disorders of the thyroid gland
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Disorders of the Thyroid gland
J.Rohini
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Benign Hashimoto thyroiditis Hypothyroidism Graves’ disease
MalignantPapillary carcinomaFollicular carcinomaHurthle cell tumor Medullary Thyroid
Carcinoma Anaplastic CarcinomaLymphoma of thyroid
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Hashimoto thyroiditisAutoantibodies(TPO and Tg antibodies)
Thyroid inflamation with destruction of thyroid tissue and fibrosis
Raised TSH level
Multiple micronodules or large nodule
Responds to exogenous thyroid
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Hypothyroidism-Etiology
Iodine deficiency(most common)Hashimoto diseaseTotal or subtotal thyroidectomyRadiation exposure
SymptomsFatigue Intolerance to coldHoarsenessPoor memoryWeight gainConstipationHearing loss
SignsDry and coarse skinPuffy faceLoss of hair Bradycardia
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Graves’ diseaseAutoimmune disorderAbs directed against TSH receptor with
intrinsic activity.Responsible for 60-80% of
ThyrotoxicosisMore common in womenDia:TSH suppressed, T4 raised
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Papillary carcinomaMost commonDevelops from thyroid follicle cellsUnencapsulated but often have a pseudocapsuleHistology - psammoma bodies - nuclei are oval or elongated, pale
staining with ground glass appearance- Orphan Annie cells
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Follicular carcinomaSolid invasive tumors, usually solitary
and encapsulatedDevelops from thyroid follicular cellsIt presents as solitary thyroid noduleDia :FNAC-evidence of vascular and
capsular invasion
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Hurthle cell carcinomaSyn :oncocytic carcinomaOncocytes are large cells which are rich
in mitochondria and stain pinkMore aggressive than follicular
carcinomaDia :FNAC shows hurthle cells
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Anaplastic carcinomaExtremely aggressive and exceptionally
virulentComposed wholly or in part of
undifferentiated cellsTumor is typically hard, poorly
circumscribed
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Medullary carcinomaTumour arising from the calcitonin-
secreting C-cells of the thyroid glandAssociated with MEN IIa MEN IIbMetastases usually contain calcitonin
and stain for amyloid
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Lymphoma
A rare type of thyroid cancerDevelops in the setting of pre-existing
lymphocytic thyroiditisTumors are firm, fleshy, and usually pale
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