disease control 2012 edited
TRANSCRIPT
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Versi 2013 by: UQ
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Penyakit pada Tumbuhan, biasanya:
starts out at a low level,
becomes of concern to
us only when its
incidence and severityincreases with time.
tidak hanya mengamati kemunculan (incidence) atau keparahan
(severity) sejak titik 0 (nol) yang kemudian meningkat secara
dramatik, tapi juga bisa mengamati pola perkembangan yang
mencolok sejalan dengan waktu.
DiseaseProgress
Phytophthorablight o cucurbit
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Phytophthora blight of pepper seedlings
Perkembangan penyakit (disease progress) cenderung linier(dengan sedikit de!iasi yang kita anggap sebagai random error)
"ontoh disease progress :
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#usarium kernel rot
(busuk bulir) pada
jagung
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Bean rust (karat bii!
$i pihak lain, pada %karat biji& (Uromyces phaseoli) dan bercak abu'
abu pada daun jagung (Cercospora zeae-maydis), terdapat kur!a
meningkat terbatas (deinite upward cur!e): dimana penyakit
meningkat dengan laju yang meningkat pula. ur!anya disebut
exponential.
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"rey leafspot of
#ai$e
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$isease Progress
Penyakit tumbuhan tidak dapat terus meningkat. ila
sudah mencapai level of diseasemendekati *00+,
maka kur!a disease progressmendatar (flatten) secara
bertahap.
"ontoh: pada epidemi dari ineksi !clerotium rolfsii pada
kacang atau ineksi pada tanaman tembakau oleh
"hytophthora parasitica!ar. nicotianae, disease
progress mulai secara linier tetapi melambat ketika
mendekati titik maksimum.
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Sclerotium rolfsiion beans
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Bla%k shank on toba%%o
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$isease Progress
$emikian juga, kur!a disease progress dari "uccinia
graminissubsp. graminicolapada rye grassdan
"yrenophora teres. sp. terespada barley pada
awalnya eponential, tapi ketika tingkat keparahan
mendekati *00+, laju disease progressmelambat
secara bertahap hinga mencapai 0 (-ero) sehingga
membentuk kur!a bentuk sigmoid (bentuk /)
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Bla%k ste# rust on ryegrass
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&et blot%h on barley
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To be sure, not all eamples o
disease progress can be as neatly
categori-ed as these, but in general
plant disease epidemics tend to beeither roughly linear or eponential in
the early stages, and they tend to
le!el o as they approach some limit.
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$ampak penyakit tumbuhan dan kerusakan
yang ditimbulkan merupakan ungsi dari
#disease progress$.
1ntuk menekan dampaknya perlumengeliminasi penyakitnya, dengan cara
mempertahankan perkembangan penyakittersebut di ba'ah le)el* yang diiinkan.
2rtinya, disease progress$dan aktor'aktor
yang mempengaruhinya harus dipahami
sebagai istilah kuantitati (3uantitati!e terms)saja.
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%.what kinds of diseases lead
to linear disease progressandwhat factors affect the slope
of the line &the rate of disease
progress'.
(. what kinds of diseases tend to produce exponential
disease progresscurves and how we can reduce both
the starting level of disease andthe rate of epidemicdevelopment.
). why epidemics sometimes level off and what imposes
limits to their development.
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The "yclical 4ature o Plant
$isease
Plant
disease
epidemi
csare
cyclicalpheno
mena,th
atis,
theycon
sistofrepeate
d
cycleso
fpathog
en
developm
entinre
lationto
thehost.
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The inoculum,
which might
consist of
fungalspore
s,
bacterial
cells,
nematodes,viruses
withinanap
hid
vector,orso
meother
propaguleso
fa
pathogen,
gains entry into and establishment
within the host tissues through the
process of infection.
http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://www.apsnet.org/Education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosS-V/stoma.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.apsnet.org/Education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosS-V/stoma.htm&h=275&w=400&sz=31&hl=id&start=16&tbnid=gxzjSmri90v-_M:&tbnh=85&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstomatal%2Bopening%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Did%26lr%3D -
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Patogen berkembang dalam tubuh
inang dan mulai memproduksi
inokulum baru yang pada saatnyaakan5dapat disebarkan ke tempat
lain yang rentan dan memulai ineksi
barunya.
