AD-A020 146

RE-ORIENTATION SPECTROSCOPY OF STORED IONS

Hans G. Dehmelt

Washington University

M

Prepared for:

Office of Naval Research

September 1975

DISTRIBUTED BY:

National Technical Inforinaton ServiceU. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

040082/FINAL REPORT

for

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYOFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

(Physics Branch)Arlington, Virginia 22217

q~4 CONTRACT N00014-67-A-0103-00O9 I

o Project Number: NR 014-307

TITLE:

R~E-ORIENTATION STPECTROSCOPY OF STORED IONS

I PERIOD:

May 1969 - May 1974

CONTRACTOR:

Board of RegentsUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington 98195

SUBMI'TTED BY:

RF-Spectroscopy LaboratoryDepartment of Physics

University of WashingtonSeattle, Washington 98195

PREPARED BY:

Professor H.G. DehineltPrincipal Investigator

IqDomd-~d by

NATIONAL TECHNICALINFORMATION SERVICE

US Dp,..t~

Distribution of this documen' is unlimited.

September 1975

BestAvailable

Copy

The results of the work performed under the partial sponsor- q

ship of the contract are described in the 21 publications tabulated

in the appended list. Surveys of this work are contained in two

review articles prepared by the author, "A Progress Report on the

G-2 Resonance Experiments", Proceedings, Fifth International Con-

ference on Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants, Paris 1975,

Plenum Press 1976 and "The Ion Storage Collision Technique",

Invited Papers, Ninth International Conference on the Physics of

Electronic Atomic Collisions, Seattle 1975, University of Wash-

ington Press 1976. Preprints of these articles arc attached.

It may deserve special special that during the work with

stored electron clouds an important insight was gained. When

energy and angular momentum are absorbed by the vyclotron motion

and transferred via e-e collisions to the axial and magnetron

motion but only energy is disspated by the axial motion the radial

extensixn of the cloud must shrink. This follows from angular

momentum conservation in the closed system electrons plus magnet. The

principle may be of use in the containment of fusion plasmas.

It is a pleasure to note the group of younger men who have

participated in the work of the contract; these include post-

doctoral men L rought in from other institutions, men who had been

awarded the Ph. ". degree at the University of Washington and re-

mained to follow oromising lines of research and to capitalize on

an investm-nt in ecuipnint and on their immediate facility with the

body of ideas with hich the work of the contract is concerned, and

those having earned d-ictorates.

The list of publications records the support by the subject

contract of work of the -ollowing postdoctoral men who had earned

the Ph.D. degree at insti-utions other than the University of

Washington: . Cc-)-

DOCUMENT CON-'TROL DATA - R & D I

Uni ivesi~tb ofWingtnU

SPECTROSCOPY OF STORED IONS

4. DESCH| I -IVic NOTES (Type of tept nd indn::vr datcsj

Final Report5, AU T4O..-i (Fnet nane. middl initial. la-t naen)

Hans G. Dehmelt

t. REP01

T -ATC 7&. TOTAL nJO. OF PAGES t. No. or "rsF

September 1975 47 84s.COUTnAC' OR GRAN- !ZD. 90 RGNTR7EOTN#tE-5

N0"014-67-A-0103-0009b. PROJECT NO.

NR 014-307C. xb. OylER Pf~r~oT -aist (Aty nthr n,-btrs liotn; m- m AiV,-dzhis rrt)

d.

10. DISTRIBUTION STATEULT

Distribution of this document is unlimited

StI. SUPVLLEMEUTARY NOTES II. SPONS0OAI IT40i, ACTIVITYDepartment of the Navy

Office of Naval ResearchPhysics Branch

13. AB¢:RCT

The results of a program of research in the rf spectroscopy of storedions are described. Work has been done on the study of magneticresonance and hfs of e-, and 12+. Techniques for measuring thetemperature of ior- gases and their radiative cooling have been devel-oped. Continuous observation of a single electron oscillating withan energy of Z loreV inside a penning trap has been realized,"Monoelectron Oscillator". A new principle of forced radial shrink-ing of stored ion clou;by simulataneous cyclotron excitation andaxial damping has been proposed which may be of use in the confinementof fusion plasmasf-

DD FOR 173 (P. .i l/N OlO*1507.-6801 Sccurilv Clasification

iI.

