disruptive technologies in international shipping ... · disruptive technologies in navigation (3)...
TRANSCRIPT
Disruptive Technologies
in International Shipping
Implications for Safe Navigation
Rod Nairn, AM
Chief Executive Officer, Shipping Australia Limited
www.shippingaustralia.com.au
A peak national industry body comprising 29 shipping lines and
shipping agents and 50 corporate associate members
Shipping lines/agents involved with 70% of Australia’s container
trade and car trade and over 60% of the bulk and break-bulk
trade
Our members employ more than 2,000 staff in 230 offices in 41
Australian ports
Provide towage and cruise ships
SAL publishes an industry magazine
and electronic newsletter eSignal
Shipping Australia Limited – who we are
A.P. Moller-Maersk A/S
Asiaworld Shipping Services Pty Ltd
Austral Asia Line Pte Ltd
BBC Chartering Australia Pty Ltd
CMA CGM Group Agencies
(Australia & New Zealand) Ply Ltd
Evergreen Marine Australia Pty Ltd
Gulf Agency Company (Australia)
Pty Ltd
Hamburg Sud Australia Pty Ltd
Hapag-Lloyd Australia Pty Ltd
Inchcape Shipping Services
K Line (Australia) Pty Ltd
LBH Australia Pty Ltd
Mediterranean Shipping Co (Aust)
Pty Ltd
Shipping Australia Limited – full members
Mitsui OSK Lines (Australia) Pty Ltd
Monson Agencies Australia Pty Ltd
Neptune Pacific Line
NYK Line (Australia) Pty Ltd
OOCL (Australia) Pty Ltd
Pacific Asia Express Pty Ltd
Quay Shipping Australia Pty Ltd
Seaway Agencies Pty Ltd
Ship Agency Services Pty Ltd
Smit Lamnalco Australia Pty Ltd
Svitzer Australia Pty Ltd
The China Navigation Company
Pte Ltd
Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics
Wilhelmsen Ships Service
We monitor and engage in many areas of direct interest to our
members:
Infrastructure
Shipping trade innovation
Environment
Maritime security/piracy
Industrial relations
Regulation
Costs, charges, levies, gst
Border agencies
We help members comply with rules and regulations,
We help governments develop better shipping related policies
Shipping Australia Limited – what we do
The importance of shipping to Australia
What’s about disruptive technologies?
• The changes we have seen
• The potential for change
• Risks and benefits of new technologies
What’s next?
Some conclusions
Disruptive Technologies in International Shipping
Implications for Safe Navigation
The Navigation Challenge
Despite generations of innovation and evolution, the basic
challenge of navigation remains the same…
to safely manoeuvre a vessel from departure to destination,
avoiding obstructions, through variously charted oceans and
subject to variable weather, sea and traffic conditions.
Setting the scene
The importance of shipping
2014/15 Maritime Trade
contributed:
$424 bn pa maritime trade
$227.5 bn exports
$197.4 bn imports
1548 million tonnes cargo
5475 individual cargo ships
Almost 30,000 port calls
Australia has the fourth largest international sea-freight task in
the world measured in tonnes per kilometre carried
Much of this is due to bulk cargo – supporting our economy
Two largest coal ports in the world – Newcastle and Hay Pt
Largest Iron Ore port – Port Hedland
Only 2 container ports in the top 100 (2016)
Melb 58 (2.49m), Syd 66 (2.15m)
Coastline spans 30,000 kilometres
2014-15 we imported $197 billion of products and exported $228
billion by sea
5475 cargo ships made 29,595 calls at 79 Australian ports
The Australian sea-freight task
Almost everything we buy, sell or use comes by sea:
• Furniture, clothing & electronics
• Most building materials
• Much of our food
• Our cars
• The fuel for our cars
• Recreational items – sporting equipment and toys
• Heavy equipment for farming, mining and manufacturing
• Raw materials and fertilizers
We can’t survive without shipping, and we
wouldn’t want to
• Capability – provides something new or unthought of
• Potential – enables massive innovation
• Availability – can be accessed broadly
• Affordability – is considered value for money
Eg GPS (GNSS):
✓ Provides position – all the time, accurately
✓ Enabled - global tracking of everything – position
exchange
✓ Available - everywhere you can see the sky
✓ No cost to utilise
What makes a disruptive technology?
