127 1]11]431 480 557 61]800 1020 696 35]450 8 5261 3234 5]99]600 1485 1771 0 1950 286 0 9 321 321 32]900 318 304 0 15 0 0 10 3691 9984 4]30]000 771 630 1]76]100 1649 854 2]00]000 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 dqy 20613

27229

15950 17846 15636 85943 26055 20599 1288930

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6. PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS

The district forms a part of the Mahanadi basin. The general slope on the eastern part of the area is towards south –east, in the central part of the area is towards north and on the western part is towards north western direction. The western boundary of the district is running along the Mahanadi River . The Jonk River passes through the central part of the district and is running in northern direction. The Kurar nala, Nami nala, Keswa nala and sukha nadi forms part of the drainage system for Mahanadi River basin. the Mechka nala, Bagh nala, Racme nala Lath nala forms part of the Jonk River basin. The Kunti nala, Surangi nala and Chinar nala forms part of the Ong River basin.

The obvious things rivers transport load, erode load and erode the channel through which they flow. Erosion Erosion is the breaking down of material by an agent. In the case of a river, the agent is water. The water can erode the river’s channel and the river’s load. A river’s load is bits of eroded material, generally rocks, which the river transports until it deposits its load. A river’s channel is eroded laterally and vertically making the channel wider and deeper. The intensity of lateral and vertical erosion is dictated by the stage in the river’s course, discussed in more detail here but essentially, in the upper stage of the river’s course (close to the source of the river) there is little horizontal erosion and lots of vertical erosion. In the middle and lower stages vertical erosion is reduced and more horizontal erosion takes place.

There are several different ways that a river erodes its bed and banks. The first is hydraulic action, where the force of the water removes rock particles from the bed and banks. This type of erosion is strongest at rapids and waterfalls where the water has a high velocity. The next type of erosion is corrasion. This is where the river’s load acts almost like sandpaper, removing pieces of rock as the load rubs against the bed & banks. This sort of erosion is strongest when the river is transporting large chunks of rock or after heavy rainfall when the river’s flow is turbulent.

Corrosion is a special type of erosion that only affects certain types of rocks. Water, being ever so slightly acidic, will react with certain rocks and dissolve them. Corrosion is highly effective if the rock type of the channel is chalk

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or limestone (anything containing calcium carbonate) otherwise, it doesn’t have much of an effect. Cavitation is an interesting method of erosion. Air bubbles trapped in the water get compressed into small spaces like cracks in the river’s banks. These bubbles eventually implode creating a small shockwave that weakens the rocks. The shockwaves are very weak but over time the rock will be weakened to the point at which it falls apart. The final type of erosion is attrition. Attrition is a way of eroding the river’s load, not the bed and banks. Attrition is where pieces of rock in the river’s load knock together, breaking chunks of rock off of one another and gradually rounding and shrinking the load.

Transportation When a river erodes the eroded material becomes the river’s load and the river will then transport this load through its course until it deposits the load. There are a few different ways that a river will transport load depending on how much energy the river has and how big the load is. The largest of particles such as boulders are transported by traction. These particles are rolled along the bed of the river, eroding the bed and the particles in the process, because the river doesn’t have enough energy to move these large particles in any other way. Slightly smaller particles, such as pebbles and gravel, are transported by saltation. This is where the load bounces along the bed of the river because the river has enough energy to lift the particles off the bed but the particles are too heavy to travel by suspension. Fine particles like clay and silt are transported in suspension; they are suspended in the water. Most of a river’s load is transported by suspension. Solution is a special method of transportation. This is where particles are dissolved into the water so only rocks that are soluble, such as limestone or chalk, can be transported in solution. Capacity & Competence Rivers can only carry so much load depending on their energy. The maximum volume of load that a river can carry at a specific point in its course is called the river’s capacity. The biggest sized particle that a river could carry at a specific point is called the river’s competence.

Deposition To transport load a river needs to have energy so when a river loses energy it is forced to deposit its load. There’s several reasons why a river could lose energy. If the river’s discharge is reduced then the river will lose energy because it isn’t flowing as quickly anymore. This could happen because of a lack of precipitation or an increase in evaporation. Increased human use (abstraction) of a river could also reduce its discharge forcing it deposit its load. If the gradient of the river’s course flattens out, the river will deposit its load because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its load

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because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy. As rivers get nearer to their mouths they flow in increasingly wide, gentle sided valleys. The channel increases in size to hold the extra water which the river has to receive from its tributaries. As the river gets bigger it can carry larger amounts of material.

