distance vactor routing protocol igrp
TRANSCRIPT
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 1/67
Ch. 7 – Distance Vector Routing ProtocolsPart 2 of 2: Distance Vector Routing and
IGRP
CCNA version 1.0Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 2/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 2
Note to instructors
• If you have downloaded this presentation from the Cisco NetworkingAcademy Community FTP Center, this may not be my latest version of this PowerPoint.
• For the latest PowerPoints for all my CCNA, CCNP, and Wirelessclasses, please go to my web site:
http://www.cabrillo.cc.ca.us/~rgraziani/• The username is cisco and the password is perlman for all of
my materials.• If you have any questions on any of my materials or the curriculum,
please feel free to email me at [email protected] (I really don’tmind helping.) Also, if you run across any typos or errors in mypresentations, please let me know.
• I will add “(Updated – date )” next to each presentation on my web sitethat has been updated since these have been uploaded to the FTPcenter.
Thanks! Rick
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 3/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 3
IGRP Features
• IGRP is a distance vector routing protocol developed by Cisco.• IGRP sends routing updates at 90 second intervals, advertising
networks for a particular autonomous system.
• Key design characteristics of IGRP are a follows: – The versatility to automatically handle indefinite, complex
topologies – The flexibility needed to segment with different bandwidth and
delay characteristics
– Scalability for functioning in very large networks
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 4/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 4
IGRP Features
• By default, the IGRP routing protocol uses bandwidth and delay asmetrics.
• Additionally, IGRP can be configured to use a combination of variables
to determine a composite metric.• Those variables include:
– Bandwidth – Delay – Load – Reliability
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 5/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 5
IGRP Metrics
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 6/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 6
IGRP Metrics
• The metrics that IGRP uses are: – Bandwidth – The lowest bandwidth value in the path – Delay – The cumulative interface delay along the path – Reliability – The reliability on the link towards the destination as
determined by the exchange of keepalives
– Load – The load on a link towards the destination based on bits per second – NO… MTU – The Maximum Transmission Unit value of the path.
MTU has never been used by IGRP or EIGRP as a routingmetric.
• IGRP has an administrative distance of 100 , more “trustworthy” thanRIP at 120.
• This means a Cisco router will prefer an IGRP learned route over aRIP learned route to the same network.
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 7/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 7
Administrative Distances
Cisco Default Administrative Distances
Route Source Administrative DistanceConnected interface
Static Route
EIGRP summary route
External BGP
EIGRP
IGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
RIPEGP
External EIGRP
Internal BGP
Unknown
0
1
5
20
90
100
110
115
120140
170
200
255
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 8/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 8
IGRP Metrics
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 9/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 9
IGRP Routes
• Interior “Interior routes are routes between subnets of a network attached to arouter interface. If the network attached to a router is not subnetted,IGRP does not advertise interior routes.”
• Clarification• IGRP also advertises three types of routes:
– interior, system, and exterior.• Interior routes are routes between subnets in the network attached to a
router interface.• If the network attached to a router is not subnetted, IGRP does not
advertise interior routes.
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 10/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 10
IGRP Routes
• System“System routes are routes to networks within an autonomous system.The Cisco IOS software derives system routes from directly connectednetwork interfaces and system route information provided by other IGRP-speaking routers or access servers. System routes do not includesubnet information.”
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 11/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 11
IGRP Routes
• Exterior “Exterior routes are routes to networks outside the autonomous systemthat are considered when identifying a gateway of last resort. The CiscoIOS software chooses a gateway of last resort from the list of exterior routes that IGRP provides. The software uses the gateway (router) of last resort if a better route is not found and the destination is not aconnected network. If the autonomous system has more than oneconnection to an external network, different routers can choosedifferent exterior routers as the gateway of last resort.”
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 12/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 12
IGRP Timers
• IGRP has a number of features that are designed to enhance itsstability, such as: – Holddowns – Split horizons – Poison reverse updates
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 13/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 13
IGRPTimers
• The update timer specifies how frequently routing update messagesshould be sent.
• The IGRP default for this variable is 90 seconds .• A random jitter variable of 20% is subtracted from each update time to
prevent update timer synchronization.• IGRP updates will vary from 72 to 90 seconds.
Update timer
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 14/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 14
IGRPTimers
• The invalid timer specifies how long a router should wait in the absenceof routing-update messages about a specific route before declaring thatroute invalid (unreachable), but still in the routing table .
• The IGRP default for this variable is three times the update period or 270 seconds .
