Disorders of theCardiovascular System

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Cause:Atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis

—fatty deposits in vessels

Risk factors:– high BP– diabetes– obesity– hereditary– smoking– stress– no exercise– diet

Problems:– Angina– MI– ischemic sudden death

Risk Factors

Non-modifiable– Hereditary – Race- African Americans – Sex- Males – Age

Modifiable– Hypertension – Diabetes – Obesity – Smoking – Stress – Lack of exercise – Diet – Drugs – Oral contraceptives

MI • Heart doesn't get 0 2muscle dies • Triggers of MI:

– increase workload of heart – increase 02 need – increase 02 needs – environmental:

• smoking, stress, cold

– illness: • anemia, thyroid disease, High BP, irregular heart beat, infections

– Medications: • antihistamines, decongestants, cocaine, amphetamines stop heart

meds quickly

S/SX of MI

• Paincrushing, radiates to jaw, neck, arm • Indigestion • N/V • Anxiety • Perspiration • Cool skin • Cyanosis • Irregular heart beat • Weakness • Decrease BP

Treatment

Diagnosis: – EKG – treadmill stress test – cardiac cath – echocardiogram

Treatment–Medications • relax arteries • stop clotting • dissolve clot

– Surgery• stents • angioplasty • bypass surgery

PCT Roles for MI pt.

• Recognize s/sx of MI • Vital signs • Pace activities • Diet instruction • Monitor s/sx of bleeding from meds • Stress relieve • Assist with tests

Angina

• Pain b/c decrease 02 to heart• May be slow or rapid onset • Stable angina– brought on by stress, emotion, activity – Goes away when activity stopped

• Unstable angina– does not go away when activity stopped

Thrombosis/Embolism

• Thrombosis– clot that blocks blood flow

• Embolism– clot that travels and lodges someplace else

• Complications– CVA, MI, pulmonary embolism

Risk factors for Thrombosis/Embolism

• Dehydration • Bed rest/decrease

mobility • Birth control pills • Obesity • Pregnancy

• Hereditary • Smoking • Diabetes • Obesity • IV needles inserted for

long periods of time

s/sx of Blood Clots

• Cold extremity • Tingling sensation • Decrease sensation • Pain in calf • Redness/edema

Care of pt with Clots/PVD

Observe:– color change– temperature change– change in pulse– edema – confusion – difficulty ambulating

Teach:– avoid cold/hot temp– avoid sitting long time– no tight clothes – no crossing legs– good diet – decrease stress

TED Hose

• Promote circulation • Rules:– measure for correct size – do not wash in washer – air dry – do not roll down – no wrinkles

• SCDS– electric pump to promote circulation– take off and clean legs

Anemia

• Low RBC

Aneurysm

ArrhythmiaAbnormal Heart rhythm

Pacemaker• Reminds heart to beat/or

sets a rhythm

Defibrillation• Shocks heart back into

rhythm or starts heart again

Congestive Heart Failure

• Heart fails to pump

HemophiliaDeficit in clotting factor VIII or IX

Slowly bleed/ooze. Clot is mushyMalesTreat with factor

Hypertension ( HTN)

• High Blood pressure

Leukemia

Phlebitis

Varicose veins

Diagnostic test

• CBC• EKG/ECG• Cardiac Catheterization