distributed cognition - stanford university · perceptual principle perceptual and spatial...
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Distributed Cognition
CS376 | Stanford University | Apr 30, 2009
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The Power of Representation Donald Norman
On Distinguishing Pragmatic From Epistemic Action David Kirsh & Paul Maglio
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The Power of Representation
The proper representation of a problem makes the solution transparent.
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Examples
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Roman/Arabic Numerals
MCCXXXIX
Vs.
1239
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Flight Schedules
Vs.
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Medical Prescriptions
Vs.
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The Power of Representation
Abstraction: Representing perceptions, thoughts, experiences in another medium, eliminating irrelevant details
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The Power of Representation
What happens to the left-out details?
“We value what we can measure (or represent)”
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Abstraction Artifacts
• Reflective – Allow us to ignore the real world and
concentrate only upon artificial, representing worlds.
• Experiential – Provide ways to experience and act upon the
world.
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The Power of Representation
So which is this?
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The Power of Representation Naturalness Principle
Experiential cognition is aided when the properties of the representation match the properties of the thing being represented.
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Perceptual Principle Perceptual and spatial representations to be preferred over non-perceptual, non-spatial representations, but only if the mapping between the representation and what it stands for is analogous to the real perceptual and spatial environment.
The Power of Representation
Chinese Tallies
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Communication vs. Problem Solving
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Utility vs. Ease of Use/Creation
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Is Memory Abstract?
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The Power of Representation Donald Norman
On Distinguishing Pragmatic From Epistemic Action David Kirsh & Paul Maglio
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Epistemic vs. Pragmatic Action
• Pragmatic Action – Actions that advance and agent towards a
goal or sub-goal.
• Epistemic Action – External physical actions that make mental
computation easier, faster, or more reliable
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Epistemic Action
• Reduces number of mental steps
• Reduces memory required
• Reduces probability of mental error
Examples: Key in the shoe. String around a finger.
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Tetris
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Epistemic Rotations
Uses of rotations 1. Unearth new information very early in the game 2. Save mental rotation effort 3. Facilitate retrieval of zoids from memory 4. Make it easier to identify a zoid’s type 5. Simplify the matching process
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Tetris
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Tetris
To what extent is this generalizable?
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What are some ways that we do this today?