24 t. 1 A LIN h L 1-.- C

RIOLE .r ItOLL ~ ~ L :

Atmi Physics--Molcular PhysicsIon-storage Collision Tlechnique in rf

Spect ros copyMagnetic ResonanceHyper Fine Structureionis: H ea e"13oloneCuric" TechniqueIon GasCyclotron- resonanceMonoelectron OscillatorConfinement of Fusion Plasmas

-A

FORIA QWIDD tnv.147(PA(r- 2 scczitycla~ific-ioEzI

AM

-3-

Talbert Stein, Ph.D. Brandeis, Now Associate Professor, Wayn-!State University

R. S. VanDyck, Jr- Ph.D. Berkeley, Currently Research AssociateUniversity of Washington

D. S. Wineland, Ph.D. Harvard, Pow with N.B.S., Boulder,Colorado

The following have earned doctoral degrees at the University

of Washington and have continued as postdoctoral associates:

Philip Ekstrom, Now with Battelle Northwest Laboratories, RichlandWashington

Stephen Menasian, Now with Fusion Energy Institute, Princeton, NewJersey

Fred Walls, Now with N.B.S., Boulder, Colorado.

PUBLICATIONSI

Determination of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Free ElectronFrom Measurements Made on an Electron Gas at 80 K Using a BolometricTechnique F.H. WALLS, Doctoral Thesis, University of Washington, 1970

85 133Differential Linear Stark Shift in 85 and Cs 1 3 P.A. EKSTROM,Doctoral Thesis, University of Washington, 1971, also Bulletin A.P.S.16, 849 (1971).

High Resolution Study of the (1, 1/2, 1/2) - (1, 1/2, 3/2) hfstransition in Ht. S.C. MENASIAN and H.G. DEHMELT, Doctoral Thesis,University of Washington, 1973, also Bulletin A.P.S. 18, 408 (1973)

Spin Polarization of Stored Electrons or Positrons by rf Pumping.H. DEHMELT and P. EKSTROM, Bulletin A.P.S. 18, 408 (1973)

Observations of the g-2 Resonance of a Stored Electron Gas. F.L. WALLSand T.S. STEIN, Phys. Rev. Letters 31 , 975 (1973)

Proposed g-2/5w Experiment on Single Stored Electron or Positron.z

H. DEHMELT and P. EKSTROM, Bulletin A.P.S. 18 727 (1973)

On the Bolometric g-2 Experiment. H. DEHMELT and D. WINELAND, Bulletin

A.P.S. 18, 786 (1973)

Electrostatic Shifts of wc ,w and wi-2 in A Cloud of Identical

Particles. H. DEHMELT and D. WINELAND , Bulle:in A.P.S., 18, 1571 (1973)

Monoelectron Oscillator. D. WINELA1ND, P.EKSTROM, and H. DEHMELT, Phys.Rev. Letters, 31, 1279 (3973)

-4-

The Ion-Storage COLLISION Technique. HANS DELHELT, University ofWashington, Invited Paper, Annual Meeting of APS Chicago 1974Bulletin A.P.S. (1974)

Proposed Precision Electron/Ion Mass Spectrometry. D. WINELAND,Bulletin A.P.S. 18 (1973'

Thermal Noise in the Monoelectron Oscillator, H.DEHMELT, P. EKSTROM,and D. WINEL ND, Bull. A.P.S. 19, 572 (1974)

Landau Level Dependent v z-Shifts in the Monoelectron Oscillator, H.

DEHMELT, P. EKSTROM, D. WINELAND and R. VAN DYCK, Bull. A.P.S. 19572 (1974)

Electrostatic Frequency Shifts and Broadening in a Penning Trap,D. WINELAND and H. DEHMELT, Bull. A.P.S. 19, 642 (1974)

10rf-Heated (KT =50eV) Electron Gas (N:O ) Contained in Penning Trap,H. DEHMELT, Re. VA DYCK, P. EKSTROM, and D. WINELAUND, Bull. A.P.S.19, 643 (1974)

Line Shifts and Widths of Axial, Cyclotron and G-2 Resonances inTailored, Stored Electron (Ion) Cloud, D. WINELAND and H. DEHMELT,Fourth International Conference on Atomic Physics, Heidelberg,July 22, 1974, Abstract; also International Journal of MassSpectroscopy and Ion Physics 16, 338 (1975)

The Ion Storage COLLISION Technique, H. DEHMEEZT, Bull. A.P.S.19, 14 (1974)

The Externally Heated Discharge Pump/Guage Employing rf Radiation,VAN DYCK, EKSTROM, WINELAAD, and DEHMELT, (Draft of Patent Application)

Principles of the Stored Ion Calorimeter, WINELAND and DEHiMELTJ. Applied PHysics, 46, 919 (1975)

n.Ai

-5-- )

IX ICPEAC

24-30 JULY 1975

NINTH INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE

ON THE PHYSICS OF ELECTRONICAND ATOMIC COLLISIONS

University of WashingtonSeattle, Washington U.SA.

24-30JULY 1975

I

HEION-STORAG COISION TECHIQU E

Hans G. Debelt

University of 'Washington

Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A.