• Then placed in the holddown state.• “If I haven’t heard from you in 270 seconds, I am considering this route
as unreachable, I will start the holddown timer, but I will keep it in theroutin table until the flush timer ex ires.”
Invalid timer
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 15/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 15
IGRPTimers
• The holddown timer specifies the amount of time for whichinformation about poorer routes are ignored.
• Zinin: “Holddown specifies the number of seconds that a route mustspend in holddown state after expiration of the Invalid Timer.”
• The IGRP default for this variable is three times the update timer period plus 10 seconds = 280 seconds .
• The original route is still in the routing table but marked asunreachable, until the flush timer expires.
Holddowntimer
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 16/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 16
IGRPTimers
• Finally, the flush timer indicates how much time should pass before a route isflushed from the routing table.
• The IGRP default is seven times the routing update timer or 630 seconds .• Zinin: “Flush specifies the number of seconds that a route must remain in the
routing table in the garbage collection state after it exits the holddown state.”
• Each time an update is received the invalid and flush timers are reset .• If the invalid timer expires before another update is heard, the route is marked
as unreachable , but remains in the routing table.• If the flush timer then expires before another update is heard, the route will be
deleted from the routing table .
Flush timer
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 17/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 17
IGRP Timers
• Update timer : how frequently routing update messages should be sent• Invalid timer : how long a router should wait in the absence of routing-update messages
about a specific route before declaring that route invalid (unreachable), but still in therouting table
• Holddown timer : specifies the amount of time for which information about poorer routesare ignored.
• Flush timer : how much time should pass before a route is flushed from the routing table
90 secs – Update and Invalid timers are then reset.Update
270 secs - Invalid timer expires, route now“unreachable” but still in routing table until flush timer expires. Holddown timer of 280 sec begins.
Invalid
280 secs – Holddown timer
expires, will now accept a poorer route tosame network. Still in routing table
Holddown
630 secs –Route will now beremoved from therouting table.
FlushMy testing shows that the flush timer startsafter the first 90 second update is missed.
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 18/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 18
IGRPTimers
• All timers begin at the same time. – Update timer = 90 seconds – Invalid timer = 270 seconds – Holddown timer = 280 seconds – Flush timer = 630 seconds
• Today, IGRP is showing its age, it lacks support for variable lengthsubnet masks (VLSM).
• Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) supports VLSM.
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 19/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 19
Configuring IGRP
• Same network commands as RIP.• IGRP “AS” number must be the same on all routers.
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 20/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 20
Configuring IGRP
timers basic (IGRP)• To adjust Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
network timers, use the timers basic router configurationcommand. To restore the default timers, use the no form of this command.
Router(config-router)# router igrp 100Router(config-router)# timers basic update invalid holddown
flush [ sleeptime ]Router(config-router)# no timers basic
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 21/67
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 22/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 22
Verifying IGRP
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 23/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 23
Verifying IGRP
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 24/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 24
Verifying IGRP
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 25/67Rick Graziani [email protected] 25
Verifying IGRP
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 26/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 26
Verifying IGRP
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 27/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 27
Troubleshooting IGRP
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 28/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 28
Troubleshooting IGRP
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 29/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 29
Troubleshooting IGRP
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 30/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 30
Rick’s extra information on autonomous systems …(FYIonly!)
Two types of autonomous systems:1. Process domain2. Routing domain
Domains…
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 31/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 31
Process domain• A single IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) process that is
autonomous from other IGP processes.
IGRP autonomous systems are also known as a processdomains.
Redistribution is used to route between these types of
autonomous systems.
Domains…
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 32/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 32
Routing domain• A system of one or more IGPs (Interior Gateway
Protocols) that is autonomous from other IGP
systems.
• An EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) like BGP is usedto route between these types of autonomous systems.
Domains…
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 33/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 33
R o u t e r R o u t e r
R o u t e r
R o u t e r
R o u t e r R o u t e r
R o u t e r
R o u t e r R o u t e r
R o u t e r
R o u t e r
B G P
A S 9 0
A S 1 0
I G R P 4 0I G R P 3 0
P r o c e s s D o m a i n
P r o c e s s D o m a i n
R o u t i n g D o m a i n
R o u t i n g D o m a i n
T w o T y p e s o f A u t o n o m o u s S y s t e m s :P r o c e s s D o m a i n s a n d R o u t in g D o m a i n s
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 34/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 34
Summary
But there is still more!
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 35/67
IGRP Metric Information (and for EIGRP as well!)
