display pty ltd 15 february 2005 chris skinner – seminar, institute of transport & logistics...

15 February 2005 Chris Skinner – Seminar, Institute of Transport & Logistics Studies

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DISplay Pty Ltd

Christopher J Skinner BSc(Eng) MEngSc MIEAust MIEE MACS CPEngPrincipal, DISplay Pty Ltd email: [email protected]

presentation to

Institute of Transport and Logistics StudiesFebruary 2005

DISplay Pty Ltd

mailto:[email protected]

22 July 2004, Sydney AC21 - New Technologies for Sustainable Transport

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This is not a research report– more a collection of issues for discussion,

and possiblyfor further consideration where

an issue is judged to be significant


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AGENDA

The Transport Task– Issues arising

Energy and Emissions - Sustainability Aftercasting - Telecommuting ICT for Transport Benefit / Cost / Risk analysis Conclusions


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Surface TransportInfrastructure

WirelessTelecommunications

Telematics Vehicle Systems

Moving Information

Moving GoodsMoving People

•ITS Architecture•Standards

INTEROPERABILITYINTEROPERABILITY

Transport is all about…


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Transport system goals

A transport system should provide a safe, secure and efficient level of service to users

Travel time variability and duration should be minimised

To provide the service resource usage should be minimised

Unnecessary stops and route diversions should be avoided

Safety hazards to people and property should be mitigated

The security of people and freight should be assured at all times


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THE TRANSPORT TASK

AusLink and other sources Pax intra-urban Freight task

– Charging bases – fuel excise, other taxes, by axle, by distance (VKT), by weight, by axle, by geographic and time-based area charges

Metro task regional / long haul Key factors

– Intermodality– Tolling & road pricing


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Services are made of…

Actors – or participants (living or system) Use cases – or scenarios – series of actions taken by actors

and the results of the actions Interfaces between systems and subsystems that provide

the services according to the scenarios Data objects that are replicated, processed or saved According to agreed standards and protocols Working with an architecture or framework


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Actors and Use Cases for ITS architecture


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Transport service requirements

The essential requirements for transport services are:– Availability of relevant, timely and accurate information

Data from many sources must be fused– The information must be accessible and usable

Effective query and search capability is essential– Privacy and anonymity must be assured

Many disparate systems must be integrated

… to provide interoperable services


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Interoperability defined

InteroperabilityInteroperability is defined as:

The ability of systems to provide services to and accept services from other systems and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together

ISO TC204 document N271 quoted in Intelligent Transport Systems Architecture. Bob McQueen & Judy McQueen. Artech. 1999


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Equipment Manager

Transport Manager

Cargo Agent

Freight Forwarder

3PL/4PL Contractors

Road

Rail

Distribution

Warehousing

Cross-Docking

Consolidating

Unpacking

Monitoring

Storing

Packing

MT Storage

Monitoring

Repairs

Pre- tripping

Upgrades

Importer

GlobalRegional

Exporter

Mining Farming

Retailing

Wholesaling

Manufacturing

Processing

Regional Terminals

Peri-Urban Terminals

Port Land Utilization

Cargo Associations

AUSTRADE

VIC EXPORT

Transport Associations

Shipping Associations

Trade Associations

Bunkering

Pilotage

Towage

Linesmen

Maintenance Services

Slipways

Contracts

Legal Services

Manifesting

Bill of Lading

Customs Documentation

Invoicing

Monitoring

Cargo Clearance

Port Land Tenants & Development

Land-side Infrastructure Contractors

Marine Infrastructure Contractors

Security Contractors

Services Contractors

Maintenance

Installation

Community Stakeholders

Councils

Schools

Media

Activists

Advocates

CARGO OWNERS

Infrastructure Providers

Transaction Facilitators

Trade Facilitators

GOVERNMENT

Marine Service Providers

Infrastructure Policy (DOI)

Price Regulator (ESC)

Shareholder (DTF)

Environmental Regulator (DSE)

Customs

Quarantine (AQIS)

