dissolved oxygen (do) what is ?. it is elemental oxygen, o 2, physically absorbed in a liquid. it is...
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DissolvedOxygen (DO)
What is
?
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It IS elemental oxygen, O2, physically absorbed in a liquid.
It IS NOT the chemically boundO of H2O.
It IS NOT physically adsorbed orentrained bubbles.
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Dissolved Oxygen - the amount of O2 gas dissolved in a sample of liquid water.
Units of measure:• ppb
• ppm
• % saturation
• mg/liter( ppm )
What is Dissolved Oxygen?
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How does DO get there? Chemical, Electrochemical orBiochemical processes such as Photosynthesis
Exposing the liquid to air or O2Shaking helps
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Why is Dissolved Oxygen measured?
“Dissolved Oxygen is one of the mostimportant measurements in the determination of the health of a body of water”
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In ppm Applications, DO must stay above a minimal value to support life.
Who makes this measurement?
Fish & Shrimp Farms Wastewater Treatment Plants
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In ppb Applications, DO needs to be below some maximum value to inhibit Corrosion or Food Spoilage.
Semiconductor
Power Utilities
Food & Beverage
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POWER PLANT APPLICATIONS--
DISSOLVED OXYGEN-- DO
Blowdown
Chemical Feed
Condenser
L-P TurbineH-P Turbine
I-P Turbine
Boiler
H-P Heaters L-P Heaters
Deaerator
DO
8.25
DO
8.25
DO
8.25
DO
8.25
Chemical Feed
Economizer
SaturatedSteam
Cooling WaterDrum
Super
Reheater
heater
Hotwell
Raw water
CondensatePolishers
Make-up Water Treatment
Demineralizer
Condensate Storage Tank
DO
8.25
Feed Water
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How Much gets there?
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Air Saturation in water [25C, 1 ATM]: 8.24 mg O2/L [8.24 ppm]
Compare to O2 in air: PV = nRTn/V = P/RT = 1 atm/0.082[L-atm/moleK]x 298K= 0.0406 moles air x 0.209 moles O2/mole air x 32,000mg O2/mole O2 = 274 mg O2/L
[oxygen in air/ Oxygen in air-sat. water] =
274/8.24 = 33.3
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• Off-line are too slow to correct sudden upsets
• Off-line cannot catch momentary fluctuations
• With Off-line, it is easy to contaminate the sample
• Have to manually record other influences at time of sample collection
– temperature - weather behavior
– time of day - day of week
• Currently, no reference standard available for the ppb industry
Reasons to use On-line versus Off-line Measurements
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sells.
Continuous On-line Measurement
Membrane Technology - the membrane separates the internal electrolyte and electrodes from the sample, allowing only the gases to penetrate the membrane for measurement.
Two Types
Diffusion - based on the rate of diffusion of oxygen across a membrane.
Example: Polarographic or Galvanic
Equilibrium - based on the partial pressure of oxygen.
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Electrochemical
Measurement of
DissolvedOxygen [DO]
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Dissolved O2: Typical Diffusion Cell
ReplaceableElectrolyte
Pb Anode
InertCathode
Replaceable Membrane
Cathode:
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- = 2H2O
Anode:
2 Pb + 2 H2O =
2 PbO + 4H+ + 4 e-
OxygenTransport
Diffusion Rate OC [DO] / path length
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Dissolved O2: Typical Diffusion Cell,
Fouled
Fouling
Pb Anode
ReplaceableElectrolyte
InertCathode
Replaceable Membrane Oxygen
Transport. DiminishedDiffusion Rate OC [DO] / path length
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in Still WaterDissolved O2: Typical Diffusion Cell,
Pb Anode
ReplaceableElectrolyte
InertCathode
Replaceable Membrane
Stagnant [still] water Oxygen Transport
DiminishedDiffusion Rate OC [DO] / path length
Diffusion Probe:
Fouling DependentFlow Dependent
Requires:Membrane ChangingElectrolyte ReplenishmentElectrode Treatment
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Special Requirements of Diffusion Types
Minimum Flow - since oxygen is continuously consumed at the cathode, a deficiency of oxygen may result if a steady flow of oxygen is interrupted. Therefore, a continuous minimum supply of oxygen must diffuse through the membrane for an accurate reading.
No Membrane Fouling - Fouling reduces the surface area for oxygen transport, less oxygen available for reduction results in lower readings.
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Advantages• Electrolyte can be restored
• Lower initial cost
Disadvantages• Anode needs to be cleaned, recharged or replaced as
oxide build-up occurs (electrolyte must be replaced at this time also)
• Membrane is delicate - needs to be replaced periodically
• Probe is flow sensitive
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Dissolved
Oxygen [DO]
Equilibrium Sensor
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Desired are..
Reliable Results
Long Life
Low Maintenance
Low Cost of Ownership
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To Achieve this...
we invented….
The Equilibrium DO Sensor
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At the end of a support probe,
is the sensor consisting of ...
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A Ceramic Mandrel
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encoiled by...
inert, closely-paired bifiler electrodes
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sealed in ...
a tough, permanent, gas-permeablemembrane
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and bathed in ...
a permanentinternal electrolytesolution.
