disease of poultry
TRANSCRIPT
DISEASE OF POULTRYDISEASE OF POULTRY
DR. NAGY EÖRSNÉDR. NAGY EÖRSNÉCentral Veterinary Institute, BudapestCentral Veterinary Institute, Budapest
Department of Poultry PathologyDepartment of Poultry Pathology
ANTE MORTEM INSPECTIONANTE MORTEM INSPECTION
At the farm before transportation to the slaughterhouse the poultry At the farm before transportation to the slaughterhouse the poultry flock must be examined by veterinarian.flock must be examined by veterinarian.
A certificate must be composed on the results of this inspection and A certificate must be composed on the results of this inspection and the pre-life of the flockthe pre-life of the flock
If the certificate is available – and it is negative – and it does not If the certificate is available – and it is negative – and it does not indicate the necessity of special measures, the ante mortem inspection indicate the necessity of special measures, the ante mortem inspection at the slaughterhouse will include the identification of transported at the slaughterhouse will include the identification of transported flock and control of injuries took place during transportation, flock and control of injuries took place during transportation, furthermore the examination of dead birds.furthermore the examination of dead birds.
Based on these data and examinations the veterinarian decides whether Based on these data and examinations the veterinarian decides whether the flock will be submitted to normal or special slaughter or further the flock will be submitted to normal or special slaughter or further special examination.special examination.
HUNGARIAN ZOO SANITARY CODEHUNGARIAN ZOO SANITARY CODE41/1997.(V. 28.) FM. r.41/1997.(V. 28.) FM. r.
Notifiable DiseasesNotifiable Diseases
O.I.E. list A O.I.E. list A – Newcastle diseaseNewcastle disease (Paramyxovirus) (Paramyxovirus)– Avian influenzaAvian influenza (Orthomyxovirus) (Orthomyxovirus)– Duck plaqueDuck plaque (Herpesvirus) (Herpesvirus)
O.I.E. listO.I.E. list BB– Fowl choleraFowl cholera– Fowl typhoidFowl typhoid
In case of these diseases the flock is slaughtered separatelyIn case of these diseases the flock is slaughtered separately – mostly at the end of the day- – mostly at the end of the day- as it is not condemned as it is not condemned
Diseases of Poultry Diseases of Poultry Zoonosis Zoonosis
ParatyphParatyphoidoid (Salmonellosis, except (Salmonellosis, except typhoid)typhoid)
CampylobacteriosisCampylobacteriosis ChlamydiosisChlamydiosis TuberculosisTuberculosis /Anthrax//Anthrax/
Inspection of the surfaceInspection of the surface
injuries (as consequences of transportation)injuries (as consequences of transportation) inflammation of skininflammation of skin
arthritisarthritissynovitissynovitis
(infection of Staph (infection of Staphylococcusylococcus aureus) aureus) Marek’s disease (skin form)Marek’s disease (skin form)
Inspection ofInspection of visceralvisceral organs organs and the and the bodybody cavitycavity
Bacterial infectionsBacterial infections
Salmonellosis (Fowl typhoid)Salmonellosis (Fowl typhoid) Pasteurellosis (Fowl cholera)Pasteurellosis (Fowl cholera) E. coli septicaemiaE. coli septicaemia StaphylococcosisStaphylococcosis StreptococcosisStreptococcosis
SepticaemiaSepticaemia
hhaemorrhages and/or fibrinous aemorrhages and/or fibrinous inflammation on seromembranesinflammation on seromembranes– pleuritispleuritis– pericarditispericarditis– air sacculitisair sacculitis
liver, spleen conditions:liver, spleen conditions:– enlargedenlarged– friable (associated with subcapsular haemorrhages)friable (associated with subcapsular haemorrhages)
lungs,lungs, intestines, genitalsintestines, genitals
ParatyphoidParatyphoid (Salmonellosis)(Salmonellosis)ZoonosisZoonosis S. enteritidisS. enteritidis
S. typhimuriumS. typhimurium S. infantisS. infantis S. hadarS. hadar S. agonaS. agona S. saint-paulS. saint-paul S. bovis-morbificans …etc.S. bovis-morbificans …etc.