InsurerBank

Cargo Broker

Shipping Agent

I.T. Provider

Customs Agent

Environmental Protection

Divided Policy

Pricing Policy

Safety

SHIPPING LINES

STEVEDORES

Logistics Providers

PORT MANAGER

Environmental Management

Dredging Navigation Aids

Wharves

Berths

Inspections

Monitoring

Patrols

Roadways

Rail Sidings

Sewerage

Power

Water

Drainage

Channels


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Interoperability defined

Business level (Australian Logistics Council 2002)– Interoperability: The ability for partners to coordinate information and

processes, especially across an electronic network

Technical level (IS0 TC204 document N271 1999)– Interoperability: The ability of systems to provide services to and accept

services from other systems and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together

Software level (Greenfield Software Factories 2004)– Interoperability is a measure of how easy it is to compose the software of

other systems. This is determined by how well the software exposes its functionality through programmatic interfaces and how much context must be maintained by the other systems to use those interfaces


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Issues For Transport – Safety & Security

Safety: road accident statistics vehicle inherent safety; – cost of accidents (fatalities, injuries, property);– driver assistance, ‘Distress Call’ (E-call in EU)

Security: track and trace– people ID – biometrics; – containers – ESCM; – bulk? eg fertiliser; – vehicle ID – eg Electronic Registration Identification [ERI]

Vulnerability: risk assessment; – threat intelligence; – command, control, communications, computers & intelligence [C4I]; – data fusion; – threat assessment eg stationary vehicles


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Issues For Transport – Sustainability

Sustainability:– energy usage – renewable, finite; – emissions – vehicle; – energy generation (eg electricity) – GHG, Nox – air quality medical costs

Waste– distance travelled due to

congestion, misrouting,

– time delays from additional distance other delay

– additional fuel consumed


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ISSUES FOR TRANSPORT - EFFICIENCY

Efficiency:– benefits / costs / risks; – costs per unit (km, pax, tonne); – costs per operating hour; other variable costs eg crew; – indirect costs (externalities); – ROI for fixed costs (cost/year)

Benefit ~ cost / hr; benefit (unit * km = UKT)


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Freight transportation is really (product inventory | WIP | materials)

while it is in transit


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Energy Consumption

Energy usage is increasing

– Non-renewable energy resources are declining

– Increasing emissions from energy consumption, including Noxious emissions [Nox] Greenhouse gases [GHG]

– Transport share of energy consumption, which is f(increasing demand)


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Emissions are a function of…

Emissions = function of – ( VKT, payload weight/volume, engine efficiency, fuel type, other

factors…) – where

VKT = vehicle-kilometres travelled Payload is either

– Number of passengers; and/or– Tonnes of goods carried

Volume is either – f(weight, density); or– f(space per passenger, space for baggage, crew, access and egress

etc)


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Energy usage for transport – metrics

Measure – joules per transport unit: VKT, pax-km; tonne-km (UKT)

Efficiency – direct transport consumption, unproductive consumption

Additional concept of time taken for travel – Value of time saved/consumed for journey

Other key performance indicators [KPI] are needed


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Economic Sustainability = f(…

Demand for transport = function of– (land use, – demographics, – pricing, – alternatives modes)

Levels of service to be provided, load factors, route diversity Magnitude of transport task Energy consumption (joules/transport unit * Kilometres travelled) Propulsion efficiency, unused capacity, Other variable costs = f(journey time, number of vehicles) Return on investment in fixed assets


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Waste and Unproductive usage

Traffic stops and delay– Contention for access – intersection, rail-crossing– Congestion eg aircraft holding, freight terminal slots, car-park

Non-optimum routeing

Transfer coordination delays

Unused capacity


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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY [ICT]

FOR TRANSPORT & LOGISTICS


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Aftercasting – Telecommuting

An Aftercast compares earlier projection to the present actual outcomes

‘Telematics is a relatively new area which develops new information technologies. It is anticipated to affect travel patterns and mobility partly through substitution of telecommunications for travel. Travel is expected to be replaced, or drastically reduced, mainly by telecommuting’ (Bovy 1990) p267

Bovy reported on predictions that corporate regional centres would be set up to reduce the need for travel

Bovy also reports a Swiss study which projected reductions in commuter traffic due to teleworking of 8 to 15 percent over the period to 2025