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Patogeny
anghanya
punya*siklus
perkembangan(*sikl
usineksi)
disebutseba
gai#ono%y%li%,
sedangkan
yangpuny
alebihdari*
siklusineksidisebutp
oly%y%li%.
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Pada iklim temperatehanya ada * siklustumbuh (crop cycle) per tahun, sehingga istilah
6monocyclic6 dan 6polycyclic6 didasarkan padajumlah siklusnya per tahun.
4amun, pada iklim tropik atau subtropik, dapatada lebih dari * crop cycleper tahun, danpenting diingat bahwa 6monocyclic6 and6polycyclic6 didasarkan pada crop cycletunggal.
7stilah yang sama juga dipakai untuk
mendeskripsi epidemik dan juga patogen./ehinga, kita sering mengucapkan sebagai*monocyclic epidemic*atau *polycyclicepidemic*.
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Epidemic:
Perubahanpadadisease
intensitydalam
sebuah
populasiinang
(host
population)sep
anjangruang
danwaktu.
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Change : oten increase '' a dyna#i% pro%ess
+isease : dealing with diseases+ not just the pathogen (or plant5crop)
ost : 8rganism inected (or potentially
inected) by another organism
"opulation : a population pheno#enon
ime and space : two physi%al di#ensions o interest.
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,pide#iology:
/tudy o epidemics.
!cience of disease in populations.
cology of disease.
!tudy of the spread of diseases, in space andtime,
with the ob/ective to trace factors that areresponsible for, or contribute to, epidemic
occurrence.
he science of populations of pathogens in
populations of host plants, and the diseases resulting therefrom under the influence of
the environment and human interferences.
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All plant diseases result from a three-
way interaction between the host, the
pathogen andthe environment.
An epidemic develops if all three of
these factors are favourable to disease
development.
Therefore, disease can be controlled
by manipulating one or more ofthese factorsso that conditions are
unsuitable for replication, survival or
infection by the pathogen.
*
9
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/ince the beginning o agriculture, generations
o armers ha!e been e!ol!ing practices or
combating the !arious plagues suered by our
crops. #ollowing our disco!ery o the causes oplant diseases in the early nineteenth century,
our growing understanding o the interactions o
pathogen and host has enabled us to de!elop a
wide array o measures or the control o speciic
plant diseases.
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From this accumulated knowledge
base, we can distill some general
principles of plant disease controlthat can help us address the
management of new problems onwhatever crop in any environment.
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;. ;.
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2!oidance>pre!ent disease by selecting a time o the year or
a site where there is no inoculum or where the en!ironment isnot a!orable or inection.
?clusion>pre!ent the introduction o inoculum.
?radication>eliminate, destroy, or inacti!ate the inoculum.
Protection>pre!ent inection by means o a toicant or some
other barrier to inection.
@esistance>utili-e culti!ars that are resistant to or tolerant o
inection.
Therapy>cure plants that are already inected.
Traditional Principles of Plant isease !ontrol
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9. the traditional principles o plant
disease control do not take into
consideration the dynamics o plant
disease, that is, the changes in the
incidence and se!erity o disease in time
and space. (/ee: $isease Progress.)
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. considering that dierent diseases
dier in their dynamics, they do notindicate the relati!e eecti!eness o the
!arious tactics or the controlo a
particular disease. They also ail to show
how the dierent disease control
measures interact in their eects on
disease dynamics.
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A. the traditional principles o plant
disease control tend to emphasi-etactics without itting them into an
ade3uate o!erall strategy.