This material will be small in size, as larger rocks will have broken up on their way from the mountains. Much of the material will be carried in suspension and will erode the river banks by abrasion. When rivers flow over flatter land, they develop large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion.

The river is now eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral erosion. On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore be shallow and slow-flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and shingle will be deposited. This is called a point bar or slip off slope Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Notice how erosion narrows the neck of the land within the meander. In time, and usually during a flood, the river will cut right through the neck. The river will then take the new, shorter route.

The fastest current, called the thalweg, will now tend to be in the centre of the river, and so deposition is likely to occur in gentler water next to the banks. Eventually deposition will block off the old meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up , only refilling after heavy rain or during a flood. Streams lose velocity and make deposits when their gradient decreases, when the vwater decreases, when there is an increase in cross section, when they encounter obstructions, or when they enter still water. They deposit alluvial fans, alluvial cones, piedmont alluvial plains, channel fill, bars, flood plains and deltas.

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7. General Profile of the District

S.No. Particulars Statistics 1 General Information Geographical Area 20°02"42' : 21°01"33' N

81°24'41" : 82°10'45" E

Geographical Position 7, 99,781 Administrative Division/Number of Tehsil 4 No. of Panchayat/Villages Population (As Per Census 2011) Population Density (As Per Census 2011) 2 Geographology Major Physiographic Units Major Drainage 3 Land use (Km2) Forest Area 4 Major Soil Types 5 Number of Ground Water Monitoring Stations of CGWB (10.05.2016) Water Level No. of Stop Dam No. of Anikat No. of Major Bridges 6 Hydrologeology Major Water Bearing Formation Pre-Monsoon depth of water level During 2012 Post Monsoon depth of water level during 2012 7 Mining Scenario Total No. of Mining Leases (Major Minerals Total Area of Mining Leases (Major Minerals) Total Royalty or Revenue Received from Major

Minerals in 2015-16 .

Total No. of Mining Leases (Minor Minerals) Total No. of Mining Leases (Minor Minerals) Total Royalty or Revenue Received from Minor

Minerals in 2015-16

Total No. Notified Sand Leas Total Area of Sand Leases

Total Production of Sand in 2015-16 No. of Quarry lease extended As per Amended

CGMMR 2015

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8. Land Utilition Pattern in the district: Forest, Agriculture, Horticulture, Mining etc.

i. Forest :

ii Agriculture & Horticulture: Dhamtari district is in the fartile plains of the Chhattisgarh, with the main crop being Paddy. Apart from Paddy, vereals like maize, kodo-kutki and other small millets, pulses like tur and kulthi and oilseeds like Groundnut, Soybean, Niger and Sunflower are also grown. Yet productivity is not very high. This btoutht a new thrust on the sector of Horticulture, as the region is also suitable for growing Mango, Banana, Guava and other fruits and a variety of vegetable.

Unique feature of Dhamtari. Is the total number of Rice Mills that is more than136.In the east, Satpura range is located. It is popularly known as Sihawa pahad. In west lies district of Kanker. In North lies Raipur, the heart

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and capital city of Chhattisgarh. Southwards lays the boundary of Orrisa state. Ravishankar Sagar dam that irrigates almost 57000 Hectare of land and also acts as a main supply unit of safe drinking water resource for state capital Raipur as well as supply to Bhilai Steel Plant lies at almost 11 Km from the District capital . Work of 10 MW hydro-electric power plant is progressing and is likely to be completed very soon.Asia's first ever Siphon dam was built in the year 1914 at Madamsilli. Besides Madamsilli, Sondhur dam, Dudhawa dam are the major projects.

iii River : Mahanadi is the principal river of this district and Mahanadi is so far named as Kankannadi, Chitrotpala, Neelotpala, Mandvahini, Jairath etc. Its tributaries being Sendur Pairy, Sondur, Joan, Kharun and Shivnath. The fertility of lands of Dhamtarai district can be attributed to the presence of these rivers. The Chief crop of this region is Paddy. Mahanadi one of the major rivers in central India originates in the hills of Sihawa flows in the direction of East into the Bay of Bengal.