STO 1014r1

/t' ~ UO"WEC =

si g 3.RE /-

(r-2z, 1 j "

I: r /

Fig.A. Penning tn, t. IEC -en c .aps, S~ =g snacer,-G =electron gn P Pyrex enwzel-ope. M = magnet. frcnm (Wi1nelandand~a et, 1975b)".

2

Orientation dependent collision processes such asef + Nat .4 + Nat, (Dbhmelt, 1958; 1961, & 1962; Graff et al.,1968, 1969 & 1972; Church & "Mkri, 1971), es + RafkS) -e+ Na(2p)- AX, (Graff et a., 1968, 1969, Church & Mokri, 1971),see Fig. 5., Het + Cs - He+l + Ost, Re+(ls2S) + Cs+ - He(2s15)+ Cs+ + mv- (Debelt & Major, 1962; Major & DebMelt, 1968;Schlessler et al., 1969) se-e Fig. 2, and hvtc-P) + (u-iO+ u+ H + AE, (Dehmelt & Jefferts, 1962; Rich-ardson et al., 1967;Jefferts, 1968 & 1969), see Fig. 3 & 4, have been used in pastspin- and hfs- resonance studies on stored ion. The specialforte of the

COLD TRAPR A F QUADRUPOLE

10M TRAP

!* 4RFEFRtGE9ATiON - E LECTRON

i 11 L Msi" ;

h, ,,- C " C i-AlL--$J- II :l x

-h •n exprien-t

Mr-._2. AD-aus J-l=, -hih h_ first c ollI sioexri-ns" -. ,-ized-) store4 ~s (H[e+ and a polarized -om" £ bea (l s

v ere carried out, fre (D-eimel Major, IQ,62).

~ r

tehiu-eewsoinato of -th -soe in b- colsin

vib n n.cfd*n- o4aretdpoetls axl

atniqme herte warsorentaton of-: th-ea soreda isl by rollsionswH ran'ar incn w~as: osrieed nropeci e. whe a ocd neperimnt; of;, th aun fth 11964on electrns storUed. in a low-r

magneic fipelsdePnnn eetran ieracting-a th ane opticall I~bpozdso Na-e tee td'e w'hA .fr=-to a %, '

tat chooss 3in n Fig. n 2.Dasi reduin ofsm th elcrn1tqae time in the) (Fshrnc59or the us~ed~ fo- az vail pressure

renn oscillation ofe thas e leMtrcn was -e .at Hweer

e.-p.odts, of ansll thee=stuIncPaule in Vonther-c- hethe releStedath ro ection otno w -otlinA sfq accleat s ip-trM

the elets The o tras e iled bf t 1:etYr0 eeIa

* in a perfect -vabuis wil resumablv.. be etaitep in e i;n.gtram -aon-atcn col1lisions also cause a n-xascd razidO= Valk tWu,

19070) o1-. the cyclotron motion gnidjng, Centes*---=The ions were "counted" ~zri lv~ bv i4eraetion. withcircuit tuned to their axial oscilltion freque z anda ex

externally or merely thermally, ;7igs. 6a, -7 -8 Tis inturac-

E"d Ehchu_________ Ax

Elton~~~~Lwt at. lobetr0 VJ- ~1cCAMS"2 r-- - - -A=sir- 1r

4 -QAu

Fla. 3.- Apparatus5±z VnicJ 0.. n exzer Thcnts0!

% --!

carriea out., L- ijefferts 'velmelt, a)~

Tna-

ira

*=1 2ft46 1

P:5u w c=icr d -

su-U

Fla ---- -e I~ -r.q ---- itd - taf =06- U--

-10- 5

OVEN CKIICT0A

(A) ~

A0- KAM ICU

- 0

~>

(B) (C) r4A

0

(B) Show spi-eedn cht off enrg ditrbu0 o i.n

-istCoed electron cloud due excitation of Na D-lines. (C) S-howsanalogous temperature observed by n~oise thermom~etry. (A,B) from(Graff et al., 1968), (C) from (Church & Mokri, 1971).

SINGLE H-OT ION INTERACTING WITH TUNED CIRCUIT

THERMALIZATION OF ION

Wt W= kT0 - (V110 - kTO) exp (-t/rrr)W.01 TIT 2O RS(TO) [TT=(4M;!2)/(e 2 Rr)

OPTIM.UM SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO

C W WT TO INITIAL ENERGY OF ION, Vi40, FLOWSSLOW LY INTO TANK, FAST UNJTOBATH, TT" TTO. RETAINE 'D IN TANICFOR INTERVAL-sTTo, WT -(rtOrrr) VA0.