Th ? id i l i l i $i
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The ?pidemiological asis o $isease
BanagementPlant disease epidemics can be classified into two basic types,
monocyclic and polycyclic, depending on the number ofinfection cycles per crop cycle. "#ee$ The !yclical %ature of
Plant isease.&
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The early stages of a monocyclic epidemic can be
described 'uite well by a linear model, while the early
stages of a polycyclic epidemic can be described with an
e(ponential model. #ince we are concerned with keeping
disease levels well below )**+, there is no need to
adust the models for approaching the upper limit, and
we can use the simple linear and e(ponential models toplan strategies$
1(amining these models we can see that in both there are
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). educe the initial inoculum "in the
monocyclic model and (oin the polycyclic
model&. "Actually (ois the initial incidence of
disease, which is proportional to the initial
inoculum.&
/. educe the rate of infection "in the
monocyclic model and rin the polycyclicmodel&
0. educe the duration of the epidemic "the time,
t, at the end of the epidemic&
1(amining these models, we can see that in both there are
three ways in which we can reduce (at any point in the
epidemic$
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These can be used as three maor
strategiesfor managing plant diseaseepidemics, and we can organi2e our
plant disease control tacticsunder one
or more of these overall strategies.
Furthermore, by means of the model we
can assess the 'uantitative impact of
each strategy, not only by itself, but in
its interaction with others.
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3t is clear from the above model of a monocyclic
epidemic that , , and t have e'ual weight intheir effect on (. A reduction in the initial
inoculum or the rate of infection will result in a
reduction in the level of disease by the sameproportion at any time, t, throughout the epidemic.
3f tcan be reduced "for e(ample, by shortening the
season&, disease will be reduced proportionately.
The monocyclic
model
The polycyclic
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The polycyclic
model 7 ris !ery high, the apparent
eect o reducing ois to delaythe epidemic.
7 ris !ery high, omust be reduced to !ery low
le!els to ha!e a signiicant eect on theepidemic.
@educing rhas a relati!ely greater eect on
the epidemic than reducing o.
@educing omakes good strategic sense onlyi ris low or i ris also being reduced.
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The Traditional Principles @e!isited
To make the conceptual leap rom disease
control to disease management, the
traditional principles can be modiied by
itting them as tacticswithin each o the three
major disease management strategies and
by slightly changing the wording to relect the3uantitati!e impact o the action rather than
an absolute eect:
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Versi 2012 by: UQ
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P@74/7P P?4C?D8D224 P?4E27T
T1B1;24
Pada prinsipnya, untuk mengelola penyakit tumbuhan
ada strategidan ada taktikyang dapat digunakan. Taktik dipakai untuk mencapai tujuan berdasar strategi
yang dicanangkan.
/ecara umum, ada tiga strategi yang dapat dilakukanuntuk pengendalian penyakit tumbuhan yaitu :
F (*) strategi untuk mengurangi inokulum awal,
F (9) strategi untuk mengurangi laju ineksi, dan
F () strategi untuk mengurangi lamanya epidemi. /edangkan taktik pada prinsipnya ada enam, yaitu
a!oidan, ekslusi, eradikasi, proteksi, resistensi, danterapi.
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Tactics or the @eduction o 7nitial 7noculum
-)oidan%e>reduce the le!el o disease by selecting aseason or a site wherethe amount o inoculum is loworwherethe en!ironment is una!orable or inection
,.%lusion>reduce the amount o initial inoculumintroduced rom outside sources
,radi%ation>reduce the production o initial inoculum bydestroying or inacti!ating the sources o initial inoculum(sanitation, remo!al o reser!oirs o inoculum, remo!al oalternate hosts, etc.)
Prote%tion>reduce the le!el o initial inection by means oa toicant or other barrier to inection
/esistan%e>use culti!ars that are resistant to inection,particularly the initial inection
Therapy>use thermotherapy, chemotherapy and5ormeristem culture to produce certiied seed or !egetati!eplanting stock
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a%ti%s for the /edu%tion of
the nfe%tion /ate
2!oidance>reduce the rate o production o inoculum, therate o inection, or the rate o de!elopment o the pathogenby selecting a season or a site where the en!ironment is nota!orable
?clusion>reduce the introduction o inoculum rom eternal
sources during the course o the epidemic ?radication>reduce the rate o inoculum production during
the course o the epidemic by destroying or inacti!ating thesources o inoculum (roguing)
Protection>reduce the rate o inection by means o a
toicant or some other barrier to inection @esistance>plant culti!ars that can reduce the rate oinoculum production, the rate o inection, or the rate opathogen de!elopment
Therapy>cure the plants that are already inected or reducetheir production o inoculum
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a%ti%s for the /edu%tion of the uration
of the ,pide#i%
-)oidan%e>plant early maturing culti!ars or plant at
a time that a!ors rapid maturation o the crop
,.%lusion>delay the introduction o inoculum rom
eternal sources by means o plant 3uarantine
PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN
PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN
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MENGURANGI LAJU INFEKSIMENGURANGI LAJU INFEKSI
MENGURANGI LAMANYA EPIDEMIMENGURANGI LAMANYA EPIDEMI
MENGURANGI INOKULUM AWALMENGURANGI INOKULUM AWAL
EKSLUSIEKSLUSI
AVOIDANAVOIDAN
STRATEGISTRATEGI
Waktu tanam, lahan, lingkungan yg tak cocok untukpatogen
Mengurangi jumlah inokulum awal yang berasal dariluar lahan
Sanitasi, buang sumber inokulum, musnahkan inangantara, dsb.