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iv)Transportation :

Dhamtari district has three National Highway which are National Highway 30, National Highway 217 and National Highway 216. The construction of four lane road in National Highway 30 from Arang-Dhamtari to Saraipali up to Orisa is in progress. Dhamtari station is well connected to Raipur, Durg, Nagpur, Mumbai, Delhi, Bhopal, sambalpur, Ttilagarh, Vishakhapatnam, Tirupati, Puri, Bilaspur, Koraba, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Ahemdabad etc. through the Indian railway system.

The national highway No. 30 (Previously NH 43) Raipur – Vijaynagaram (Andhra Pradesh) passes through Dhamtari. Raipur is 78 Km. from Dhamtari.

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9. Physiography of the District

Physiographically, the northern part of the district exhibits structural plain with denudational slope and flood plain (including in -filled river beds). The southern part of the district exhibits pediment/pediplain with denudational slope and plateau in the southwestern part and denudational hills and valleys in the southeastern part. The district forms a part of Mahanadi basin. Mahanadi River and its tributaries drain the district. The general slope of the area is towards north. The maximum elevation in the area is 748m above mean sea level as recorded in southwestern part of the district while the minimum elevation of 297m above mean sea level is noted in the nnortheastern part of the district.

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10. Rainfall of District Dhamtari Month wise

Rainfall Data

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. िजले का नाम सामानय्वषा(वा षक ) 2012 2013 2014 2015 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Dhamtari 1732.5 1096.3 1436.2 1254.6 873.7

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11. Geology and Mineral

1. Geology :-

The rock formations ranging in age from Archaean-Palaeo Proterozoic to Cainozoic are exposed in the district. The oldest rocks in the area are represented by Bengpal Group of Archaean age(4000-2500 m.y.), which are exposed in the southeastern part of the district, Bengpal Group comprises granite gneiss (ranging in composition from biotite, amphibole gneiss to granodiorite gneiss) and migmatite with enclaves of meta-ultramafic, meta-basic, quartzite mica schist, banded magnetite quartzite, and anthophyllite schist. Bundeli Granitoids/Dongargarh granite of Palaeo Proterozoic age (2500-200 m.y.) occupy the southern part of the district and comprise leucogranite, biotite and hornblende granite, granodiorite and granophyre. Younger intrusives of Meso Proterozoic age (2000-1600 m.y.)Intruding gneisses and granitoids are exposed in the southeastern part of the district and include basic dykes of gabbroic, doleritic and basaltic composition, quartz vein and pegmatitic pink granite.

Undeformed and unmetamorphosed sedimentary sequence of rocks belonging to Chhattisgarh Supergroup of Meso to Neo Proterozoic age (2000-900 m.y,) overlie the granitoids. They occupy the northern part of the area and are represented by Chandarpur and Raipur groups. Chandarpur Group is further classified into Lohardih and Kansapathar Formation. Lohardih Formation is mostly arenitic in nature and compirses ferruginous puple arkosic and gritty wacke arenite with shale partings and a basal conglomerate. Kanspathar Formation compirses highly matured ferruginous and well sorted glauconitic quartz arenite. The Raipur Group is classified into Charmuria and Gunderdehi formations. Charmuria Formation is dominantly a carbonate facies and is represented by the cherty limestone, dark grey, bedded, pyritiferous and argillaceous limestone and purple phosphatic limestone at places. Gunderdehi Formation is dominantly calcareous argillite distrinct facies. It comprises buff to purple coloured shale with intercalated limestone and ferruginouse arenite. Lenses of intraformational conglomerate are seen in the upper part.

Laterite cappings of Cainozoic age occurring over the Bundeli granitoids are seen in the southeastern part of the district.

Thera are no economic mineral deposits of any significance ezcept limestone at Sonadih, Gotra and Amlidihi and clay at Kosagonda.

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Stratigraphic succession of District

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1.1 .Archaean :-

Rock formations ranging in age from Archean to Neo Proterozoic are exposed in the district. The flood plains of Mahanadi River are occupied by recent alluvium. The oldest rocks in the area are represented by Bengpal Group of Archean age (>2500 m.y.) and are exposed in the cetral part of the district Bengpal Group comprises grey granite gneiss. Porphyroblastic gneiss and magmatite with enclaves of quartzite, banded amphibole-magnetite quartzite, fuchsite quartzite ,quartz-mica schist, andalucite schist, meta-ultramafic. The rocks of the Sonakhan Group of Paleao Proterozoic age (2200-2000m.y.) comprising meta volcanic and associated meta-sedimentaries, unconformably overlie the gneissic complex and exposed in the northeastern part of the district.

