distribution system issues part 2 of 3: water quality and asset

AWWA Webinar Program: Distribution System Issues Part 2 of 3: Water Quality and Asset Management Working TogetherWednesday, September 24, 2014

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Copyright © 2014 American Water Works Association

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Randy Moore

Vice President Market Development

Utility Service Group

Randy Moore has been with Utility Service Group (USG) since 1998 and is currently Vice President of Market Development. Randy travels nationwide to promote USG’s line of integrated sustainable products and services for potable water distribution systems. He is also responsible for identifying and developing new technologies and innovation for USG. Randy has more than (35) years of experience in industrial sales and marketing. In addition, he serves on several AWWA Committees and Councils: the AWWA D102 Revision Task Force (as a voting member), the Distribution System Water Quality Committee, the Distribution System Operations & Maintenance Committee, the Steel Tank Committee, the Manufacturers & Associates Council (MAC), and as the MAC liaison to the Technical & Educational Council.

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Panel of Experts

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Mark JohnsonDirector, Metropolitan Water Operations and Maintenance

Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

Todd BrewerAssistant Manager -

LaboratoriesCity Utilities of Springfield, MO

Andrew HillProject Manager

Confluence Engineering

Agenda

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I. Case Study on Asset Management and Impact on Water Quality

II. Distribution System Optimization & Water Quality Management Efforts at City Utilities

III. Main Cleaning – a Tool for Distribution System Water Quality and Asset Management

Mark Johnson

Todd Brewer

Andrew Hill



Subject Overview

• What does it really mean to say “water quality management and asset management working together”?

• What would an example look like in a distribution system?

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For Example…

• Water Storage Tanks

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Asset Mgt. = WQ Mgt.

Tank Asset Mgt conditions maintained in an effective tank asset management program:

1. Safety Conditions2. Sanitary Conditions*3. Security Conditions*4. Structural Conditions5. Coatings Conditions*

* Directly impacts water quality

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Vent Maintenance




13Roof Penetrations


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Roof Hatch




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Water Quality Impact


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Interior Coatings Maintenance


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19Lack of Tank Mixing



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Sediment Removal




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Sediment Removal


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Sediment Removal




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Poll Question #1

Have you ever experienced asset management impacting water quality management within your distribution system?

a) Yes

b) No

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Enter your question into the question pane at the lower right hand side of the screen.

Please include your name and specify to whom you are addressing the question.

Ask the Experts

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Mark Johnson Todd Brewer Andrew Hill

Mark JohnsonDirector, Metropolitan Water Operations

and MaintenanceMassachusetts Water Resources Authority

Case Study on Asset Management and Impact on Water Quality

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Poll Question #2

What percentage of your maintenance time is able to be devoted to valve exercising?

a) 50%

b) 25%

c) 20%

d) 10%

e) 0%

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Key Presentation Points

• MWRA Background

• MWRA Master Plan and CIP Development

• Twenty Years Worth of Planning and Effort

• Links Between Asset Management and Water Quality

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Learning Objectives

• Value of Planning and CIP Development

• Follow Through

• Combination of Resources to Achieve the Goals

• Continuous Improvement Process

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MWRA Background

• Created in 1985

• Wholesale Water and Wastewater

• 60 Communities, including Boston

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Water System

• Average Annual Daily Delivery of 200 MGD (2104)

• Multiple Service Areas

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MWRA Metropolitan System

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Metropolitan System Assets

• 300 Miles of Large Diameter Transmission Main

• 5000 Valves

• Customer Communities Have 6600 Miles of Main

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Initial Challenges

• Predecessor Agency Lacked Funding

• Valve Operability at 50%

• Miles of Unlined Pipe

• High Unaccounted for Water

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Presentation Focus

• Valve Exercising

• Pipeline Rehab

• Other Topics and Solutions To Be Covered

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Work Begins in Earnest

• Master Planning and CIP Development for All Assets

• Pipeline Improvements

• Valve Exercising and Replacement

• Leak Detection and Repair

• Water Conservation Efforts

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Challenges Were Many

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Why the Valve Exercising Focus?