Aplikasi fungisida, atau buat penghalang infeksi pdtanaman
Kultivar yang tahan terhadap infeksi inokulum awal
erapi panas, kimia, benih ! bag. tan. vegetativ bebaspenyakit
EKSLUSIEKSLUSI
TERAPITERAPI
ERADIKASIERADIKASI
RESISTENRESISTEN
PROTEKSIPROTEKSI
TAKTIKTAKTIK
AVOIDANAVOIDAN
"aju dikurangi dg waktu tanam, lahan, lingkungan ygtak cocok
Kurangi masuknya inokulum selama terjadinyaepidemi
ebang, pangkas, musnahkan inokulum saatterjadinya epidemi
Kurangi laju infeksi dengan fungisida atau
penghalang lainKultivar yang mengurangi laju in#feksi!perkemb.patogen!inokulum
Sembuhkan tanaman yang telah terinfeksi
EKSLUSIEKSLUSI
TERAPITERAPI
ERADIKASIERADIKASI
RESISTENRESISTEN
PROTEKSIPROTEKSI
AVOIDANAVOIDAN
anaman cepat dewasa agar terhindar dari infeksi
$ambat introduksi inokulum dari luar dengankarantina
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Peranan pengendalian
terhadap penyakit tumbuhan
$itujukan untuk mencegah atau mengurangi
terjadinya penyakit sehingga tanaman dapat
memberikan hasil yang menguntungkan.
1saha ini biasanya ditujukan terhadap tanaman
sebagai populasi dan tidak terhadap tanaman
sebagai indi!idu.
ebanyakan dari usaha pengendalian penyakitmemerlukan perpaduan dari berbagai cara.
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"ara pendekatan pendekatan terhadap tanaman
pendekatan yang ditujukan terhadappenyebab penyakit tertentu
Terintegrasi ke dalamB?T8$2 P?4C?4$2D724
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Penghindaran patogen
Pemilihan daerah pertanian.
Pemilihan waktu tanam.
Penggunaan benih yang bebas penyakit.
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Eksklusi patogen
Perawatan bahan tanaman.
arantina tumbuhan.
Pembasmian serangga !ektor.
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Eradikasi patogen
Pergiliran tanam.
Bembuang atau menghancurkan tanaman
atau bagian tanaman yang terserang.
Perlakuan tanah.
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Perlindungan tanaman
Pengendalian serangga pembawa
patogen.
Bengubah keadaan lingkungan.
Bengubah keadaan -at hara.
M b k t
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Mengembangkan tanaman yang
resisten
@esistensi isiologis
@esistensi mekanis
@esistensi ungsional
@esistensi oleh hemoterapi
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a. @esistensi isiologis yang biasanya didasarkan
kepada adanya -at di dalam protoplasma yang
menghambat ineksi patogen dan
perkembangannya lebih lanjut di dalam tanaman.
b. @esistensi mekanis yang berhubungan denganstruktur atau morologi dari bagian'bagian
tanaman tertentu meliputi siat karakteristik yang
dipunyai oleh tanaman yang menyulitkan patogen
mengadakan kontak secara langsung dengan
bagian yang akan diineksinya seperti adanyalapisan kutikula atau lapisan gabus yang tebal.