Disruptive technologies…
they come and they go
1950’s – Television replaced radio as the mass communication media
1960’s - The cassette player made recording sound portable
1970’s – VHS video players brought picture recording to the masses –
but video recording was invented in 1956
1980’s – Personal computers, floppy discs (the first hard disc personal
computer – 128k RAM, 20mb HD - $7500)
1990’s – The internet, mobile phone, WiFi, Bluetooth, digital cameras
2000’s - Flat screen TVs (invented in 1964), hard disk then solid state
recorders,
- The smart phone (invented in 1992 IBM but brought to the masses
by Apple i-phone in 2007)
2010’s – Smartwatch, 3D printer, cryptocurrencies, the Blockchain, affordable
SATCOM – 3G-4G-5G wireless data
Disruptive technologies you might remember
14
• Pre 1900
- Paper chart
- Compass
- Sextant
- Lead line
- Time - Marine Chronometer
- Tide Pole
- Flag signals/ Semaphore
- Steamships
• 1900-1920
- Taut Wire Machine
- Current meters
- Tide gauges
- Gyro compass
- HF Radio (Morse code)
- Flashing light
- Log tables and sight reduction tables
• 1940- 1970
- Echo sounder
- Electronic Position Fixing - 2 range and hyperbolic Decca/Loran/Omega
- Searchlight SONAR
- Radar
- VHF marine radio
Disruptive technologies in hydrography and navigation(before my time)
15
• 1970 to 2010
- Transit SATNAV
- Electronic watches
- Electronic calculators
- Computer data acquisition and processing
- Satellite Communications
- Multibeam echosounder
- Side Scan Sonar
- GPS – DGPS, RTK, PPS
- Remotely operated vehicles
- Satellite tide measurement
- STD & Oceanographic Sensors
- Expendable Sensors
Disruptive technologies in hydrography and navigation
• 1970 to 2010
- Lidar bathymetry
- Lidar scanning
- Satellite bathymetry
- Acoustic positioning
- Autonomous surface vessels
- Satellite weather monitoring
- Waverider buoys
- Ocean gliders
- Global ocean modelling
- Ocean weather routing
- -Electronic Charting Systems (ECS)
- Digital Cameras
• 2010 to today
- Electronic navigational chart (ENC) - Official
- ECDIS - mandated
- Autonomous underwater vehicles
- Remote controlled tugs trialed
- Wind power assistance
- Magnetic berthing systems
- Video drones
- Lidar vessel movement monitoring
- Automatic berthing?
- LNG and Electric ships
1908 – Gyro compass introduced in German Navy – Paper
charts – HF Radio mandated
1930’s – The echo sounder began to replace lead line and
sounding machines
1950’s – Radar commonly fitted to ships
1960’s - Radio positioning systems Decca / Loran / Omega
appeared
1970’s – Transit satellite navigation - ocean fixing without
star sights!
1980’s – Inmarsat provides global communications – Traffic
separation schemes
1990’s – GPS allows ships to fix position more accurately
than the surveyors who made the charts - DGPS
augmentation
Disruptive technologies in navigation (1)
2000’s – GMDSS – DSC on HF and
VHF.
- Integrated Control Systems and
unmanned engine rooms
- VTS introduced widely
- GPS “jitter” removed –more GNSS
systems – robust and reliable
- AIS mandated showing traffic within
VHS range (coastal states found out
where ships were really going)
- PPUs utilised by pilots
Disruptive technologies in navigation (2)
2010’s - S-AIS developed global ship
tracking
- ENC coverage / ECDIS mandatory
- Mona Lisa project - sea traffic
management through route
information exchange
- Remote controlled tugs trialed
- Wind power assistance
- Automatic berthing – trialed in
Norway
- Simulator qualification of deck
officers
Disruptive technologies in navigation (3)
- Video drones
- Lidar vessel movement monitoring
- Autonomous ship trials and IMO
regulatory review
The e-Navigation dream might be the
next big thing
IMO implementation plan agreed
A Standard S-mode for all ECDIS
systems
Standardised ship reporting format
Enhanced Vessel Data Exchange to
provide ship track exchange
IHO S-100 (geospatial info registry)
adopted by IMO as the framework for
exchange and update of multiple
marine data types
Satellite Based Augmentation System
(SBAS) – to improve the accuracy,
integrity and availability of GNSS –
making decimeter accuracy available
to marine users
Other technologies to support navigation
Risks of new technologies – example ECDIS
Dependent on full ENC coverage
Phased in from 2012 with compulsory
ECDIS general and type specific training
Problems:
• Training all crews at the right time
• Many different “Type Approved”
systems
• No pathway for software upgrade on
early systems
• Single data set but multiple pathways
• Ship inspectors not expert on systems
• ECDIS “induced” accidents claimed
• Of 4 accidents investigated – all were
found to be due to user error or lack of
proper planning – the HUMAN factor
Benefits of new technologies – example GBR Safety
The Great Barrier Reef is an invaluable marine park – and a vital shipping route
AMSA and IMO that have improved GBR safety include:
• The world’s first Particularly Sensitive Sea Area – allowed ship management and
compulsory pilotage for all ships – the REEFREP limit was extended following
Shen Neng grounding in 2010.
