DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE:

NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S

I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010)

A THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the completion of Getting the Postgraduate Degree in Language Study

Program

Proposed by:

NORMININGSIH FITRIANI S 200 110 020

MAGISTER PROGRAM OF LANGUAGE STUDY

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

2014

ii

Note of Advisor I

Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto

Lecturer of Magister of Language Study Post Graduate Program

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta

Official Note on Norminingsih Fitriani’s Thesis

Dear

The Director of Graduate Program of Magister of Language StudyPost

Graduate Program of Surakarta Muhammadyah University

Having read, examined, corrected and necessary revised towards the

thesis of;

Name : Norminingsih Fitriani

Student number : S 200 110 029

Study program : English language Study

Focus on : Literature

Tittle : DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD

BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE

MINOUI’SI AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND

DIVORCED (2010)

I agree that the thesis is to be examined by the board of examiner in the

magister of Language Study Post Graduate Program of Surakarta

Muhammadyah University.

Surakarta,......January 2014

Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto

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Note of Advisor II

Dr.Phil. Dewi Chandraningrum, M. Ed

Lecturer of Magister of LanguageStudy Post Graduate Program

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta

Official Note on Norminingsih Fitriani’s Thesis

Dear

The Director of Graduate Program of Magister of Language StudyPost

Graduate Program of Surakarta Muhammadyah University

Having read, examined, corrected and necessary revised towards the

thesis of;

Name : Norminingsih Fitriani

Student number : S 200 110 029

Study program : English language Study

Focus on : Literature

Tittle : DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD

BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE

MINOUI’S I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND

DIVORCED (2010)

I agree that the thesis is to be examined by the board of examiner in the magister of Language Study Post Graduate Program of Surakarta Muhammadyah University.

Surakarta,... January 2014

Dr.Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed

iv

APPROVAL

This thesis entitled

DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S

AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S

I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010)

Proposed by:

NORMININGSIH FITRIANI

S 200 110 020

This thesis has been approved by the advisors to be examined by the

board of examiners on :

Day : ……………………..

Date : ……………………….

First advisor Second advisor

Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto

Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum,M.Ed

v

PRONOUNCEMENT

Iam the researcher of this thesis

Name : Norminingsih Fitriani

Student number : S 200110020

Study program : English Language Study

Focus on : Literature

Tittle : DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE:

NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’SI AM

NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010)

I certify that this thesis is definitely my own work and completely

responsible for its content. Quotation from other authors has been

conducted accordingly.

Surakarta, January06, 2014

Sincerely,

Norminingsih Fitriani

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MOTTO

Katakanlah, Alloh menyelamatkan kamu daripada

bencana itu dan dari macam kesusahan

ϖ Al – an’am: 64

Seorang mukmin itu seluruh perkara dalam hidupnya bernilai positif

Apabila iamendapat kemudahan, maka ia bersyukur. Itu baik baginya

Apabila ia ditimpa kesulitan, maka ia bersabar. Itupun juga baik

baginya.

ϖ Hadist

Whatever you are, be a good one

ϖ Abraham Lincoln

Life is like riding a bicycle - in order to keep your balance,

you must keep moving

ϖ Albert Einstein

Keindahan adalah keindahan akhlaq, kecantikan adalah

kecantikan perilaku, dan kecerdasan adalah kecerdasan akal.

ϖ RV

vii

DEDICATION

For

� Her dearest father and mother

� Her beloved Brothers and sisters

� Her sweetie niece and nephew

� Her best friend

viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Bismillahirrahmaanirrahiim

Assalaamu’alaikum wr.wb.

Alhamdulillahirrahmaanirrahiim, praise and gratitude to the most

Merciful Allah Ta’ala, for blessing the writer in finishing this Thesis entitled

DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD AL I’S

AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED

(2010) as one of the requirement for getting the Postgraduate Degree in

Language Study Program. The researcher does not forget to praise to the

messenger, our prophet Muhammad S A W, and his followers.

The writer really realizes that she cannot finish this research

because of great attention, motivation, material, and support given by her

parents, relatives, beloved ones, friends, and others. In addition, the writer

also thanks much to the people who helped her to complete this research

paper. Therefore, the writer wants to dedicatee her sincerest gratitude for

all them.

The writer would like to express her appreciation to those ones.