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 36/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 36
The metrics used by IGRP in making routing decisions are (lower the metric the
better):• bandwidth• delay• load• reliability
By default, IGRP uses only:• Bandwidth• Delay
Analogies :
Think of bandwidth as the width of the pipeand
delay as the length of the pipe .
• Bandwidth is a the carrying capacity
• Delay is the end-to-end travel time .
Metric Calculation
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 37/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 37
If these are the default:
• bandwidth (default)• delay (default)
When are these used?• load• reliability
Only when configured by the network administrator to do so!IGRP also tracks (but does not use in its metric calculation):• MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)• Hop Count
Use show interface command to view the metrics used on a specific interfacethat is routing EIGRP.
• These are the raw values .
Metric Calculation
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 38/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 38
Router> show interfaces s1/0Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is QUICC SerialDescription: Out to VERIOInternet address is 207.21.113.186/30
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,rely 255/255, load 246/255
Encapsulation PPP, loopback not setKeepalive set (10 sec)
<output omitted>
bandwidth delay
reliability load
Metric Calculation
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 39/67
Rick Graziani [email protected]
Metric Calculation (Review)
EIGRP
– k1 for bandwidth – k2 for load – k3 for delay – k4 and k5 for Reliability
Router(config-router)# metricweights tos k1 k2 k3 k4 k5
bandwidth is in kbps
Bandwidth BW IGRP DLY IGRP
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 40/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 40
Media
BandwidthK= kilobits
BW IGRP
10,000,000/Bandwidth DelayDLY IGRP
Delay/10
100M ATM 100,000K 100 100 µ S 10Fast Ethernet 100,000K 100 100 µ S 10FDDI 100,000 100 100 µ S 10HSSI 45,045K 222 20,000 µ S 2,00016M Token Ring 16,000K 625 630 µ S 63
Ethernet 10,000K 1,000 1,000 µ S 100T1 (Serial Default) 1,544K 6,476 20,000 µ S 2,000512K 512K 19,531 20,000 µ S 2,000DS0 64K 156,250 20,000 µ S 2,00056K 56K 178,571 20,000 µ S 2,000
BW IGRP and DLY IGRP display values as sent in IGRP updates and used in calculatingthe IGRP metric.
MediaBandwidthK= kilobits
BW EIGRP
10,000,000/Bandwidth
*256 Delay
DLY EIGRPDelay/10
*256
100M ATM 100,000K 25,600 100 µ S 2,560Fast Ethernet 100,000K 25,600 100 µ S 2,560FDDI 100,000K 25,600 100 µ S 2,560HSSI 45,045K 56,832 20,000 µ S 512,00016M Token Ring 16,000K 160,000 630 µ S 16,128Ethernet 10,000K 256,000 1,000 µ S 25,600T1 (SerialDefault)
1,544K 1,657,856 20,000 µ S 512,000
512K 512K 4,999,936 20,000 µ S 512,000DS0 64K 40,000,000 20,000 µ S 512,00056K 56K 45,714,176 20,000 µ S 512,000
BW EIGRP and DLY EIGRP display values as sent in EIGRP updates and used incalculating the EIGRP metric.
Viva la
difference!
IGRP
EIGRP
Calculated values(cumulative) displayedin routing table (showip route).
EIGRP values are 256times greater.
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 41/67
Rick Graziani [email protected]
Displaying Interface Values
shows reliability as a fraction of 255, for example (higher is better):
rely 190/255 (or 74% reliability)rely 234/255 (or 92% reliability)rely 255/255 (or 100% reliability)
Router> show interface s0/0Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is QUICC SerialDescription: Out to VERIOInternet address is 207.21.113.186/30MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,
rely 255/255, load 246/255Encapsulation PPP, loopback not setKeepalive set (10 sec)
<output omitted>
Bandwidth Delay
Reliability Load
shows load as a fraction of 255, for example (lower is better):
load 10/255 (or 3% loaded link)load 40/255 (or 16% loaded link)load 255/255 (or 100% loaded link)
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 42/67
Rick Graziani [email protected]
Displaying Interface Values
Router> show interface s0/0Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is QUICC SerialDescription: Out to VERIOInternet address is 207.21.113.186/30MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,
rely 255/255, load 246/255Encapsulation PPP, loopback not setKeepalive set (10 sec)
<output omitted>
Bandwidth Delay
Reliability Load
Routing Table Metric• Default: Slowest of bandwidth plus the sum of the delays of
all outgoing interfaces from “this router” to the destinationnetwork.