• Wholesale Water Supplier

• Need to Maintain Service to Communities

• Need an Operable System

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Valve Exercising in the Early Years

• Sent Letters and Notified Communities

• Tendency to Create Discolored Water

– Initial Valve Operations

– Flow Reversals, both MWRA and Communities

• Called Communities Before and After

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Link Between Valve Ops, Pipe Condition, and Water Quality

• Operate Valves

• Pipeline Conditions

• Stir Up Sediment

• Disturb Internal Dynamics

• Water Quality = ?

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1995

• Planning, Engineering, Construction, Operations Teamwork

• In-House Resources

– Valve Exercising and Replacement

– Leak/Break Repair

– Leak Detection

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10 Years Ago (2004)

• Well On Master Plan Path

• Valve Operability up to 80% to 85%

• Pipeline Rehab Program Underway

• Complaints Drop by 1/3

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2014

• Master Planning and CIP Continue

• Majority of Relining and Replacement Complete

• Focus on Redundancy

• Valve Operability at 95%

• Complaints Due to Exercising Essentially 0

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Measure What You Manage

• Track Statistics

• Operability

• Replacement

• Set Goals

• “Yellow Notebook”

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How?

• Combo of All Groups

• In-House Efforts

• Commitment to Programs and Funding at All Levels

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Available Resources

• M44 Manual, Distribution Valves

– Selection, Installation, Field Testing, and Maintenance

• G200-09 Standard, Distribution Systems Operation and Management

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Summary

• Develop the Plans for Your System

• Constant Struggles for Funding Distribution - Where Do You Spend?

• Follow Through

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Water Quality is Number 1

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Ask the Experts

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Todd Brewer, PhD, PEAssistant Manager - LaboratoriesCity Utilities of Springfield, MO

Distribution System Optimization & Water Quality Management Efforts at City Utilities

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Poll Question #3

Does your utility have an active (scheduled) tank cleaning, inspection, and maintenance program?

a) Yes

b) No

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Agenda• City Utilities System Overview

• Partnership for Safe Water (AWWA)– Treatment

– Distribution Optimization Program

• PSW - System Integrity Components– Key data elements

– Self-Assessment

• Water Quality Mgmt Case Study– Airport Area Chlorine Residual

– Options Considered

– Options attempted

– Results

• Summary – Asset Mgmt in Support of WQ Mgmt



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Learning Goals

• PSW – Distribution Optimization Program basics

• Asset Mgmt beneficial to WQ/public health

– Specific case study results

• Utilize resources to perform self-assessment

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Water Treatment @ City Utilities

• Approximately 80,000 customers (accounts)

– Roughly 160,000-180,000

• Two WTPs:

– Fulbright • 20.5 MGD conventional

– Blackman WTP• 52.5 MGD conventional



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Partnership for Safe Water: Treatment

• CU member since mid-90s

– Director’s Certificate for 15 years in June 2014

– Achievement of WQ goals above and beyond regulatory requirements

• Plant Effluent Turbidities <0.1 NTU

– More than low effluent turbidities • Optimization of each barrier to further prevent introduction of

pathogens to distribution system

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EPA Increasing Focus on Distribution Systems

$1 trillion – 1.5 trillion??over the next 20 - 25 years

nationwide



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• ≈ 1,200+ Miles of Water Main

• ≈ 7,700+ Fire Hydrants

• ≈ 32,000 valves

• Max Day = 59.4 MGD

• Average Day Usage ≈ 30-32 MGD historically…

CU - Distribution System

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Distribution System

• 1 ¼” up to 48”

• PVC, Cast Iron, Ductile (≈ 94%)

• AC, Concrete, Steel, HDPE (≈ 5-6%)

• ≈ 28 miles >100 years old (2.0-2.5%)

• ≈ 210+ miles 50-100 years old (17-18%)



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Distribution System Focus –Regulatory Impact

• Revised Total Coliform Rule

– Also known as “The Distribution System Rule”

• Stage 2 Disinfection By-Products Rule

– Distribution system monitoring, regulatory oversight on system operation as it relates to water age, disinfectant residual

• Lead Reduction Act

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Revised TCR – Select White Papers