They are: Prof. Dr. Markhamah, M. Hum , as the Dean of Magister of

Language Study. The next is Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto , as the first

consultant for his kindness in guiding, helping, teaching to the writer and

also Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M.Ed , as the second consultant for

the her patience in guiding the writer to complete this thesis. With the third

ix

examiner Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S from the button of her hearth, the writer

would like to devote her everlasting mercy and َركَ �ُ ِ�ْ�ك�ًرا َ�َزاكَ �ُ َ�ْ�ًرا َ���

Her Dearest one ayah Sumarwan Edy Sukamto for everything

dedicated n’ loves to the writer and her best mother in this world Romijati,

Mama, vie loves you so much and thankfulness for your never ending

loves and cares. Her beloved brothers “Zuhdy Ngainul Yasin & Imam

Haris Rifa’I ”, Respectful for her beloved sisters in law “Sumiyati & Wahyu

Susilowati ”, for their support, help, praying to the writer. And her lovely

niece “Yasmi Ngainun Nazwa ” ”, for sweetest smiles and lovely moments

for the writer n’ her nephew “Rosikhan Fil’ilmi El Rifa ’ look at the “Mack

Queen” he can runs fast! Be like him ya my dear Oci.

Her Lovely friends on “D’ ANISSA “BELOVED” BOARDINGHOUSE”

her beloved bebi Silvi Nikmatin, d’ mey hihiii Alhamdulillah I can finished it

darling’, thanks. Mak Wie and mak N’drue, her roommate d Nun, the best

Imah in her own show, d’ Lies as a greatest singer in the bathroom. Mb

Ciek n d’ nur, keep spirit ya dear. Thanks for prays, supports, helps, and

sweet days ever after. I am nothing without you are. We never separated

for any reason. Let’s draw our dream Sista.

Her best “EmPebeels” her beloved sista Allen Rufaida , Keep on

the track sista, I lop u so much n’mbak Lia and mb Metta; vie will never

forget you. Bravo for Pak WA”ONE”, we are like as a fighter in facing each

step of our effort for this final assignment “THESIS” and your “Love,

Hatred And Death Reflected In Romeo And Juliet Movie Directed By

x

Bazman Luhrmann (1996) : A Dynamic Structuralism Approach” is a great

inspiration for her thesis.

Vie will also never forget Her friends in “Magister Pengkajian

Bahasa” ; brother n’ sista, mbak ‘e TATIK, never ending fighting ya sista

and mas bro M. Huda and all dearest friends that cant be mentioned one

by one for supporting “keep move FORWARD bro n sist!!!!”

The last is Her “Lupy Blue ” Motorcycle, Thank for the journey

around her wants, her Notebook “thoto”, for the saving of the files and

the songs (coloring my days, and releasing my “mad mind”)

No work can be done perfectly, nor can this research paper. The

writer expects that this research paper will become useful for the

development of academic study and the following research.

Wassalaamu’alaikum wr.wb.

Surakarta, February …. , 2014

The Writer

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TABLE OF CONTENT

THE TITTLE OF THE RESEARCH .......................................................... i

NOTE OF ADVISOR I ............................................................................... ii

NOTE OF ADVISOR II .............................................................................. iii

APPROVAL............................................................................................... iv

PRONOUNCEMENT ................................................................................ v

MOTTO .................................................................................................... vi

DEDICATION ............................................................................................ vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................... viii

TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................. xi

ABSTRAK ................................................................................................. xv

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... xix

LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................ xx

LIST OF FIGURE ..................................................................................... xxi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ........................................ 1

B. Literature Review ..................................................... 7

C. Problem Statement ................................................. 14

D. Limitation of the Study ............................................. 14

E. Objective of the Study .............................................. 15

F. The Benefits of the Study ........................................ 15

G. Research Method .................................................... 17

1. Type of the Study ............................................... 17

2. Object of the Study ............................................. 17

3. Data and Data Source ........................................ 18

4. Technique of Data Collection ............................. 18

5. Technique of Data Analysis ................................ 19

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H. Research Paper Organization ................................. 20

CHAPTER II UNDERLYING THEORY ............................................... 23

A. Sociology of Society ............................................... 24

1. Notion of Sociology Approach ........................... 24

2. Major Principle of Sociology of Literature .......... 27

a. Sociology of Society ..................................... 29

b. Sociology of the Author ................................ 29

c. Literary Work and Readers’ Response ........ 31

B. Feminism ................................................................ 33

1. Notion of Feminism ........................................... 33

2. Feminism and patriarchy ................................... 35

3. Second Sex ....................................................... 37

a. The notion of the second sex ....................... 37

b. Oppression Against Women ........................ 38

c. Child Bride .................................................... 40

1) The notion of Child Bride ......................... 40

2) Child Bride and Effects ............................ 43

a) Child Marriage and Education ............ 43

b) Child Marriage and Health .................. 43

c) Child Marriage and Violence

against Women .................................. 44

3) Distress .................................................... 44

4. Revenge Idea ..................................................... 45

CHAPTER III SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE

YEMENI SOCIETY AT THE LATEST TWENTY

CENTURY AND EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY .. 48

A. Seven Culture Universe ........................................... 50

1. Human Life Equipment, Supplies and

Technology ......................................................... 50

2. Livelihood and Economic System ....................... 52

3. Societal System .................................................. 54

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4. Language System .............................................. 56