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c. @esistensi ungsionalyang berhubungan dengan
waktu penutupan stomata.
d. @esistensi oleh hemoterapidimana terdapat
kemungkinan mengubah ketahanan terhadap
patogen yang terdapat dalam protoplasma dengan
pemberian senyawa kimiapada tanaman. Pada
umumnya cara tersebut memperlambat atau
mengurangi timbulnya penyakit.
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Betode pengendalian
%. 0egulatory
(. Cultural
). 1iological
2. "hysical
3. Chemical
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@egulatory control
Benangkal suatu patogen dari
suatu inang atau dari suatu areageograis tertentu
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@egulatory "ontrol
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"ultural control
Bengusahakan tanaman terhindar dari
kontak dengan patogen, mengusahakan
kondisi lingkungan tidak menguntungkan
bagi patogen dan melenyapkan atau
mengurangi jumlah patogen pada suatu
tanaman, lahan atau wilayah
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iological control
Beningkatkan resistensi inang atau
menciptakan kondisi yang menguntungkan
bagi mikroorganisma antagonistik bagi
patogen
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Physical and chemical control
Belindungi tanaman dari inokulum patogen
yang sudah ada atau akan ada, atau
mengobati suatu ineksi yang sudah5sedang
berlangsung
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MENGURANGI LAJU
INFEKSI
MENGURANGI LAJU
INFEKSI
MENGURANGI LAMANYA
EPIDEMI
MENGURANGI LAMANYA
EPIDEMI
MENGURANGI
INOKULUM AWAL
MENGURANGI
INOKULUM AWAL
PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHANPENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN
EKSLUSIEKSLUSI
AVOIDANAVOIDAN
STRATEGISTRATEGI
EKSLUSIEKSLUSI
TERAPITERAPI
ERADIKASIERADIKASI
RESISTENRESISTEN
PROTEKSIPROTEKSI
TAKTIKTAKTIK
AVOIDANAVOIDAN
EKSLUSIEKSLUSI
TERAPITERAPI
ERADIKASIERADIKASI
RESISTENRESISTEN
PROTEKSIPROTEKSI
AVOIDANAVOIDAN
Regulat
ory
con
trol
Cultur
al
control
Biological
control
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P1%41%A53A% P1%6A73T
T89:8;A% #1!AA 7393A
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P?@2T1@24 P?B?@74T2; 48. G
T2;14 *=G
1ntuk melindungi keselamatan manusia
dan sumber'sumber kekayaan alam
khususnya kekayaan alam hayati, dansupaya pestisida dapat digunakan eekti,
maka peredaran, penyimpanan dan
penggunaan pestisida diatur dengan
Peraturan Pemerintah 4o. G Tahun *=G.
$alam peraturan tersebut antara lain
ditentukan bahwa:
tiap pestisida harus didatarkan kepada Benteri
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tiap pestisida harus didatarkan kepada BenteriPertanian melalui omisi Pestisida untuk dimintakani-in penggunaannya
hanya pestisida yang penggunaannya terdatar danatau dii-inkan oleh Benteri Pertanian boleh disimpan,diedarkan dan digunakan
pestisida yang penggunaannya terdatar dan ataudii-inkan oleh Benteri Pertanian hanya boleh
disimpan, diedarkan dan digunakan menurutketentuan'ketentuan yang ditetapkan dalam i-inpestisida itu
tiap pestisida harus diberi label dalam bahasa7ndonesia yang berisi keterangan'keterangan yang
dimaksud dalam surat eputusan Benteri Pertanian4o. A9=5 pts5Bm5*5*=G dan sesuai denganketentuan'ketentuan yang ditetapkan dalampendataran dan i-in masing'masing pestisida.