– Greater Emphasis on Public Health Risk from Distribution System

• New or Repaired Water Mains

• Finished Water Storage Facilities

• Deteriorating Buried Infrastructure

• Effects of Water Age on Distribution Water Quality

• Intrusion from Pressure Transients

• Health Risks from Biofilm and Microbial Growth in Distribution Systems



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PSW – Distribution Optimization

• Four Phases:

– Commitment

– Baseline & Annual Data Collection

– Self-Assessment• Data compilation

– Implement steps to achieve Optimized Performance

• Basis of program from WRF project #4109 Criteria for Optimized Distribution Systems– Additional input from many PSW utilities on self-assessment guide

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Distribution Optimization

• Critical Integrity Components (performance indicators):

– Water Quality (disinfectant residual)

– Hydraulic (positive pressure)

– Physical (main break frequency reduction)



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(Some) Key Data Elements

• Water Quality– Disinfectant residual data from TCR and other sampling sites

– Bacteriological Data

– Flushing information relative to low disinfectant residuals

• Physical Integrity– Main break frequency

– Pipeline renewal and replacement rate

– Asset Inventory

– Valve & Hydrant Exercise/Inspection records

– Hydrant repair records

• Hydraulic – Pressure Readings for minimum of 12 months

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Airport Loop Case Study: Distribution Operation & Water

Quality Impacts



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CU Water - Approximate Service Area

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Disinfectant Residual Monitoring

• 50 TCR sites monitored weekly– Cross-section of town EACH

WEEK

– One positive total coliform sample in 2012 (2000+ samples)

– Zero Positives in 2011

– Disinfectant residual monitoring at each site

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Airport Area Residual• Several Options considered:

– Routine flushing

– Disinfect mains near airport

– Pigging

– Booster chlorination

• Actions Taken:– Seasonally increase chlorine residual

– Routine flushing

– Increased WQ Monitoring

– Minimize water age (booster pump)• Trial basis to test/permanent solution installed

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HPC Monitoring

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7

CF

U/m

L

Total Chlorine (ppm)

TCR Sample Sites

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

CF

U/m

L

Total Chlorine (ppm)

Dead End/Flushing Locations



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Summary :PSW Distribution Optimization &

Related Efforts• WQ preservation key factor in distribution operation decisions

• Self-Assessment process critical component in implementing effective optimization strategies– Team comprised of cross-section of utility

– Data integration plan? Effective use of collected data?

• Asset Management programs not only prolong life of asset and control costs, but impact water quality in a positive fashion

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PSW - Physical Integrity

• Main Renewal/Replacement Program√ Adjusted to (closer to) a 100 year cycle

• New Main Disinfection Practices√ Revision of disinfection specifications (more closely aligned with AWWA C651)

√ Sample every 600 ft (instead of 1200)

• Hydrant Repair records

• Valve and Hydrant exercise/inspection records

• Main Break Frequency

– Repair procedures

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Additional Resources

• AWWA

– Standard G200 (Dist System Operation & Mgmt)

– Manuals of Water Supply Practice

• PSW – Distribution Optimization Program

• WRF Projects/Reports (#4109 and others)

• State Guidance/Standards





Ask the Experts

7979


Andrew Hill, PEProject Manager

Confluence Engineering Group LLC

Main Cleaning – a Tool for DistributionSystem Water Quality and Asset

Management

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How would you describe your utility’s program for water main cleaning?

a) Structured, preventative

b) Structured, reactive

c) Reactive “quick-fix”

d) Do not conduct mains cleaning

Poll Question #4

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Why bother with main cleaning?

What are the general cleaning options?

How to select the optimal technique for a particular application?– Utility experiences and on-going research

Presentation Agenda

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Why Clean Mains?

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The big picture:Best practice for distribution system asset management

Level of Service

Life Cycle Costs

maintain/restore water quality

achieve regulatory compliance

maintain customer satisfaction

extend asset useful life

sustainable resource use

reduce operating costs(chemical, energy, etc.)