5. Artistic Aspect..................................................... 58

6. Science or knowledge aspect ............................. 62

7. Religious Aspect ................................................. 67

B. Legal Aspect of Marriage ......................................... 70

1. Islah and Syariah; the law is not enforced .......... 70

2. Save Age; Push to end Violence Against

Women ............................................................... 74

CHAPTER IV WOMAN CONDITION: EARLY MARRIAGE IS

HORRENDOUS SOCIAL FACTAT “THE END OF

THE EARTH”................................................................. 78

A. DelphineMinoui; Reveals Saga of Yemeni

Distress on Divorced at Age 10 ............................... 78

B. Nujood Ali: Yemeni Child Bride and Divorced In

2008 ......................................................................... 85

C. Early Marriage: Tribal Custom in Yemen ................. 91

1. The Notion of Tribal custom ............................... 91

2. The Existences of tribal custom in Yemen ......... 93

3. Early Marriage .................................................... 99

a. Legal Aspect of Marriage in Yemen .............. 99

b. Nujood Ali; Marriage means one less

mouth ............................................................ 103

1) Poverty aspect ........................................ 103

2) Virginity Means Honor ............................. 108

3) Gender Discrimination ............................. 111

4) Inadequate Laws ..................................... 112

5) Trafficking ................................................ 114

c. Nujood Ali; Divorce before Puberty ............... 116

D. Khat; A Cultural Phenomenon in Yemen ................. 120

1. Khat description .................................................. 112

2. Culture of khat in Yemen .................................... 127

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a. Historical of khat ........................................... 127

b. Khat and Islamic Perspective ........................ 130

c. Cause and effect in consuming khat ............. 135

3. Author Point of View ........................................... 138

CHAPTER V DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD

BRIDE; PITFALL OF PATRIARCHY, WOMEN IS

THE OTHER HUMAN BEING ....................................... 140

A. Pitfall of patriarchy in I Am Nujood, Age 10 and

Divorced .................................................................. 141

1. Patriarchy Pitfall of Omma’s Life ........................ 141

2. Patriarchy pitfall of Jammila’s and Mona’s

life ....................................................................... 145

3. Patriarchy pitfall of Dowla’s life ........................... 148

4. Patriarchy Pitfall of Nujood Ali’s life .................... 150

a. Great Outdoors; Nujood’s School in

Khardji ........................................................... 150

b. Faez Ali Thamer; He is a man three

times my age ................................................. 154

B. Revenge Idea; A divorce party--that's really

better than a wedding party! .................................... 162

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................. 167

A. Conclusion ............................................................... 167

B. Educational Implication ............................................ 168

C. Suggestion ............................................................... 170

APPENDICES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ABSTRACT

Norminingsih Fitriani, S 200 110 020, 2014. DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010). Thesis. Magister of Language Study. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Advisors (1) Prof. DR. C Bakdi Sumanto, (2) Dr.Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M.Ed

I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced is a memoir which tells the struggle of a woman who fight for woman and child rights. They are learning how to get their needs and gave inspiration to many people generally and to Yemeni especially. Nujood is seen as a little girl around poor and illiteracy ecosystem class who looks full of spirit, courageous and she becomes the hero. Her family is against her, but many people support her. Based on the reason, the author chooses the title Distress and Protest Against Child Bride: Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, age 10 and Divorced (2010).

The researcher tries to analyze one of the Yemeni culture especially Child marriage in Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced. The researcher wants to know more about the story that appears Nujood’s life. Based on the background of the study, the statements of the problems can be formulated as follows: 1) How is the social and historical background of the Yemeni Society in the Latest Twenty Century and Early of Twenty-First Century?, 2) How are the women condition mirrored at Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced (2010)?, 3) How is distress reflected in Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced (2010)? And How is protest against child bride reflected in Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced (2010)?.

Theoretical approach being used is by using sociological and feminist frameworks. First, investigates the memoir using sociological analysis to investigate the women condition mirrored by Nujood in the story. Therefore, the study will explore the social and historical background of the Yemeni Society by using C. Kluckhohn theory to understand Culture in Yemen. The next is formulate concept of patriarchy which caused oppression by using the Second Sex point of view and it’s also to explore the protest against of child bride.