Gram negative rods with filamentsGram negative rods with filaments SSensitivity:ensitivity: 70° C 5 min 70° C 5 min
fresh meat - 2-3 weeksfresh meat - 2-3 weeksfrozen meat - yearsfrozen meat - years
Pathology:Pathology: septicaemia (enlarged spleen, liver, septicaemia (enlarged spleen, liver, necrotic foci, enteritis (fibrinous inflammation necrotic foci, enteritis (fibrinous inflammation in caecum! - water fowl! )in caecum! - water fowl! )
Total condemned for human Total condemned for human cconsumption!onsumption! Slaughterhouse hygenie, household hygenieSlaughterhouse hygenie, household hygenie
(contamination!)(contamination!)
Fowl typhoidFowl typhoid
Salmonella gallinarum/pullorumSalmonella gallinarum/pullorumadapted to special hostadapted to special hostGram negative rods without any filamentsGram negative rods without any filaments
sensitive to 70sensitive to 70°°C 5 minC 5 minin fresh meat for 2-4 monthin fresh meat for 2-4 monthin frozen meat for yearsin frozen meat for yearsin water for 4-6 weeksin water for 4-6 weeks
Germinative transmission!Germinative transmission!
Pathology:Pathology:
eenlarged spleennlarged spleen liver within small necrotic foci liver within small necrotic foci
white-grey (necrotic) nodules in myocardiumwhite-grey (necrotic) nodules in myocardium in lungs in lungs in intestine in intestine
fibrinous inflammation of seromembranesfibrinous inflammation of seromembranes degenerated follicles on ovary,degenerated follicles on ovary,
salpingitis salpingitis arthritisarthritis
Poultry meat is partial condemned for Poultry meat is partial condemned for human consumptionhuman consumption
only the affected areas are condemnedonly the affected areas are condemned(mostly the parenchymal organs and (mostly the parenchymal organs and intestines - in case of arthritis the legs are intestines - in case of arthritis the legs are removed)removed)
TuberculosisTuberculosisZoonosisZoonosis
Mycobacterium aviumMycobacterium avium Gram negative, Gram negative,
Ziehl-Nelsen positive slim rodZiehl-Nelsen positive slim rodss Main character: Main character: acid- and alcohol-fastnessacid- and alcohol-fastness SSensitivity: (Pasteur)ensitivity: (Pasteur)
• 85°C - 1 sec85°C - 1 sec• 72-76°C - 14-45 sec72-76°C - 14-45 sec• 62-65°C - 30 min62-65°C - 30 min
Domesticated birds: Domesticated birds: adultadult only onlywildwild- exotic - exotic birdsbirds (ZOO) (ZOO), ostrich, ostrich
Pathology:Pathology: bad conditionbad conditiongrey-yellow nodules of varying sizes in grey-yellow nodules of varying sizes in - diff. organs- diff. organs- intestines- intestines- bone marrow- bone marrow
Condemned for human consumptionCondemned for human consumption
ColibacillosisColibacillosis
Gram negative rodsGram negative rods ssepticaemiaepticaemia coligranulomatosis (intestine,coligranulomatosis (intestine, mesenterium) mesenterium) CRDCRD Partial condemned for human consumptionPartial condemned for human consumption
Chronic Respiratory DiseaseChronic Respiratory DiseaseMycoplasmosisMycoplasmosis
Mycoplasma gallisepticumMycoplasma gallisepticum Mycoplasma synoviaeMycoplasma synoviae Mycoplasma meleagridisMycoplasma meleagridis Mycoplasma iowaeMycoplasma iowae Mycoplasma anserisMycoplasma anseris Mycoplasma cloacalaeMycoplasma cloacalae Mycoplasma anatumMycoplasma anatum Ureaplasmas Ureaplasmas
Pathogenicy varied, mostly fakultative pathogen ! Pathogenicy varied, mostly fakultative pathogen ! In general Mycoplasmas are cIn general Mycoplasmas are colonizing mucosal olonizing mucosal
surfacessurfaces They are They are associated with bacteria and/or virusesassociated with bacteria and/or viruses
(respiratory virus infection, E. coli, (respiratory virus infection, E. coli, Ornithobacterium..)Ornithobacterium..)
sstresstressimmunsuppression (viral diseases, mycotoxins..)immunsuppression (viral diseases, mycotoxins..)