NUMEICA EXAPLETHERMAL FLUCTUATIONS OF TANKENERGY FOR OBSERVATION TIIMEs

M ::100 M ; 2izo 0.5cm rj AVERAGE OUT TO AWr ssCts 10" F; .Q0=10 (ro/r.r) kTo . S/N = WT/AWN;Wo 5x ICP CPS; R3 0s 2 xI07 fl. S/No W10 /ToJ

= ia 13 sec ; V.11 r 3 eVS/N = 10, kT0 m 0.03 eV

Fig. 6. Brief analysis of hot oscillating ion interacting with

resonant tuned circuit, from (Deielt, 1962).

-2 2 2

__ I C

1)US R, UR,

R

C_ L

C UR

Fig. 7. Electrical equivalent representations of electrons inthe Penning trap structure. (a) Pictorial representatonoelectrons in the Penning tra.p and electrical equivalent repre-sentation. (b) Electrical equivalent representation of electrons(x, c), Penning trap, and external circuit (L, C) showing noiseviltages associb~ted with real resistance l and fictitious tran-

sistor in-put noise resistor R el from (Wineland & Dehlmelt,

DOUBLE

uj R 61 IE R "FLAT" FILTER>~BANDWIDTH - P

C& AT 10,7M~itz

i~~7I IOILOCALTOXY FL.A" LOW ~ARE LAW

jRECORDER CR~ PASS r!-TER jDTCOj~~LBANjDARWIOTH-* I-

FOR SIMPLE LOW PASS R, C, ILTERz4RIC1

Fir,. arrow frequency band model for electrons/ions (Z, c,r) interacting with LC circuit (C6 , R6) showing block diagramiof detection electronics, f'rom (Wineland & Dehmelt, 1975b).

j I I/Z2TCR.800 .ELECTRONS

-(a) VMZ

j r R(e) -75 Hz

W v(MI-z)

58.358A57.89 MHz-i ' 'FILTER BAND PASS 60Hz

(d) 'Mz INTEGRATION TIME 3secFi. Noise spectra associated with electrons and PenningtrapD external LC circuit. (a) Spectrim with electrons absent

frmtrap. (b) SpectruMi of n =5000 electrons when electron-Iaxial resonant frequency v7 = v' the LC circuit frequency.

(d) Same for v v1 + -33 Mz lObservation filter width(7Av1 I kliz. Fror (-i neland & Dehmelt, 3075b). (e) Electron

parallel resonance (V,.>V:) sinal obta-ined with anharrnonicity-compensa~ted trap; Fig. 16., (Van Dyck et al., 19715).

tion is also being used to cool the ions. Cloud temperaturesof n'800K for e's in a Penning trap (Dehn.elt & WHalls, 1968), and"V-80o 0 for -orotons in a Paul trap (Chuvrch & Dehmcelt, 1969),have been fndby measurements on th Ccriwhose noisespectrum i.- grossly =oiidb tbe ions, Fig. 9. All theprocesses involving; collisions listed a::ove may be use-d to infercross sections. Further, the forced center of mass oscillation

=of an ion cloud is not broadened by likeu- ion interactions,(Wineland & Dehmelt, 1975a). The equations of motion of asingle particle in a PenninEg trap under forced cyclotron/axialexcitation f (t)/f t)mybe written

x z

-13- 8 =

z - z 2x/2 + mij = , (-m212 = e(t))

MY - N'y/2 - m 0, =

Mz+ M&Oz=f (t), (mw =e z)*1 z

Electrostatic interactions between like particles in acloud very small compared to the wavelength of the exciting r.f.field do not shift or broaden the cyclotron resonance at wc-Wmor the axial resonance at w

W eHo/mc, CIWc - /= / =

Rather, from the equations of the z-motion of two interactingparticles

m' +mw 2z = F + fz(t)mzl z12

2zinz +DU z2 =F +cf(t)

it follows by add:tion that the center of mass coordinateZ = (z + z2)/2 obeys the same equation as a single particle,1 2

zn + V(t)

The same arurient may be extended to the x and y co-ordinates and to an arbitrary nw-ber of identical Particles.,)Experimeiztally for e-clouds iii a Penning trap with compensateaanharmonicity, Fi 6 . 10, widths of 20 uz have been realized,

I Fig. 9(c), (Van Dyck et al., 1975 ),maing broadening due toe-atomic bea- collisions detectable. Earlier a bolometrictechnique was proposed for the detection of energ- transfer from

other degrees of freedom to the axial motion, and such transferfrom the microwave excited cyclotron motion via e-e or e-atomcollisions was de!onstrated (Dehz-elt & Walls, 1968; Wineland &Dehmelt, 1975b). Estimates indicate that the sensitivity of theelectron calorimeter realized should be sufficient to study suchexothermic reactions as e + H(F=l) * e(Am = ±1) + H(F=o) +5 peV, in a stored elr :tron cloud/I-beam anaratus. .Iostrecently D. Wineland et al. have observed cyclotron resonancein the monoelectron oscillator in a sin-iar fashion after thecollision sensitive forced axial oscillation at ^-60M.kIz of asingle a had been observed continuously, Fig. 11, (wineland etCl., 1973). The det o hcyotrn resonance in theslightly enharmonic monoelectron oscillator was based on a trig-ger technique relying on off-resnance paremetric excitationnear 2v,. Energy transfer from the excited cyclotron motion

to the axial motion via an electron/background-gas-atcm col-lision moved the axial frequency v within the regenerationrange building up a large detectable forced oscillation, Fig. 12.Here operation with shar cyclotron energies in the range.001-1 eV and axial energies <iueV seems feasible eventually