• Enforced system inspection

• Updated maps

• Opportunity to “operate” hydrants, valves

• Concurrently develop useful hydraulic data

Other Asset Management Benefits

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• Exerts a chlorine residual demand

• Supports biofilm and harbors microbes

• Substrate for trace metal accum/release

• Aesthetic upsets/complaints (colored water, T&O)

Water Quality Impacts of Accumulated Deposits

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Thedistributionsystemasareactor

Source:Hilletal(2010)

General Cleaning Techniques

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Bu

lk W

ate

rL

oo

se

Dep

osit

sC

oh

esiv

e

Dep

osit

s

Ad

here

d

Dep

osit

s a

nd

H

ard

Scale

Technique

Ob

jec

tiv

e

Co

nv

en

tio

na

l F

lus

hin

g UD

F

Ice

Pig

gin

g

Sw

ab

bin

g

Pig

gin

g/M

ech

an

ical

Sc

rap

ing

Source:ConfluenceEngineeringGroupLLC



• Use key technical factors … not costs– Type/condition of pipe– Type of deposit present– Local constraints

• Pipe diameter

• Water disposal

• Infrastructure

• Consequences of using the wrong technique

Selecting the Optimal Technique

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UnidirectionalFlushing (UDF)

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Pros and Cons of UDF

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Role of Flushing Velocity

• Flush velocity is a controllable variable– Determines scouring force

– Typically determined with pitot pressure gauge

– Typical range is 2 – 8 fps

• Optimal velocity is site-specific– Depends on deposit and pipe conditions

– Use step-velocity test and monitoring

• Consequences of sub-optimal velocities

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When Velocity is Too Low…

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All system-specific water quality issues should be monitored to determine optimal flushing velocity.


When Velocity is Too High…

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The application of flush velocities that dislodge tubercles from unlined iron

pipe can cause scale destabilization and

colored water issues.




Ice Pigging

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• An ice pig is a semi-solid material (slurry) that can be pumped like a liquid …

• But behaves like a solidonce the pig is formed in the pipe

How Does Ice Pigging Work?

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Source:ConfluenceEngineeringGroup,LLC



Ice Pigging Equipment

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IceProductionSystem

10-TonDeliveryRig

Source:Agbar Environment/UtilityServicesGroup

ProcessAnalyzer

Pros and Cons of Ice Pigging

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• Effective on cohesive deposits and films

• Safe for tuberculated pipes

• Can pump through hydrant ports

• Can navigate changes in diameter, bends, and valves

• Requires third-party vendor support

• High TDS/TSS discharge may present disposal challenges

• Rate-of-cleaning (miles/day) may be limited by ice quantities

Advantages Limitations



Ice Pigging of Unlined Cast Iron

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Source:ConfluenceEngineeringGroup,LLC

Ice Pigging of Unlined Cast Iron

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ParameterPounds

removedPoundsPer mile

% ofTotal

TSS 67 177 100%

Iron 23 60 34%

Aluminum 1.1 2.8 1.6%

Manganese 0.4 1.1 0.6%

Cleanedalloverandaroundthetubercles,butlefttheminplace

Source:Confluence

EngineeringGroupLLC



Foam Swabbing

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Pros and Cons of Swabbing

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• Effective on cohesive deposits, slime, and biofilm

• Does not require outside vendor support

• Can clean long sections at once (economies-of-scale)

• No diameter restrictions

• Launch and retrieval requires hydrant gutting ( 12” mains) or dedicated stations

• Not suitable for tuberculated iron pipe

• Risk of swab getting stuck

• High TSS discharge may present disposal challenges

Advantages Limitations



Current Research on Cleaning Performance

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• WaterRF #4509: Metals Accumulation and Release within the Distribution System: Evaluation of Mechanisms and Mitigation

• Tailored Collaboration

– Park City Municipal Corporation, Utah

– Confluence Engineering Group LLC

– Utah State University

• Final Report expected spring 2015

Pipe and Deposit Conditions

• Plastic and cement-lined pipe

• Thin, slimy films with cohesive “sludge”

– Legacy Fe/Mn

– Co-precipitated trace metals

– Biofilm

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Source:ParkCityMunicipalCorporation