Fowl cholera/PasteurellosisFowl cholera/Pasteurellosis Mainly in turkey, water fowlMainly in turkey, water fowl Pasteurella multocidaPasteurella multocida acute form acute form
chronic form chronic form Gram negative coccoid-rodsGram negative coccoid-rods
Sensitivity: 60°C 2 minSensitivity: 60°C 2 min PathologyPathology: septicaemia: septicaemia
arthritis arthritis salpingitis salpingitis fibrinopurulent meningitisfibrinopurulent meningitis fibrinous fibrinous inflammation of phallusinflammation of phallus
Septicaemia - condemnedSepticaemia - condemnedChronic form: partial condemned (except cachexia)Chronic form: partial condemned (except cachexia)
ErysipelasErysipelas Water fowlWater fowl Erysipelothrix rhusiopatiaeErysipelothrix rhusiopatiae
Gram Gram positivepositive rod rodsssensitivity: mildsensitivity: mild
ssepticaemiaepticaemia Diff. diagn.: PasteurellosisDiff. diagn.: Pasteurellosis ( (septicaemiasepticaemia)) Partial condemned for human consumption Partial condemned for human consumption
StaphylococcosisStaphylococcosis Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus
Gram positive coccusGram positive coccus UUbiquiter, pathogen if allowed entry through the biquiter, pathogen if allowed entry through the
skin or mucousskin or mucousalal membranes membranes Pathology:Pathology:septicaemiasepticaemia – young birds – young birds
arthritis, periarthritisarthritis, periarthritis synovitis, osteomyelitissynovitis, osteomyelitis - adult - adult
gangrenous dermatitis gangrenous dermatitis (wings, legs)(wings, legs) in broilers in broilers
Condemned or partial condemnedCondemned or partial condemned
CampylobacteriosisCampylobacteriosisZoonosisZoonosis
Campylobacter jejuniCampylobacter jejuniC. coliC. coli
Microaerophyl, Gram negative, mild sensitivityMicroaerophyl, Gram negative, mild sensitivity It is an intestinal commercial in broiler breeders, layer-type It is an intestinal commercial in broiler breeders, layer-type
breeders, turkey.breeders, turkey. Hepatitis (enteritis) in poultryHepatitis (enteritis) in poultry
Enteritis in human Enteritis in human Slaughterhouse and household hygiene!Slaughterhouse and household hygiene!
Chlamydiosis (Ornithosis)Chlamydiosis (Ornithosis)ZoonosisZoonosis
Chlamydia psittaciChlamydia psittaci IntracellularIntracellular Pigeon, Pigeon, turkeys, ducks, turkeys, ducks, gees, pheasantgees, pheasant Inhaling dust from feces or featherInhaling dust from feces or feather Slaughterhose hygenie Slaughterhose hygenie
AnthraxAnthraxZoonosisZoonosis
It occurs It occurs rarely in birdsrarely in birds where the disease is where the disease is endemicendemic..
Chicken are highly resistant.Chicken are highly resistant. Ducks have occasionally developed the diseaseDucks have occasionally developed the disease OstrichesOstriches are moderately susceptible, often with are moderately susceptible, often with
high mortality. high mortality.