-14- 9

ALIGNMENT RODS

(olumino)

FIELD EMISSION CATHODEO(tungsten)1111 1 __-CAP-

-:Vi,-7 (molybdenum)~SPACER

-.- t--2- , -,(pyrex)

', Q - .... __- GUGUARD RING"'" (tz-8-'--'---........(molybdenum)

S-RING(molybdenum)

I: : _ .MAGNETIC BOTTLE RING(nickel)I Ir LO APCTNC A

- .GUARD RING(molybdenum)

!_ LO "W CAPAC ITANCE CAP

(mo! ybdenur.)f I VACUUM ENVELOPE;U (nonex)

FILAMENT(tungsten)

-ELECTRICAL FLLDTHROUGHS(tungsten)

Fig. 10. Anharonicitv comnensated Penning- trap, from (Van Drycket al., 1975)

for electrons or positrons (Dei elt., 19t 4). In other develop-ments ay-al & Dunn (1,T,)-Fig . 13; and Ialls (s90) have carriedout qua nti ative measurenents of reco-anataon cross sectionsfor O + KO+ JUO4 ad mi. ions practic~ly at rest a. thebotto.a of a tenijnn trap and in their vi--tional rro-nd sta esbombarded with an electr'on bean in 'lie ,.31 to 8 eV rane. T-heions were s-.dC n an .rpatus similar to that sc-wn in Fi. iand d circ as snown an Fig. 8 was used. The decay

of the ion number in the same samnle was fiollowed by repeatedlyobserving pralle_ resonance si nals as shown in Fir. 9(e). inan apparatus sitilar to that snoun in Fi- . 5, M11cQuire andFortson (1iI), have been able to demonstrate the snnInene1denceof the elastic colI-sion cross section for thermal electrons andK-atoms Fir. V. . .-. na . based on the shi'ft of thefrequency v of the series resonant notch noise signal Fig. 9(b),occurring away from tie observation window at v' when electronsstored and thermlized in a sightly anharmonic 'Penning trap

II

ICOVPENSA1 IVP NETWORK

/1IN ~PREAMP S TRIP

. ~ JFFER SHIFTER-

-E;--J- BFFER AM.P

*CHART 3-RC~ I!rc~r PAS5 I

(a)DDUSLE £A BLLA#CED-WX(R MtP 1034A3/-

d;t I

tyoSII

(b)Apparatus for iltigand entinuously oh-

serving the forced oscillation of a sia;Ile elastically

bound electron. A IMock tilagrarn is given in (a.). Switchposition 2 Is for direct ereitatilon. positionl I for rpara-metric ixcitatlon of the forced oseillatio. at vj:> 55.7IWit. In (b) an eqjui-valent circuit is shown for switchposition 2. Z., representing the electron.

Lrs a S T

4,-4

ON~w

Jiecoie-r trace of forccil-ost-iliatiun siznalversus time. Th~e s-ignal at 55 -A I'iz; for an initial-ly injeeted ounch of electrons ucc rieses cliseuct inuous-ly aS the VCctrons12 arc SUcssively bMie- .nut of thetrap by the daive at I.; 54 Mi!z. The last platucorrespondsl: to a1 Single electron.

Fig. 21. Atxaratus for bs!erving, Loret o-scillation -of sinleeletro 0ctred, in 4ennin- tr-an- and s; olbtained withit

from (Wineland et a-'-, 1973).

-16- fu

-T- taa- ga u.

0L r-.& -:u L Li I

424

ILL) y .

VqJ JOE.

3~ 3in 0

C o. >2d

Li! - ~ LiLi4j

In a 2 -f. 4-L

cc I0 2.44L4-tz. 3o - 0

Ic~~~1 0C ~ 7 ~ 4

1fl2) 04. 0a clod

Li.-V4 -ALii

-17- 12

20)C

* C*

280:

t4 [LECONS EL- --

to12

Fig. 13. PifernitodaafU t tan electronenrro

sifalsion the.al prece tof siecons .h Do tare..ent atm otheth~es how r LA reidalac dec s ecoansms, frMur (&'- un