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 43/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 43
Bandwidth
• Expressed in kilobits (show interface )• This is a static number and used for metric calculations only.• Does not necessarily reflect the actual bandwidth of the link.• It is an information parameter only .• You cannot adjust the actual bandwidth on an interface with this command.
• Use the show interface command to display the raw value
The default values:• Default bandwidth of a Cisco interface depends on the type of interface.
• Default bandwidth of a Cisco serial interface is 1544 kilobits or 1,544,000bps (T1), whether that interface is attached to a T1 line (1.544 Mbps) or a 56Kline.
• IGRP metric uses the slowest bandwidth of all of the outbound interfaces to
the destination network.
Metric Calculation
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 44/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 44
Changing the bandwidth informational parameter:
The bandwidth can be changed using: Router(config-if)# bandwidth kilobits
To restore the default value:Router(config-if)# no bandwidth
Metric Calculation
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 45/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 45
Delay
• Like bandwidth, delay it is a static number .• Expressed in microseconds , millionths of a second • (Uses the Greek letter mu with an S, µ S, NOT “ms” which is millisecond or
thousandths of a second )• Use the show interface command to display the raw value
• It is an information parameter only .
The default values:• The default delay value of a Cisco interface depends upon the type of
interface .
• Default delay of a Cisco serial interface is 20,000 microseconds , that of a T1line.
• IGRP metric uses the sum of all of the delays of all of the outbound interfaces
to the destination network.
Metric Calculation
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 46/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 46
Changing the delay informational parameter:
The delay can be changed using: Router(config-if)# delay tens-of- µ S
(microseconds)
Example of changing the delay on a serial interface to 30,000microseconds :Router(config-if)# delay 3000
To restore the 20,000 microsecond default value:Router(config-if)# no delay
Metric Calculation
l l
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 47/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 47
IGRP
• bandwidth = (10,000,000/ bandwidth )• delay = delay /10
Note: EIGRP• bandwidth = (10,000,000/ bandwidth ) * 256• delay = ( delay /10) * 256
Note: The reference-bandwidth
For both IGRP and EIGRP: 10 7, (10,000,000/bandwidth kbps), whereas
with OSPF it was 10 8 (100,000,000/bandwidth)
The difference :• IGRP metric is 24 bits long• EIGRP metric is 32 bits long• EIGRP metric is 256 times greater for the same route• EIGRP allows for finer comparison of potential routes
Metric Calculation
IGRP M t i
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 48/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 48
Media
BandwidthK= kilobits
BW IGRP
10,000,000/Bandwidth DelayDLY IGRP
Delay/10
100M ATM 100,000K 100 100 µ S 10Fast Ethernet 100,000K 100 100 µ S 10FDDI 100,000 100 100 µ S 10
HSSI 45,045K 222 20,000 µ S 2,00016M Token Ring 16,000K 625 630 µ S 63Ethernet 10,000K 1,000 1,000 µ S 100T1 (Serial Default) 1,544K 6,476 20,000 µ S 2,000512K 512K 19,531 20,000 µ S 2,000DS0 64K 156,250 20,000 µ S 2,00056K 56K 178,571 20,000 µ S 2,000
BW IGRP and DLY IGRP display values as sent in IGRP updates and used in calculatingthe IGRP metric.
IGRP Metrics
Values displayed in show interfacecommands and sent in routing updates.
Calculated values (cumulative) displayed in routing table(show ip route). EIGRP values are 256 times greater.
M i C l l i
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 49/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 49
Router> show interfaces s1/0Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is QUICC SerialDescription: Out to VERIOInternet address is 207.21.113.186/30
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,rely 255/255, load 246/255
Encapsulation PPP, loopback not setKeepalive set (10 sec)
<output omitted>
bandwidth delay
reliability load
Metric Calculation
F C bl 172 20 40 0/24
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 50/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 50
Casablanca Teheran Quebec
Yalta
172.25.1.0/24172.20.4.0/24172.20.2.0/24
172.20.40.0/24
Legend :BandwidthDelay
1,000100
1,000100
1,000100 6,4762,000
6,4762,000
19,531
2,000
19,531
2,000
1,000100
172.20.20.0/24Bandwidth (lowest or minimum)slowest bandwidth: Quebec= 19,531
Delay (sum of outgoing interfaces)= 100+2,000+2,000+100= 4,200
Metric = 19,531 + 4,200= 23,731
Using the Calculated Values
From Casablanca to 172.20.40.0/24
F C bl 172 20 40 0/24
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 51/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 51
Using BW IGRP and DLY IGRP to calculate the IGRP metric:
The slowest bandwidth has the highest BW IGRP value.