Results of the study show the following conclusions: first, The Constitution of Yemen states that Islam is the official state religion of the country, but it also guarantees freedom of religion but the fact condition in rural area is the depression because of tribal custom, that is early marriage especially for child bride and the revenge idea by the major female character participation in the society to understanding the human

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right especially for woman right, role and childcare. Second, the researcher suggests that any future researcher to understand that the destiny as a woman becomes a wife and who serves her husband and becomes a mother who gave birth to and take care of the children and keep the family name or family honor. These all is undertaken without any oppression or force.

Keywords: I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced, Sociological approach, Tribal custom, Second Sex, Revenge idea.

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ABSTRAK

Norminingsih Fitriani, S 200 110 020, 2014. DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010). Thesis. Magister Pengkajian Bahasa. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Pembimbing I: Prof. DR. C Bakdi Sumanto. Pembimbing II: Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M.Ed

I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced adalah novel yang menceritakan perjuangan seorang wanita yang memperjuangkan hak perempuan dan anak. Mereka belajar bagaimana untuk mendapatkan kebutuhan yaitu hak mereka dan memberikan inspirasi bagi banyak orang pada umumnya dan orang Yaman pada khususnya. Nujood dipandang sebagai seorang gadis kecil sekitar kemiskinan dan buta huruf yang terlihat penuh semangat, berani dan dia menjadi pahlawan. Pertentangan Keluarganya Terhadap dirinya, tetapi banyak orang mendukungnya.Berdasarkan alasan tersebut, penulis memilih judul Distress and Protest Against Child Bride: Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced (2010).

Peneliti ini mencoba untuk menganalisis salah satu budaya Yaman terutama pernikahan anak, penulis Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui dalam novelnya“I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced”. Peneliti ingin mengetahui lebih banyak tentang cerita yang muncul dalam kehidupan Nujood. Berdasarkan latarbelakang penelitian, laporan masalah dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut: 1) Bagaimana latar belakang social dan sejarah dari Masyarakat Yaman di akhirabad keduapuluh dan awal abad keduapuluhsatu, 2) Bagaimana kondisi perempuan yang tercermin oleh Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui dalam buku“I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced” (2010)?, 3) Bagaimana penderitaan yang tercermin dalam Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui“I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced” ( 2010 ) ? Dan Bagaimana protes terhadap pernikahan anak yang tercermin dalam Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui “I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced” ( 2010 ) ? .

Pendekatan teoretis yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan kerangka sosiologis dan feminis. Pertama, menyelidiki novel menggunakan analisis sosiologis untuk menyelidiki kondisi perempuan dicerminkan oleh Nujood dalam cerita. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan mengeksplorasi latar belakang social dan sejarah dari Yaman Masyarakat dengan menggunakan teori C. Kluckhohn untuk memahami Budaya di Yaman. Yang berikutnya adalah konsep patriarki yang menyebabkan penindasan dengan menggunakan titik pandang Second Sex dan juga perumusan yang mengeksplorasi protes terhadap pernikahan anak.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kesimpulan berikut: pertama, Konstitusi Yaman menyatakan bahwa Islam adalah agama resmi negara, tetapi juga menjamin kebebasan beragama, tetapi kondisi sebenarnya di

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daerah pedesaan adalah penekanan karena adat suku terutama pernikahandini yang dialami banyak gadis kecildan ide balas dendam oleh partisipasi karakter wanita utama dalam masyarakat untuk memahami manusia yang tepat terutama untuk hak dan peran perempuan dan perhatian untuk anak. Kedua, peneliti menunjukkan bahwa setiap peneliti selanjutnya untuk memahami bahwa nasib sebagai seorang wanita menjadi istri dan yang melayani suami serta menjadi seorang ibu yang melahirkan dan mengurus anak-anak dan juga menjaga namake luarga atau kehormatan keluarga. Ini semua dilakukan bukan karena penindasan atau paksaan.

Kata kunci:I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced, pendekatan sosiologis, Tujuh Kategori universal Kebudayaan, Adatsuku, Second Sex, dan ide balas dendam.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AHDR : Arab Human Development Report

ASEAN : Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BBC : World Service

BNN : Badan Narkotika Nasional

EMCDDA : European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction

HRW : Human Right Watch

ICRW : International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)

IRIN : Integrated Regional Information Networks

SJC : Supreme Judicial Council

UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization

UNICEF :United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.

UNFPA : United Nations Population Fund

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LIST OF TABLE

Figure 3.1 The grade and the age of Yemeni Student 64

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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 4.1: Khat 125