Fortson,. 1t7,1-

-1 8- 13

diffuse radially due to e-atom collisions for a distance of"'.01 cm. These authors have also observed the cooling of theelectron cloud at 1T11 <<l OF due to inelastic collisions withmolecules, eX. (Chur~h & Mokri, 1971), Fig. 5(c). In the way ofnew schemes of some interest to collision physics it has beenproposed to use laser excited resonance fluorescence at v -to(A) make a single ion stored in a miniature Paul tranD visible tothe naked eye (Dehmelt & Tosehek, 19[5), (Dehm!t & WalIther,19T5) and (B) freeze out the secular oscillation at v.. ofthe ion in the trap completely. The latter trick is accomplish-ed by making the ion assorb photons at the Doppler effectinduced sideband frequency vi - v.,. Since reemission willoccur symm-etrically at v1 ± nvv energy is extracted from thevibrational m-tion on the average, (Wineland & Dehelt, 1975c).Hereby a solution of the previously posed problem of how to makean isolated (charged) atom float at rest in free space (Debelt,1967), appears to have been brought within reach. In a relatedsehee (Wineland & Pehet,197%,Srrata & Addenda), it has beenproposed ta p p energy into and extract ang"1 ar momentum fromthe magetron otion of an electron cloud carrying out a de= edoscillation at w. in a Penning trap by irradliating it with an,inbomogteneous rf -field at w., I- ce, and thereby n<e it contractrad ially, mere is the rossibility that the underly;ing princi-pie is of broader appicabi tv aud suitable for the c. -in-

ment of fusion plasma.

Ion storage techn7ques as well as collision exper,entsbased on them nreviously h-ave been reviewed in (D;ehz 1967& 1969), (Dawson & 'Wn etten, 196), Wa1T11s & Dunn, 19L),(D-1ohit, 1975), and (Tnn, 1094.

The author thanks his coworkers, Drs. David Wineland andRobert Van fjl'k and Messrs. Paul Schwanner rrank Goreckifor reading the x.artnscrirp* and Ms. Lyn T! a-ddox for ty png it.

t) AMP 4imnrtt:t conseq zence of th is 'it in a _erfectlyharMonic trap excitation o 4he center-of- s axa I ot-ionof an electron cloud will n la viac-e collisions toexcitation of th center--f-nasS cy-clo-ron :otion. Thecenter-of-mass of the cloud e"h hves like a single Darticle!By contrast enery tr4ansfer via e-atom collision- l -U o fcourse take, nla ce.

14

CHURCH, D. A.~=~ P H. 0. (1969).% Jalmr!n A=pI Phys. 110:; 31121.= CHRCH, D. A ttl . (171 Z . Physik 244, 6.=DEHI4ET,2 H. G. '9.3). Phnys. Rev. 109,31

DER4EL, H (~~ ~Pr-ogress ReportU HSF-0-59155, 'Srr intI kResonance of' i-e-= RectronS.DEBIMEL, 1'. (c Bull. P P.S * 7, 470.DEHMFA= H. (i9-r '1960) . Ad11. Ato=. & V.t Physic:_, 3 &5,(Academic Press).

DK-ILT, r- G. ([95), PF :.ei , Fit n.Cn.on AomicMasses an- Fund. CcmAstcrt-, Paris (Plentra Press)DEMEL-T, 11. G. & ElF&RIS, ~.*~o ~-.Rev. la'S, 1318.

DF2hP, H. & 14Ma203 F. U. (192) Ph's. " Ltters 3,213.JDiIV.D, H. & VAt- P O 1 e W- I n) Rev Letters r , 127.DEII-ZL7, H. & -MX, .P. (97(5). Bull A.Pl S. 20 k.DEivL, DIM _Ha .. (W;) km IsFJNH N GnII (rW') A.6I4- M-%-C 5' (D. ern.=s F

FISCr'E. (- Z. z lvu 1066)-.A= C ., 6 'T). Cs_ (19620)

Thy Ln--968CR4277 Re., nctAe=., 0. ~ .&.... )us

Rk ~Lett. A-3 2'j

J E FFEOIlS, K. B. (IW11 Mmu--- Rev. Lc-ttes -23 397.

JEFFTS, K. 2. M- H G jL 962) . ASA. S. 432.

RC,.F-nC2 T,4. El . ,'75CF, -. Bl &.. I-. .. N, Ge.wter33

ACU~ . I~~S~ Or R .(?9.Py.Pev. ill'5.

-VXWflTT R., zSr.k -- IEZ!KW, H.27. Ty. Rev.