IGRP metric= highest BW IGRP + total of the DLY IGRP
= 19,531 + (100 + 2,000 + 2,000 + 100)= 19,531 + 4,200
= 23,731
From Casablanca to 172.20.40.0/24
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 52/67
Calculating the IGRP MetricUsing the
Raw Values:Bandwidth and Delay
F C bl t 172 20 40 0/24
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 53/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 53
C a s a b la n c a T e h e r a n Q u e b e c
Y a l ta
1 7 2 . 2 5 . 1 . 0 / 2 41 7 2 . 2 0 . 4 . 0 / 2 41 7 2 . 2 0 . 2 . 0 / 2 4
1 7 2 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 0 / 2 4
L e g e n d:B a n d w i d t hD e l a y
1 0 , 0 0 0 K1 , 0 0 0 u S
1 0 , 0 0 0 K1 , 0 0 0 u S
1 0 , 0 0 0 K1 , 0 0 0 u S
1 , 5 4 4 K2 0 , 0 0 0 u S
1 , 5 4 4 K2 0 , 0 0 0 u S
5 1 2 K
2 0 , 0 0 0 u S
5 1 2 K
2 0 , 0 0 0 u S
1 0 , 0 0 0 K1 , 0 0 0 u S
1 7 2 . 2 0 . 2 0 . 0 / 2 4B a n d w i d t h( l o w e s t o r m i n i m u m )l o w e s t b a n d w i d t h = 5 1 2= 1 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 / 5 1 2= 1 9 , 5 3 1
D e l a y( s u m o f o u t g o in g i n t e r f a c e s )= ( 1 , 0 0 0 / 1 0 ) + ( 2 0 , 0 0 0 / 1 0 ) +
( 2 0 , 0 0 0 / 1 0 ) + ( 1 , 0 0 0 / 1 0 )= 4 2 , 0 0 0 / 1 0= 4 , 2 0 0
M e t r i c= 1 9 , 5 3 1 + 4 , 2 0 0= 2 3 , 7 3 1
U s i n g t h e R a w V a l u e s
From Casablanca to 172.20.40.0/24
C l l ti B d idth
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 54/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 54
So how is Bandwidth, BW IGRP , calculated?
• The bandwidth metric is calculated by taking 10 7 (10,000,000)and dividing it by the slowest bandwidth metric along the route tothe destination.
• This is known as taking the inverse of the bandwidth scaled by afactor of 10 7 (10,000,000)
The lowest bandwidth on the route is 512K or 512 (measured inkilobits), the outgoing interface of the Quebec router.
Divide 10,000,000 by 512 and you get the bandwidth!
Bandwidth = 10,000,000/512= 19,531
Which is the lowest BW IGRP along the route
Calculating Bandwidth
C l l ti g D l
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 55/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 55
So how is Delay, DLY IGRP , calculated?
• Delay is the total sum of delays on the outgoing interfaces, in 10-microsecond units
• The sum of the delays on each of the outgoing interfaces betweenCasablanca and Yalta, from 172.20.1.0/24 through 172.20.40.0/24 is:
• 1,000 (Casablanca) + 20,000 (Teheran) + 20,000 (Quebec) + 1,000
(Yalta) = 42,000
We need this in 10-microsecond units:= (1,000/10)+(20,000/10) + (20,000/10) + (1,000/10)= 100 + 2,000 + 2,000 + 100
or = (1,000 + 20,000 + 20,000 +1,000) / 10
In either case the total sum is: Delay = 4,200
Which is the total of the DLY IGRP , the total Delays along the route!
Calculating Delay
Sl t B d idth + S f D l
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 56/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 56
IGRP metric = Bandwidth + Delay
IGRP metric = 19,531 + 4,200= 23,731
IF we were using RIP, the RIP metric would be 3 hops .
Slowest Bandwidth + Sum of Delays
sho ip ro te 172 20 40 0
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 57/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 57
Casablanca# show ip route 172.20.40.0
Known via igrp 1, distance 100, metric 23,731…172.20.1.2, from 172.20.1.2 on Ethernet 0Route metric is 23,731Total delay is 42,000 microseconds,
minimum bandwidth is 512 Kbit...
• Not to be redundant, but if we were using RIP, theRIP metric would be 3 hops.
show ip route 172.20.40.0
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 58/67
So, what about Reliability andLoad?