Sonakhan Group is classified into three formations viz. Baghmara, Arjuni and Bilari. Baghmara formation comprises meta-ultramafic amphibolite, actinolite-chlorite schist and basaltic agglomerate. Arjuni Formation comprises meta-conglomerate,meta-greywacke, meta- argillite with banded ferruginous chert, meta rhyolite, tuff and meta-besalt. Billari formation comprises meta-conglomerate,meta greywacke, meta-argilite, meta-basalt with basaltic conglomerate and agglomerate, meta-rhyolite with agglomerate and tuff, meta-greywacke and dacit. The volcano sedimentary sequence of the Sonakhan Group is intruded by a large gabbroic complex of variable composition like peridolite, pyroxenite,anorthositic gabbro and gabbro.

1.2. Palaeo Proterozoic :-

Bundeli/Dongargarh Granitoids of Palaeo Proterozoic age occupy major part of the district. It comprises granodiorite, biotite and hornblende granite, lecogranite and granophyres. Granophyre with well developed micrographic texure is marked as a separate lithounit within the granitoids and is exposed in the southwestern and central part of the district. Numbers of younger intrusive of Meso Proterozoic age (2000-1600 m.y.) viz. gabbro and doleritic dykes and qurtz veins have traversed the granitoids and Sonakhan volcano-sedimentary sequence.

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1.3. Meso to Neo Proterozoic :-

Unformed and unmetamorphosed sedimentary cover sequence of rocks belonging to Chhattisgarh Supergroup of Meso to Neo Proterozoic age (2000-900 m.y.) overlie the granitoids and rocks of Sonakhan Group. The Chhattisgarh Supergroup occupies the eastern and western part of district and is represented by Singhora, Chandrapur and Raipur Group.

Singhora Group of sediments are identified as four litho facies and exposed in the eastern part of district.these four litho facies have been given status of Rehatikhol, Saraipali, Bhalukona and Chhuipali formations arranged in ascending order. Rehatikhol formation is predominantly arenitic facies, resting unconformably over the granitic basement and comprises arkose and feldspathic sandstone with minor intercalations of siltstone and shale with a pebble horizon towards the base. Saraipali formation is the argillite facies and a charecterised dominantly by purple and green shale, banded chert and minor limestone. Bhalukona formation is predominantly arenitic facies and comprises quartz arenite,shale and siltstone. Chhuipali formation is the calc-argillite facies and comprises dominantly variegated shale, ferruginous arenite, chirt and bedded stromatolitic and dolomitic limestone.

Chandrapur Group has been classified into three formationsviz. Lohardih, Chapordih and Kansapathai. Lohardih Formation is mostly arenitic in nature and comprises feldspathic sandstone and ferruginous arenite, wacke arenit, arkos, sub- arkose and chirt with polymictic conglomerate at the base.Chapordih formation is predominatly an argillite facies and comprises black,pink and light grey shale intercalated with arenite bands. Black shale is generally laminated with alternate fine silt-rich lamellae. In the western part of the district, it become arenitiv in nature and comprises sub-arkosic arenite to fine grained arenite intercalated with shale, siltstone and mudstone.kansapather formation is dominantly an arenitic facies and comprises highly matured glouconitic quartz arenite. Charmuria formation of Raipur Group is dominantly a carbonate facies and it is represented by cherty limestone, dark grey bedded pyritiferous and argillaceous limestone and purple phasphatic limestone.

Minerals :-

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In Dhamtari district there are no economic minerals deposits of any significance except reported occurrence of fluorite and molybdenum. Fluorite occurring as veins and veinlets in sheared feldspathic quartzite is reported at Charkuta, Chiwrakuta, Chatkachar and Makannuta. Molybdenum occurring in the form of specks in pink granite and granodiorite is reported at 10 km southwest of Sankra.

Other Information of the District

Drainage system with description of main rivers

Sand is mined from the bank of Shivnath, Patesri, Kotri, ,Darekasa and,Amner, Surhi and Folk river. Motinala and Tehri Nala also contribute to the sand minning from the respective area along their bank.The lease for sand minning is granted to Panchyat and Janpad.

¼i½ egRoiw.kZ ufn;ksa vkSj /kkjkvksa dh eq[;&eq[; tkudkjh

eq[; ufn;ksa ds fooj.k lfgr fudklh iz.kkyh %

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