(Dis.of Poultry. Barnes) (Dis.of Poultry. Barnes)
Viral DiseasesViral Diseases Newcastle diseaseNewcastle disease Avian influenzaAvian influenza Fowl poxFowl pox Infectious bronchitisInfectious bronchitis Infectious laryngotracheitisInfectious laryngotracheitis Infectious bursitis Infectious bursitis Marek's diseaseMarek's disease
Newcastle diseaseNewcastle disease Notifiable disease !Notifiable disease ! Avian paramyxovirus (Avian paramyxovirus (serserotype 1, 8 otype 1, 8
genotypes)genotypes) different pathogenity (v, m, l, a)different pathogenity (v, m, l, a) chicken, pheasant, turkey, pigeon, wild birds chicken, pheasant, turkey, pigeon, wild birds
(water fowl)(water fowl) SensitivitySensitivity: 56 °C - 3 min: 56 °C - 3 min
pH 3 - 3 min pH 3 - 3 min disinfectan disinfectantt
Clinical signsClinical signs: : respiratory disease respiratory disease enteritidisenteritidisnervnervousous signs signsmarked drop in egg productionmarked drop in egg production
Pathology:Pathology:– haemorrhageshaemorrhages on seromembranes, on seromembranes,
on mucosal membraneson mucosal membranes(proventricul(proventriculii, small intestine,, small intestine, cecaceca, , -lymphoid tonsils -, -lymphoid tonsils -, tracheatrachea, pharynx, pharynx))
– enteritidisenteritidis– diphtheriod diphtheriod inflammation on lymphoid tonsilsinflammation on lymphoid tonsils
on pharyon pharynxnx
Isolation Isolation of virus (pathogenicity)of virus (pathogenicity)
Prevention / VaccinationPrevention / Vaccination
Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis(septicaemia, CRD, IBD, ILT, IB, Fowl pox, (septicaemia, CRD, IBD, ILT, IB, Fowl pox, pneumovirus, coccidiosis, mycotoxicosis) pneumovirus, coccidiosis, mycotoxicosis)
if NDV is observed on the farm:if NDV is observed on the farm:
In compliance with EU directive 93/119/EC, In compliance with EU directive 93/119/EC, depopulation of infected flocks may take place depopulation of infected flocks may take place using the following methods/drugs/systems:using the following methods/drugs/systems:
Electronarcosis by water dippingElectronarcosis by water dipping Decapitation and dislocation of the neckDecapitation and dislocation of the neck Gassing with carbon dioxideGassing with carbon dioxide Vacuum tankVacuum tank
if NDV is observed in the slaughter-house if NDV is observed in the slaughter-house everything is condemned, and everything has to be everything is condemned, and everything has to be desinfecteddesinfected
Fowl poxFowl pox
Poxviridae, Poxviridae, AvipoxAvipox
SensitivitySensitivity: 50°C heating 30 min: 50°C heating 30 min 60°C 8 min 60°C 8 min in dry scabs for months/yearsin dry scabs for months/years pH 5-9 resistantpH 5-9 resistant
cucutaneous formtaneous form nodular (proliferative) lesions on the comb, wattle, nodular (proliferative) lesions on the comb, wattle, eyelids, other non feathered areaseyelids, other non feathered areas
diphtheroid formdiphtheroid form nodules on mucosal membranes of pharynx, nodules on mucosal membranes of pharynx, trachea, oesophagus trachea, oesophagus
sspecial histopathologicalpecial histopathological changes changes (cytoplasmic inclusion body)(cytoplasmic inclusion body)
Infectious LaryngotracheitisInfectious Laryngotracheitis HerpesvirusHerpesvirus Sensitivity:Sensitivity: mild (halogen-detergents + iodophors, mild (halogen-detergents + iodophors,
heating, but heating, but ((-18°-18° C-25°C-25° C !)C !) Acute respiratory diseaseAcute respiratory disease ConjunctivitisConjunctivitis
LaryngitisLaryngitisTracheitisTracheitis(Hist(Histoopathology: pathology: intranuclear inclusion bodyintranuclear inclusion body in in epithelial cells by 3 day PI)epithelial cells by 3 day PI)
Infectious bronchitisInfectious bronchitis CoronavirusCoronavirus Sensitivity:Sensitivity: 56°C 15 min56°C 15 min
at room temperature 2-3 daysat room temperature 2-3 dayscommoncommon detergents destroy detergents destroy
Pathology:Pathology: acute catarrhal tracheitis, bronchitisacute catarrhal tracheitis, bronchitis
sinusitis, air sacculitissinusitis, air sacculitis local pneumolocal pneumoniania
nephritis, salpnephritis, salpiingitis (eggs !)ngitis (eggs !)