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ulti4siteulti4site 5ite4spe%ifi%5ite4spe%ifi%
/ystemicity
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/ystemicity
$o not penetrate into plant
@edistribute on plant suraces
Bulti'site inhibitors ills spores5inhibits
germination
Protectant only
road spectrum
Penetrate into plant
@edistribute on I within plants
/ingle'site inhibitors 7nhibits spore germination and
or mycelial growth
Protectant and curati!e
/electi!e
4on'systemic /ystemic
4on systemics
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4on'systemics
Bimimal redistribution romthe point o deposition
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/ystemics
Docal /ystemic
F Docal redistribution
rom the point o
depositionF 8n the cuticle
F Through the lea
(translaminar)F ?tent is !ariable
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/ystemics
Dimited systemic
(acropetal penetrant)
F Cood mo!ement rom
the point o applicationF Through tissues
F 7nside the !asculature
F ulk mo!ementF $B7s, Phenylamides
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/ystemics
True /ystemics(asipetal penetrant)
F 8nly one ungcide
F #osetyl'2lF Bo!es through plant
F $own into roots
F Cood against soil'borne oomycetes
/ingle /ite ! Bulti'site
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/ingle /ite !. Bulti site
/ystemic !. non'/ystemic
Protectant only
"an wash o
/horter application inter!als
road spectrum
6o' /isk of /esistan%e
Protectant and curati!e
Dess prone to washing o
Donger application inter!als
/electi!e
7igh /isk of /esistan%e
4on'systemic5Bulti'/ite /ystemic5/ingle /ite
Pola Daku imiawi pada
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Biologi%al #ode of a%tion
-ksi 8ungisida dapat diekspresikan #elalui
salah satu dari dua %ara ekspresi fisik
Penghambatan perkecambahan
spora.
Penghambatan pertmbuhan jamur.
Pola Daku imiawi pada
Pengendalian Penyakit Tanaman
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Physiologi%al #ode of a%tion
-pa yang teradi pada tingkatan
seluler shg dapat #enyebabkan
pengaruh )isibel pada
perke%a#bahan spora danpertu#buhan a#ur9
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Mengapa perlu mengenali pola laku
fungisida secara fisiologis?
= For resistance management= and preservation of fungicide
effectiveness.
1ntreated
Treated
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he physiologi%al #ode of
a%tion #ungicides are metabolic inhibitors andtheir modes o action can be classiied into
our broad groups.
F 7nhibitors o electron transport chain.F 7nhibitors o en-ymes.
F 7nhibitors o nucleic acid metabolism and
protein synthesis.
F 7nhibitors o sterol synthesis.
A typical cell and cell components
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A typical cell and cell components
>1lectron transport chain
>1n2ymes
>%ucleic acid metabolism
and protein synthesis>#terol synthesis
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nhibition of ele%tron transport %hain
(/espiration in #ito%hondria! /ulur
F $isrupts electron transport along the
cytochromes
/trobilurins (a-oystrobin, kresoim'methyl,pyraclostrobin, triloystrobin)
F 7nhibit mitochondrial respiration, blocking the
cytochrome bc* comple.
$isco!ery and /ynthesis rom
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$isco!ery and /ynthesis rom
4atural Products
!trobilurus tenacellus
4udemansiella mucida
5yxococcus fulvus
/ynthesis rom 4atural Products
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8udemansin 2
8
88
8
/trobilurin 2
88
8
?nol ether stilbene
88
8
?nol ?ther Croup
"4
8 8
4 4
88
8
8ime ?ther Croup
8
884
8
/ynthesis rom 4atural Products
Inhibition of enzymes
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Inhibition of enzymes= !opper
>%onspecific denaturation of proteins anden2ymes.
= ithiocarbamates"maneb, man2ate, dithane, etc&
>3nactivate >#; groups in amino acids, proteins
and en2ymes.
= #ubstituted aromatics"chlorothalonil, P!%:&
>3nactivate amino acids, proteins and en2ymes
by combining with amino and thiol groups.
= ?rganophosphonate"fosetyl-Al&
>isrupts amino acid metabolism.
I hibiti f l i id t b li
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Inhibition of nucleic acid metabolism
and protein synthesis
= :en2imida2oles"thiophanate-methyl&
>3nhibit %A synthesis "nuclear division&.
= Phenylamides"mefeno(am&>3nhibits %A synthesis.
= icarbo(imides"iprodione, vinclo2olin&
>3nhibits %A and %A synthesis, cell divisionand cellular metabolism.
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Inhibition of sterol synthesis
Inhibit demethylation of ergosterol!
= 1rgosterol is the maor sterol in most fungi.
= 3t is essential for membrane structure and function.