• REEFVTS monitors ship movements, pilotage compliance provides advice
• Underkeel Clearance Management implemented in Torres Strait
• Implementation of full ENC coverage and compulsory carriage of ECDIS (phased)
There were 9800 voyages through parts of the GBR in 2017. In 1996 there were an
average of 2.5 groundings per year, there have been none since full ENC coverage
was completed
Shipping is safer now than it has ever been.
UKCM System - UKC Corridor
Red (does not
meet UKCM
requirements)
Benefit – rapid
identification of
areas to be
avoided
Benefits of new technologies – example GBR Safety
The Great Barrier Reef is an invaluable marine park – and a vital shipping route
AMSA and IMO that have improved GBR safety include:
• The world’s first Particularly Sensitive Sea Area – allowed ship management and
compulsory pilotage for all ships – the REEFREP limit was extended following
Shen Neng grounding in 2010.
• REEFVTS monitors ship movements, pilotage compliance provides advice
• Underkeel Clearance Management implemented in Torres Strait
• Implementation of full ENC coverage and compulsory carriage of ECDIS (phased)
There were 9800 voyages through parts of the GBR in 2017. In 1996 there were an
average of 2.5 groundings per year, there have been none since full ENC coverage
was completed
Shipping is safer now than it has ever been.
The Big Talk in disruptive technology
Blockchain
Cyber security
Digital disruption
Robotics
Disruptive technology influence sectors - NOW
Communications
• SATCOM Broadband Internet at Sea
• S-100 and the Marine cloud concept
• SBAS – resilient PNT
Position
• GNSS – SBAS sub decimeter
continuous
• Lidar scanning in vicinity of port
Detection/Sensors
• FLIR/Lidar
• Drone video
Control
• Computing power & AI
• Remote control tugs
• Remote pilotage
• Autonomous ships
Information/Data
• Blockchain
• Data Storage capacity unbounded
The Human factor remains a weak link
- Ships are still crewed – lifeboat drills still cause accidents
- The human element is almost always a factor in maritime
accidents –
- Inadequate lookout, disorientation and uncertainty over an
other ships intentions -
- Pilots still climb aboard ships – there are pilot ladder accidents
International Shipping Regulation can’t keep up
- Is constrained by international diplomacy and sunk investment
Persistent limiting influences in navigation
What’s next?
Autonomous ships… no
Remote controlled tugs... Maybe
Remote pilotage….
Ready right now!
Shipping is an international business
The shipping industry wants global alignment for any new
equipment standards, reporting formats and reporting
requirements
Local or regional requirements increase complexity, are
detrimental to safety and add unnecessary cost to the industry
Shipping companies will invest to: support global aims, improve
safety, reduce GHG emissions, reduce operational overheads,
increase automation
Insurance costs of bleeding edge technologies with slow uptake
Regulation need realistic lead times – ships are designed for 20
years
What the shipping industry thinks..?
Today’s disruptive technology will be tomorrow’s norm or will
have become redundant
The biggest handbrake on new technology adoption is the
human element
Shipping in essentially international – regulation must be limited
the global consensus and takes time to implement
Shipping companies will invest in new technologies when they
can see a business case or business opportunity
Safer ships, less injuries, higher reliability, lower insurance
costs, lower fuel costs, better port access, lower port visit
costs – these are all drivers
Conclusions
Questions?