Infectious bursal DiseaseInfectious bursal Disease (Gumboro Disease) (Gumboro Disease)
BirnavirusBirnavirus bursa Fabricii (B lymphoid cells)bursa Fabricii (B lymphoid cells)
immunsuppression !immunsuppression ! Sensitivity:Sensitivity: very stabil virus! very stabil virus!
60-70°C -30 min60-70°C -30 min0.5 % chloramines 10 min0.5 % chloramines 10 mininvert soap + 0,05 sodium hydroxideinvert soap + 0,05 sodium hydroxide
Pathology: Pathology: haemorrhageshaemorrhages
in muscles (legs, breast) in muscles (legs, breast) on mucosal membrane of proventriculi on mucosal membrane of proventriculi on lymphoid tonsils of intestine on lymphoid tonsils of intestine
oedema and haemorrhageous inflammation of oedema and haemorrhageous inflammation of bursa Fabriciibursa Fabricii
Diff. diagnosis:Diff. diagnosis: Newcastle Newcastle diseasediseasemycotoxicosismycotoxicosis
Prevention:Prevention: vaccination, hygiene vaccination, hygiene
Marek’s DiseaseMarek’s Disease Herpesvirus Herpesvirus (cell associated virus)(cell associated virus) Sensitivity: Sensitivity: Pathogenity:Pathogenity:
„classical” form (lesions in peripheral nerves)„classical” form (lesions in peripheral nerves)tumoral form tumoral form
(lymphoid tumors in (lymphoid tumors in differentdifferent organs or organs or in skin)in skin)
transient paralysistransient paralysis Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis::
Newcastle diseaseNewcastle diseaseleucosisleucosistumorstumors
Parasites / ProtoParasites / ProtozzoaoaCoccidiosisCoccidiosis
Eimeria tenellaEimeria tenellaEimeria necatrixEimeria necatrixEimeria acervulinaEimeria acervulinaEimeria truncataEimeria truncata
Chicken, turkeyChicken, turkeygeesegeese
Anticoccidial drugs /vaccinationAnticoccidial drugs /vaccination
immunsuppressive diseases (Marek’s disease, immunsuppressive diseases (Marek’s disease, CAV, CAV, Gumboro disease, Reo, mycotoxines…Gumboro disease, Reo, mycotoxines…))
Haemorrhagic enteritidis Haemorrhagic enteritidis (clotted blood - fibrinous inflammation)(clotted blood - fibrinous inflammation)in caecumin caecumin small intestinesin small intestines
renal coccidiosis (enlarged, yellow-greyish renal coccidiosis (enlarged, yellow-greyish kidneys)kidneys)
Fungal infectionsFungal infectionsAspergillosisAspergillosis
Aspergillus fumigatusAspergillus fumigatusAspergillus flavusAspergillus flavusPenicilliumPenicilliumMucorMucor
RespiratoryRespiratory diseasediseasepneumonia (granulompneumonia (granulomees)s)air sacculitis, peritonitisair sacculitis, peritonitis
Litter, feed (toxins)Litter, feed (toxins) (Antibiotics contraindicated!)(Antibiotics contraindicated!)
In these cases poultry meat is partial In these cases poultry meat is partial condemned for human consumptioncondemned for human consumption
(the effected areas are condemned:(the effected areas are condemned:- parenchymal orgams- parenchymal orgams- intestinesintestines- skin + muscles /breast, legs/ )skin + muscles /breast, legs/ )