(19..... 7701 'Te = :nt.f Urz.i !3!on.

is.~~~ Tod, 27 N1L.Bll ... 23,o

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oJlcctisons Vitt interaiction with it polarized Na-begun were~ initirited, by3.959. In the courre of this work the relati~on 2 w vw t wao demon-strtc d cyperimntu) ly. Xxprcus ion., were derived for Dhe therna-liz'ation time tI, I1'te/s'~ of' a singlo'i;ori of' maors 14 arid ini-tial *ecrry W'Ii0 orscillnlo.ing innidc it trap of cap .scp'iation 2''.~intoractinr, wJthi a tuned circuit of' shitnt rqsistanac RI, ald. aliso thcpower signal.-to-noise ratio SINl v W,.0 /kT avraijab. in the tuned cir-cuit with an observation time -TIT was obtai ned (Dehme2.t 1961, 1962).An- no s~pin ros'onucnce was observed it was decidcd to go to smaller,d -per traps, vz = 60 muiz, in H. gher fields-t, v = 3 - 22 0iz , arid tootudly therr'ralization and relaxation procescs occurringt in the cloud,which were feared to interfere with the detection of the spin reso-nancc. Of special interest here wcre interactionz botwecn the cc-trono, with the tuned circuit and, via Majorcana flops, vith (inorlu-lateti) rnrtpctic field gradients , e.g.o ( Klepprier et al.. 1962,>). Thehope was to u,,;c relaxation effectn -to provide a link between spin~ awndcyclotron .notio'n that spin reoonanc, might be Jectectcdl by heatinug of'the clouid (1)ehmelt & Wal.-, 1968), elim-inrating t)-c need for the NaL-beam. Having adsorbed a numibcr of formner i.rlcmrberk; of the Was'hint!tonion-rf-spectroscopy g.roup th(. B3onn ~n z group entered the field veryvigorou.;ly in 3965, talinci lup the ivnning ta/abw Otii~after spiun ro-onance of Hok+ in a :%t.trap po.1a.z,,cd 11). ;pin oxchtant.-with o,. Cs bea ,m had been r6eionstrtC.d nrevi otuJ -y(Dh;t&':T'3962; Fortson , "a~jor & 1)ehme.tq 3.1966)o. Thvis tgrou 'z:; a thea f'i t toreport spin and Cr-2 resonances, (Fortnzc'n , Graeff o, Hd. nd

labs prior to 1972 is Lhc subject ;," aI ChUlT'U1 -inf the L9Y2 rv2.':Ifirtic).0 of" Rich & lleslcy. Part of .,t i alfso co-vercd i n thei 200 ,,,n,(11969 review carticlos on the f secroep of -,torel ion'! 1),- hauthor . E;arliecr work hsbeen 1'evicved by Hutgheso (1,(9ja '~o~

(1965).

Anly cxpcr~.t.ncnt.-; wIth11 slow e3.ectr,:ms are besct w:ith :vrny cdziinfwnniiliar to e>priina I.It ~C13. V01-S&d in the hofin ' "estif.1"

und mch mre ppu:1ar hi.g-h enerfgy boncrzs. It J. oll the .,iurc srri;ing tha-t the rc::arkahlo data 'Anich have%, bee-n re td ~'theStanford b+"l)p~itonire% VT.!"' *1'?.-iri_-'n" et 'i; c., 93have not sti rrod the inI~orcrvt of excr:etK~s~in thJis, fie1l ?Tiore?It liar; bc-n propose (?uj 1965 ) to acm pL this tiecffI 'tazp-pai'atus for wilch energy r'esolution~s of -Kol 0v ,iV t )CI,. finc1 *..' c-Vat, 3r.)00K have boen reportcd to sim~ultaonecotu mrcasitrcsivcnt, of rrA ?T1 andcycl.ot-or resorn'ncez; cn clectrc'ns J r the Jlewost 11W-I i -Landn u lecl)(Rich & Wesley , 19712). Land & Raith (1.9'(14) IILLVo de:cribced cx;,erivict:;with a somewhat si-milar timne-of--fli ght apparatuis deve.opodc for co.l.-lision studics and report a rezoluticn of -5 x lo-3 eV at 300 " K.

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Usinge th sa entg trapj/polariznd ha-bea vnpar as butfloi.se-i-lead of' eje-nxt on ±rhn-mtry (rchn-' &r Mokri (1971) hamve repeated the g,2 reso-_sr: evmeriients olf Gr~ et aI. (1969) rei3 r'on the spin u-- dnc of tt ~ :1.in _Ct elect-ron c2oud assoei'ato d vwih innC "- iia~on o: t he CN1a D1) 'Te'1 ""'lif ta].(92)have moito rca w! "'-c emnergi, n. io trp or spi- Lifts it

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the t-1ranngr wel! i? .. ax-au-01.1 wert'1-1' !S-:tXI aiA4 IcwSre-nrgy7 leave1 h tra L -ao il a hole ±c c, e1-, m.,ar ceet.e d

*and couni~-d. 'Jh Zoamnrs; have tes-_t ed their amnmiaravs by, cet e :r. in.i n ga sequp-ee O- en*er- distributions a-s the stor I d Cl Ioud is allow-0-ed tocool v-ia ontn - -us en.Iiszion of yctrc:rsiatIon -for inlcraI 1 .1