Conduct full-scale main cleaning demonstrations- UDF at 3 fps and 6 fps- Ice Pigging- Foam Swabbing

Evaluation of Cleaning Performance

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Develop guidance on effectiveness and costs of main cleaning techniques for removal of legacy

deposits and contaminants

Task Objective

Task Approach

Visual Comparison of Performance

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Flushing at 6 fps

Foam Swabbing

Ice Pigging




Deposit Mass Removed

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

UDF Ice Pig Swab UDF Ice Pig Swab

Tota

l Sol

ids

Rem

oved

(mg/

ft2)

AST Site UPA Site

4% 7% 12%7%

59%56%

95%88%

3 fps 6 fps 1 run 2 runsFor UDF: For Swab:

Disclaimer: data are draft/preliminary!


Mains Cleaning =Water Quality and Asset Management

• Improved Tap Water Quality

• Improved System Condition

• Reduced Life-Cycle Costs

• Optimize where, when, how, and how often for maximum benefit

– Data collection and management

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Additional Information

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AwwaRF #2606 Establishing Site-Specific Flushing

Velocities

AwwaRF #90938 Investigation of Pipe Cleaning

Methods

WaterRF #4509

Metals Accum/Release: Evaluation of Mechanisms

and Mitigation

AWWA M28 Manual of Practice



Ask the Experts

108




Bookstore Resources

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M44 Distribution Valves: Selection, Installation, Field Testing, and Maintenance, Second Edition

No. 30044

M42 Steel Water Storage Tanks, Revised Edition

No. 30042

M56 Nitrification Prevention and Control in Drinking Water, Second

EditionNo. 30056

M17 Installation, Field Testing, and Maintenance of Fire Hydrants,

Fourth EditionNo. 30017

AWWA G200-09 Distribution Systems Operation and Management

No. 47200

Additional Resources

110

Join the Partnership for Safe Water’s Distribution System

Optimization Program. Information available at

www.awwa.org/partnership

The self-assessment process incorporates water quality, asset

management, and many additional components of

distribution system operation.



Upcoming Webinars

October 8 – New Developments in Managing Disinfection By-Products

November 12 – Measuring and Addressing Water/Wastewater Bills Affordability

Register today!

www.awwa.org/webinars

111

Upcoming Specialty Conference

Register Online at:

www.awwa.org/conferences

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Thank You for Joining AWWA’s Webinar

• As part of your registration, you are entitled to an additional 30-day archive access of today’s program.

• Until next time, keep the water safe and secure.

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Presenter Biography Information

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Mark H. Johnson, PE, has been with the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) since 1989 and is currently Director of Metropolitan Water Operations and Maintenance. Mark has over 35 years of experience in design, construction, and operations. The MWRA Metropolitan water system has 11 finished water storage tanks, with volumes ranging from 2 to 20 million gallons. The balance of the system has 300 miles of large diameter transmission mains, 11 pump stations, and 5000 valves.Mark is a registered professional engineer in Massachusetts and Maine, and is a licensed Grade 4D Drinking Water Operator in Massachusetts. He is an active member of the New England Waterworks Association (NEWWA) Distribution and Storage committee, having recently served three years as chairman. Mark is a presenter for several operator training classes at NEWWA including portions of the class for Water Storage Tank Operations and Maintenance.

Todd Brewer currently serves as the Water Quality Lab Manager for City Utilities in Springfield, Missouri, with responsibility over both the Laboratory and Water Measurement work groups. He has nearly twenty years of utility experience in water quality monitoring, treatment and distribution. Todd has a Bachelor's in Chemistry to go along with a doctoral degree in Environmental Engineering and is a registered Professional Engineer.

Andrew Hill is a PE with Confluence Engineering Group in Seattle, Washington. He brings over 14 years of consulting engineering experience in the drinking water industry, with focus on treatment process selection, distribution system water quality optimization, and development of best practices for maintaining water quality. Andrew has served as co-principal investigator on several utility investigations and research projects aimed at improving the industry’s understanding of distribution system impacts on tap water quality, evaluating emerging issues such as trace inorganics accumulation and release from pipe deposits, and developing utility guidance related to mains cleaning strategies.



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