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When the sensor is turned on,
+-+-Oxygen
immediately adjacent to the CATHODE[the negativeelectrode] is consumedaccording to
O2 + 4H+ + 4 e- = 2 H2O
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…and, uniquely for the equilibrium sensor,
oxygen is generated
-
-
+
+O2 + 4H+ + 4 e- = 2 H2Oat the ANODE
[positive electrode]
2 H2O = O2 + 4H+ + 4 e-
in an amountequal to thatconsumed at theCATHODE . The rest of the
reaction balances, too.
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The current supporting these reactions
O2 + 4H+ + 4 e- = 2 H2O
2 H2O = O2 + 4H+ + 4 e- is directlyproportional
-
-
+
+to the DOconcentration.
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In Detail...
Let’s look at just3 windings….
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Oxygen, , starts uniformly distributed
SensorSample
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and then we turn the sensor
ON
SensorSample
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At the Cathode,O2 is consumed
SensorSample
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At the Anode,O2 is generated
SensorSample
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providing high concentrationat the anode
SensorSample
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and zero concentrationat the cathode
SensorSample
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But there is zero concentration gradientbetween the sample and the outer portion of the membrane:
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DO equilibrium exists betweenSensor and Sample
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The oxygen flux is all within the membrane.
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Fouling, Still Water do not disturb equilibrium
SensorSample
Caveat
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Only when sample DO Changes
does O2 diffuse…..
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INTO or...
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OUT OF the sensor
SensorSample
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Until equilibrium is reestablished
SensorSample
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Fouling or still water only slowreaching equilibrium
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And... since the reactions are balanced,
O2 + 4H+ + 4 e- = 2 H2O
2 H2O = O2 + 4H+ + 4 e-
No chemical changes occurin the sensor and
a permanentsensor ispossible.
-
-
+
+
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Summary:
with close-spaced inert electrodes and internal oxygen generation,
the equilibrium DO sensor is...
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Independent of fouling
Independent of flow…and...
Permanent,
Requiring:NO membrane changing
NO electrolyte replacing
NO electrode treating
For….
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Reliable Results
Long Life
Low Maintenance
Low Cost of Ownership
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7020 Analyzer
DL5000 Equilibrium Probe
DirectLine®
or+
Honeywell DO Instrumentation Honeywell DO Instrumentation
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7020 Analyzer
Honeywell DO Instrumentation Honeywell DO Instrumentation
Model :Model : 7022 ppm/ 7021 ppb 7022 ppm/ 7021 ppb
Case :Case : Aluminum NEMA 4X/IP65 Aluminum NEMA 4X/IP65
Display :Display : Backlit dot matrix LCD Backlit dot matrix LCD
Operating Condition :Operating Condition : -20 to +40 degC -20 to +40 degC
Accuracy :Accuracy : ppm= +/-0.2 ppm ; ppb=2 ppb or 5 ppm= +/-0.2 ppm ; ppb=2 ppb or 5%of reading %of reading
Advance feature :Advance feature : Auto Ranging of Input, Auto Auto Ranging of Input, Auto Calibration & Cleaning relays & software, ContCalibration & Cleaning relays & software, Control function rol function
Operating Voltage :Operating Voltage : 16-24 Vdc power looped 16-24 Vdc power looped
Output Signal :Output Signal : 4-20 mA 4-20 mA
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DirectLine®
Honeywell DO Instrumentation Honeywell DO Instrumentation
Model :Model : DL424 ppm/DL425 ppb DL424 ppm/DL425 ppb
Case :Case : Plastic Plastic
Display :Display : Backlit dot matrix LCD Backlit dot matrix LCD
Operating Condition :Operating Condition : -20 to +60 degC -20 to +60 degC
Accuracy :Accuracy : ppm= +/-0.2 ppm ; ppb=2 ppb or 5 ppm= +/-0.2 ppm ; ppb=2 ppb or 5%of reading %of reading
Advance feature :Advance feature : Integral electronics/sensor Integral electronics/sensor
Operating Voltage :Operating Voltage : 16-24 Vdc power looped 16-24 Vdc power looped
Output Signal :Output Signal : 4-20 mA 4-20 mA
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7020 With Automatic Clean and Calibration 7020 With Automatic Clean and Calibration
Example Application Example Application
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DirectLine®DirectLine® Easy to install/set-up:
DirectLine architecture i.e. integral sensor/electronics reduce wiring, cable runs and panel cut-outs
Easy-to-use: Local display and keypad provides easy set-up,
calibration and operation Calibration can be done right at electrode, no running back and forth to analyzer (convenient + time + money savings)
Easy Maintenance: Plug-in sensors allow electrode/probe replacement in
few minutes; no wiring required (convenient + time + money savings)
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DirectLine® DirectLine® Remote TypeRemote Type
Electronic ModuleElectronic Module
Pre-Amp ModulePre-Amp Module
DO ElectrodeDO ElectrodeRemote Cable Shield Remote Cable Shield Twist Pair 20’/100’Twist Pair 20’/100’
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DissolvedOxygen (DO)
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