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B:nco (1963) unncep~nwray rev~ ~vict ion Olnat I'loCldei Capaible co1''J ti~iji~tho g-2 tr.m:witJ on rhould be~ .indepcrwlnt of, z, ("'nlc! hawpropooed to u:;ec the IJ eadint;, v.-indcfjr.-C1vnL term of' the cirulr

(ui.1i):, C() '2 nG/Cm "im. u Jrdebi f'requency oU' -1 117, the EicCrnpauirif-,ee-ne f'tC') (3z~ =C(Curl !: al-czwao, the vutuc of' -3. kV/tm! rit"

vd z2 i'11/4 )) ',Icqjueft w'fiiCT~I ~J'~t croe d'irsct; towalodsl'ijicrmv~~nt,1 tlv2 . c~fficlricy oj+ tho e csnrint ri n/(;-P hen~tinr; and of~ the1)C, I olfwt-icC IC'L'..C'ti(,n. crmputez' sjim.iat I cn inrlicacded th.,.t Lt'r:..in

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Uluirmal cvcel.otron mnotion atu o through, thev ap, ied inhorn.'no(ills 111'1fr.!iterc fti..5; at w + Se s C i e)aj h,.

r-Pil -Il I.:. On-.) e fX'(cueflcy .( + W, '2 Dehr~lt and vaalIs, 196.)lk'wver ~ ., o~ cf~Ct the zicro-environ~n othe e12. ntrcri

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porcnt:l:, but in ;w.:tv.Wo attribu ~e the tc: to loss of'sinct-Io 01ct)-ro s.i wit-1-h a-n intbJ~ydue o s. ign.rvc~of' dIV 7 / accurrin:; at >.2 eV. At a ].ower ua and u, = .2 pV the

ltt~;tJ~Ji(~~ O t ~iaiyto -, single elec~roai hus !.oon observedcoritimac;.-.1y fo;? ays. As a first ap)plicatiJan the cyclotron refo-nance rmc22 C;11,/.a obser-,eJ ca tLhis "moioelcctron o ;cillato*"

(MiO).A triC!ger toehnique based on cncrr-.y trun,;fcr frun 'tie exci1ted.cyci~otron ituot ion fi~.a : colli ,-ion to the axial m~otio'n retiay

dri-ve )J; 2%'.. wns u,-d FOr the _-Lrpose' of Manitorn; cyc).otron rn~pp.n qu ar! umn nam-bers n, :a of. thc !4i1O, Dehcld,ct &L",,trc:. (1.973b) hzocpr~ooted to superirnp _-e a n!,w-Alic bottle; H1B 1 300 G doep., over zTheI-'rnJ*.,-,c; tra~p fieldc. For cur .-tandare, trzm thirz ,muld calase a shifLt

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tia. Tc~'c~;~it ix.Cud e proz-Si-lC to Jiterly w'*th the 14EQ j,,)i-pfrom9 on I ~ oet nte a M:XQ lincnwid0th Av., 11lz havi nG be

(tnofl, L rcat c: d rcont1,y 5!i~2.r --1. , ?.975). A i)roblc';a., rc'mainainr isthe j!,!-; he)tween thle cyclot:ron n:otion arid -the "fr.- r;ae"adi-catia o:' ield. A c-olut ic;, mlght be t.o'cncloze t Ii trap in a nal.

t1;i~th~i-Q croavecavit:, an-7 to choo~se v thu s tc.: deccur,!Qtile 1:1:0 iu~: js;bJC7*.' hc fo0: rizuonInt :~~c~ the Cavityc arnt zi 't Th':, e,-C.-Lct ajoi~ns to oUlth l(! to J, K. To

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BLOOJI, F. (1953). Physica 19, 821.BYRNE, J. (1963). Can. J. Phys. h, 1571.CHURCH, D. A. & -0?MI, B. (1971). Z. Physik 24b, 6.DEw4T, H. (1961). rrogress Report 1SF-G5955, May 1961, "Spin =Rcsonhnce of Free Electrons".DEJIMELT, Hi. (1962), Bull. A.P.S. 7, 170.DEBMELT, H. (1967 ?- 1969). Adv. Atom. & Mol. P hysics, 3- 5.(Academic Press).DEEET, H. & MAJOR, F. C. (1962). Phys. Rev. Letters 8, 213.D ,7', 1. & A.-ALTS F. (1968). Fnys. Rev. Letters 21, 127.

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DEIM-4EIT, H. & EKSTROJ, P., UT"' , P. & VZ DICK, R. (197h). Bull.A.P.S. 39, 63.FAII K b.H.,HI Y, C. ?":tW" q. ?A

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