disease transmission and infection control
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Disease Transmission and Infection Control. Medical Foundations. Objectives. Introduce microorganisms Become familiar with infections and control measures Introduce the need for standards and precautions Become familiar with sterile environments . Introduction to Microorganisms. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Disease Transmission and Infection Control
Medical Foundations
Objectives• Introduce microorganisms• Become familiar with infections and
control measures• Introduce the need for standards and
precautions• Become familiar with sterile
environments
Introduction to Microorganisms
Pathogenic microorganisms: cause illness, infection, or disease
Nonpathogenic microorganisms: help keep a balance in the environment and in the body
Microorganism Survival• Most microorganisms that cause disease
– Thrive in warm temperatures• How warm is the human body?
– Need moisture• How much of the human body is made up of
water?– Prefer a dark area to grow in– Need food
• Some live on dead tissue (saprophytes), some live on live tissue
• Some need oxygen (aerobic), some do not need oxygen (anaerobic)
Nonpathogenic Microorganisms
“Good” microorganisms are used in a variety of ways: examples? (P. 489)
Buttermilk, fermenting alcohol, making bread rise
Where do nonpathogenic microorganisms live in your body
and what do they do?
Types of Pathogens
• Bacteria–One celled plants–Classified by shape
and arrangement–Causes strep throat,
staph infections, syphilis
• Protozoa– One celled animals– Found in water and soil environments
• decayed material and contaminated water– Cause amebic dysentery and malaria
Types of Pathogens
• Fungi– Simple, low form of
plant life– May live on dead matter– Yeasts, molds– Causes athlete’s foot,
thrush, vaginitis, and serious lung diseases
Types of Pathogens
Types of Pathogens
Rickettsiae • Parasitic microorganism
– Transmitted to humans through the bite of lice, fleas, ticks, and mites
– Responsible for some of the world’s worst epidemics
– Rocky Mountain spotted fever
– Typhus
• Viruses– Smallest microorganism,
smaller than bacteria– Can only reproduce inside
humans cells– Causes common cold,
upper respiratory infections, smallpox, chickenpox, measles, mumps, influenza, fever blisters
– Also cause HIV which can lead to AIDS
Additional Classifications • Endogenous
– Originates inside the body• Exogenous
– Originates outside the body• Nonsocomial
– An infection acquired inside the hospital• Opportunistic
– Infections that occur when the body’s immune system is weak
How Microorganisms Affect the Body
• Production of toxins– Staphylococcus produces enterotoxin that causes
food poisoning = fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting– Tetanus bacilli produces a toxin that attacks the
central nervous system = damage, possible death• Cell invasion
– A protist can enter red blood cells, making them rupture = chills and fever
• Allergic reactions– Allergies = runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing
Chain of Infection
How Microorganisms and Viruses Spread
• Direct Contact• Indirect Contact• Airborne• Oral Route• Insects and Pests
(Pg. 493)
Disease Prevention• Standard Precautions and Transmission-Based
Precautions were created to provide guidelines that prevent the spread of microorganisms.
• Signs and Symptoms—Which is which?– Infections can be generalized or localized
• Affecting all of the body• Affecting one area of the body
– Give signs and symptoms of each