Reliability and Load
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 59/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 59
The metrics used by EIGRP in making routing decisions are (lower the
metric the better):• bandwidth• delay• load
• reliability
By default, EIGRP uses only:• Bandwidth• Delay
Reliability and Load
Reliability and Load
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 60/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 60
Reliability
• Reliability is measure dynamically• Uses error rate for measurement• Reflects the total outgoing error rates of the interfaces along the
route
• Calculated on a five minute weighted average, so not to allowsudden peaks and valleys to make a significant impact
Expressed as an 8 bit number • 255 is a 100% reliable link
• 1 is a minimally reliable link
Higher the better!
Reliability and Load
Reliability and Load
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 61/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 61
shows reliability as a fraction of 255, for example:rely 190/255 (or 74% reliability)rely 234/255 (or 92% reliability)rely 255/255 (or 100% reliability)
Router> show interfaces s1/0
Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is upHardware is QUICC SerialDescription: Out to VERIOInternet address is 207.21.113.186/30MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,
rely 255/255, load 246/255Encapsulation PPP, loopback not setKeepalive set (10 sec)
<output omitted>
bandwidth delay
reliability load
Reliability and Load
Reliability and Load
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 62/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 62
Load
• Load is measure dynamically• Uses channel occupancy for measurement• Reflects the total outgoing load of the interfaces along the route• Calculated on a five minute weighted average, so not to allow sudden
peaks and valleys to make a significant impact
Expressed as an 8 bit number • 255 is a 100% loaded link• 1 is a minimally loaded link Lower the better!
Note: Even though load and reliability are dynamically changing values,EIGRP will not recalculate the route metric when these parameterschange.
Reliability and Load
Reliability and Load
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 63/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 63
shows load as a fraction of 255, for example:load 10/255 (or 3% loaded link)load 40/255 (or 16% loaded link)load 255/255 (or 100% loaded link)
Router> show interfaces s1/0
Serial1/0 is up, line protocol is upHardware is QUICC SerialDescription: Out to VERIOInternet address is 207.21.113.186/30MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,
rely 255/255, load 246/255Encapsulation PPP, loopback not setKeepalive set (10 sec)
<output omitted>
bandwidth delay
reliability load
Reliability and Load
Reliability and Load
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 64/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 64
IGRP metric =
[k1* BW IGRP(minimum) +(k2* BW IGRP(minimum) )/(256- LOAD ) +
k3* DLY IGRP(sum) ] *
[k5/RELIABILITY + k4)]• k2 metric effects LOAD• k4 and k5 effects RELIABILITY• Multiply Reliability only if > 0
Default :k1=k3=1 and k2=k4=k5=0
• You may change the k values to change what you want to give more or less weight to.
– k1 for bandwidth – k2 for load – k3 for delay – k4 and k5 for Reliability
• Higher the k value, the more that part of the metric is used to calculate the overall IGRP
metric
Reliability and Load
Reliability and Load
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 65/67
Rick Graziani [email protected] 65
Turning the knobs:
We can use the other metrics of Reliability and Load by adjusting their k valuesto something greater than “0”
The command to adjust the k values is:Router(config-router)# metric weights tos k1 k2 k3 k4 k5
Notes :• tos is always set to 0; at one time it was Cisco’s intent to use it, but it was
never implemented• EIGRP neighbors must agree on K values to establish an adjacency and to
avoid routing loops.
Caution!• Know what the impact will be before changing the defaults.• It can give you unexpected results if you do not know what you are doing!• If you modify the weights, you should configure all routers so they are all using
the same weight values.
Reliability and Load
IGRP and EIGRP: A migration path
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 66/67
Rick Graziani [email protected]
IGRP and EIGRP: A migration path
Automatic redistribution between IGRP and EIGRP as long as “AS” numbers are the same.
Outside routes (redistributed) are tagged asexternal routes.
No differentiation between internal andexternal routes.
Maximum Hop Count = 224Maximum Hop Count = 255
bandwidth = (10,000,000/ bandwidth kbps ) * 256delay = ( delay /10) * 256
32 bit metric for bandwidth and delay
bandwidth = (10,000,000/ bandwidth kbps )delay = delay /10
24 bit metric for bandwidth and delay
Classless Routing Protocol• VLSM, CIDR
Classful Routing Protocol
EIGRPIGRP
8/14/2019 Distance Vactor Routing Protocol Igrp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/distance-vactor-routing-protocol-igrp 67/67
Ch. 7 – Distance Vector Routing ProtocolsPart 2 of 2: Distance Vector Routing and
IGRP
CCNA version 1.0Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College