(Route Choice: Wayfinding in Transport NetworksP.H.L Bovy and E. Stern. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1990 Section 7.2.2 Telematics)


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Qualifications on the forecast

Telecommuting – assumed fixed places of work; fixed comms network

– did NOT foresee mobility, wireless connectivity or ubiquitous networks including wireless and mobility, and

– did NOT comprehend the motivational aspects of work location and accessibility

Telematics – was not originally associated exclusively with vehicle-based systems


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Issues for Wireless ICT

4C’s for wireless ICT– capacity, – coverage, – compatibility, – convenience => pervasive communications

Location-based services Services-oriented architecture based on Web Services technology and

standards Security & privacy Number of mobile phones > number of road vehicles


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Implications for Transport & Logistics

The impact of time use and energy use for transport and communications will have an increasing impact on land use

Predictions should allow for disruptive changes in technologies plus the resulting innovation that flows from these break-throughs

Mobility will be part of everything we do

Workplace will not be defined by static physical domains

Energy economy costs of energy plus externalities will be part of pricing


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ICT Measurement Capabilities

– Position, location, speed, position and intended movement [PIM] (track), route, origin, destination

– Dynamic behaviour Speed – mean; instantaneous Route choices – lanes, tracks, links, waypoints, link speeds,

link congestion– State of vehicle

Operator identity load, wheel/axle load, number of pax fuel state / range Emissions – instantaneous, cumulative <doors open>

– Payload – condition (eg temperature), integrity (eg seal), manifest


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Visual Intercommunication Model

DRIVERLocation

Adjacent Objects

Association

Visibility

Distraction

Decision-making


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Communications Evolution

Visual: signals VMS Nav Systems eg VICS (Japan)– Visual stimuli – need drivers’ gaze & attention– Variable / dynamic message signs – clear & concise but brief– Navigation systems with external real-time information– Vehicle Information & Communications System (~10m units / 75m veh)

Audio: radio voicemail SMS WAP multimedia mail– Potential distraction for driver – not well quantified / controlled

Audio-visual combinations– eg windscreen projection; – Navigation systems guidance– Haptic (physical interaction)

Direct to/from vehicle rather than involving driver– one-way, interactive


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Progression in Wireless Communication media

Acoustic – audible, ultrasonic Radio frequencies [RF]:

– line-of-sight [LOS] (eg UHF, DSRC, radar), satellite– Beyond line-of-sight (eg HF, ad-hoc networks)

Optical: visible, infra-red– flag lights VMS/DMS graphics GUI

Propagation mechanism– broadcast, multicast (especially publish/subscribe)– station-to-station, person-to-person– Simplex, duplex, half-duplex


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Technologies in Wireless Communications

Broadcast radio: AM, FM, digital, Highway Advisory Radio Multiplexing: TDM, FDM, CDM, OFDM Technology generation for cellular phone service

– Currently 2G (GSM, CDMA) 2.5G (GPRS) 3G, I-mode ??– Increased data-capacity especially for multimedia content– Increasing range of services available eg email, web, subscription

Range of services carried eg broadband, multimedia Interoperability ACA call for submissions on private band management DSRC eg ETC CALM


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Communications service quality

Quality of Service [QoS]: capacity, channels, coverage, latency, reliability, error rates, cost

Security – privacy, confidentiality, integrity– Encryption standards, keys, anti-tamper

Capacity– Bandwidth; Number of channels, spacing, isolation– Diversity: Channel frequency separation; Polarisation; Directionality– Error detection and correction, overhead for network management

Shielding, location of antennae on vehicle Signal to noise|interference ratio Interference: sources, rejection, electromagnetic compatibility [EMC] Active antennae eg beam and null-steering,


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DISplay Pty LtdSystem Architecture for ITS in Japan- Subsystem Interconnect Diagram (http://www.iijnet.or.jp/vertis/)


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Wireless communications linkages

Fixed infrastructure driver/operator

Fixed infrastructure vehicle control system

Mobile node vehicle control system, vehicle router (ad-hoc networks)

Networks fixed, mobile (vehicle, operator, other), other networks


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Wireless ICT is already pervasive

Range and capacity of services is still increasing

Coverage of cellular voice and data services is also increasing

Transport and Logistics is exploiting ICT capabilities rapidly, but in a non-optimum manner:

– Integration is piecemeal and ad-hoc– The range of applications is not yet mature


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Human in the loop

DRIVER

Location

Adjacent Objects

Association

Visibility

Distraction External source

Control system

Wireless communication

VEHICLEVEHICLE

Interference

Future link

Recognise stimulus

Respond to stimulus

React to implications of stimulus

Resume previous activity

Operator behaviour model


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Identify Actors

Actor classes– Vehicle(s): (prime) movers, trailers, containers– Payload(s): goods, passengers, crew– Operators– Third parties

Technologies for identification– Biometrics– Ticket / card– Phone / PDA


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Location of Actors - issues

Accuracy of location measurement/estimate

Ambiguity of location

Motion: current, intended

Timeliness / latency of location report


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Fleet efficiency – issues

Factors for efficiency of fleet operation

– Load factor eg back-loading

– Optimised track

– Minimised stops, delays

Track and trace


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Track and trace

Tracking– In (near) real time– Communications network access is needed– Presentation critical for effective use

Tracing– Post facto– Archival– Evidentiary


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Fleet for all… heretical concept?

All motorised vehicles in one or more fleets (3rd party eg auto clubs)

Vehicle identity, location, operator, itinerary, payload, hazards, other state

Heretical concept perhaps?– Advantages:

Safety security efficiency

– Disadvantages: Privacy Cost liabilities


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Time Utility of Travel

Benefit / time expended

Benefit = function of(– (distance * load),– time saved, – added utility (eg reading, TV, email, www)

Example: concrete-mixer trucks use transit time to mix load


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Passenger travel benefits

Ratio (number of pax / cost of operation

– Self-drive Taxi / chauffeur High occupancy vehicle [HOV]

– Bus / tram /transitway Train / ferry Plane

Cost of operation =f(operator & crew, consumables, liabilities…

Opportunity cost of journey and waiting time – door-to-door [D2D]


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Tradeoff for personal travel with ICT services

TR

AV

EL

CO

ST

TRAVEL TIME – DOOR-TO-DOOR [D2D]

Travel fare cost

Opportunitycost of travel without ICT

Opportunitycost of travel with ICT


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Transport safety & security

Safety in transport is enhanced by ICT in many ways:– …

Security in transport is affected by ICT in many ways – good and bad

– Physical assets– People – crew, passengers, travellers, third parties– Information needs – privacy, access, accuracy


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Case study 1: Universal distress call

Technology exists now so why can’t we…– Provide individual distress calls for Australia

real-time, two-way 100% coverage Affordable

– Infrastructure needs

– Jurisdictions – staffing; liabilities


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Case study 2: Parking assistance

P-signs

+ number of vacancies

+ reservations

+ payment by phone / DSRC / contact less smartcard Car sharing?


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Traveller / operator information service

Objectives – traveller, operator

Sources of data – NTIS

Data fusion – algorithms, technologies

Dissemination:– Push, pull, publish/subscribe– Visual, audio, system, haptic


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Risk management for transport

What (risk item [RI]) could go wrong?

If the RI does go wrong, what will be the cost C to rectify?

What is the probability P that the RI will occur (go wrong)?

What can be done to reduce the aggregate value V of all risk items (V = f(C,P))?


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Summary – benefits, costs and risks

Costs ~ VKT * load/vehicle + non-variable costs – Cost / pax-km OR Cost / tonne-km– Emissions cost ~ f(VKT)

Benefits:– Travel-time D2D time-utility of travel– Safety, security, comfort, use of travel time

Risks


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CONCLUSIONS

ITS was perceived as applicable for achieving benefits in: – safety, security and general efficiency

When the capabilities of ICT are applied more fully then it may be that ITS is most beneficial when applied to:– 1. Environmental monitoring for sustainability– 2. Efficient usage of energy sources for transport

Further disruptive changes in technology are possible with effects on transport that are difficult to predict


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Questionsand

discussion

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display pty ltd 15 february 2005 chris skinner – seminar, institute of transport & logistics...

Documents

n actors

n energy

agenda n

mitigated n

protocols n

saved n

transport task n auslink

transport system goals