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"terol inhibiting fungicides
= 3mida2oles"ima2alil&
= Tria2oles"propicona2ole, myclobutanil,
tebucona2ole, trifluma2ole&= 9orpholines"dimethomorph&
>3nhibits sterol production at different site than
imida2oles and tria2oles. Affects cell wall
production.
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iological control o plant
pathogens"hristine @oath
8 i
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8!er!iew
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g p
pathogens
-ntibiosisF inhibition o one organism byanother as a result o diusion o an
antibiotic
F2ntibiotic production common in soil'dwellingbacteria and ungi
F ?ample: -wittermicin 2 production by 1.
cereusagainst "hytophthoraroot rot in alala
Bechanisms o biological control o
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g
plant pathogens
&utrient %o#petitionF competitionbetween microorganisms or carbon,
nitrogen, 89, iron, and other nutrients
F Bost common way organisms limit growth oothers
F ?ample
". fluorescens, J7T"1/, pre!ents bacterial blotchby competing with ". tolaasii
Bechanisms o biological control o
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g
plant pathogens
estru%ti)e #y%oparasitis#F theparasitism o one ungus by another
F $irect contact
F "ell wall degrading en-ymes
F /ome produce antibiotics
F ?ample
richoderma harzianum, ioTrek, used as seedtreatment against pathogenic ungus
@e3uirements o successul
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3
biocontrol
*. ;ighly eecti!e biocontrol strain must beobtained or produced
a. e able to compete and persist
b. e able to coloni-e and prolierate
c. e non'pathogenic to host plant and
en!ironment
@e3uirements o successul
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3
biocontrol
9. 7nepensi!e production and ormulationo agent must be de!eloped
a. Production must result in biomass with
ecellent shel li!eb. To be successul as agricultural agent must
be
i. 7nepensi!e
ii. 2ble to produce in large 3uantities
iii. Baintain !iability
@e3uirements o successul
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3
biocontrol
. $eli!ery and application must permit ullepression o the agent
a. Bust ensure agents will grow and achie!e
their purpose
Coiling ofTrichodermaaround a pathogen.
(Plant Biocontrol byTrichoderma spp.IlanChet, Ada Viterbo and Yariv Brotman)
Plant pathogen control by richoderma
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p g y
spp.
richoderma spp. are present in nearly allagricultural soils
2ntiungal abilities ha!e been known since
*=0s Bycoparasitism
4utrient competition
2griculturally used as biocontrol agent andas a plant growth promoter
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2002/021231.trichoderma.jpg
Plant pathogen control by
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p g y
richoderma spp.
;ow is it appliedH
#a!ored by presence o high le!els o plant roots
/ome are highly rhi-osphere competent
F "apable o coloni-ing the epanding root suraceF "an be used as soil or seed treatment
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pathogens/images/trichoderma3.jpg
Plant pathogen control by
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p g y
richoderma spp.
2ction against pathogenic ungi
*. 2ttachment to the host
hyphae by coiling
a. Dectin'carbohydrate
interaction
(Hubbard et al., 1983. Phytopathology 73:655-659).
Plant pathogen control by
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richoderma spp.
2ction against pathogenic ungi
9. Penetrate the host cell walls by
secreting lytic en-ymes
a. "hitinases
b. Proteases
c. Clucanases
(Ilan Chet, Hebrew University of Jerusalem).
Plant pathogen control by
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richoderma spp.
/ome strains coloni-e the root withmycoparasitic properties
F Penetrate the root tissue
F 7nduce metabolic changes which induceresistance
2ccumulation o antimicrobial compounds
Plant pathogen control by
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richoderma spp.
"ommercial a!ailability
T'99 /eed coating, seed pieces, transplant starter
Protects roots rom diseases caused by "ythium,0hizoctoniaand 6usarium
7nteracts with the @hi-osphere, near the root hairs
and increases the a!ailable orm o nutrients
needed by plants.
Plant pathogen control by
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richoderma spp.
#uture de!elopments Transgenes
iocontrol microbes contain a large number o
genes which allow biocontrol to occur "loned se!eral genes rom richodermaas
transgenes
F Produce crops which are resistant to plant diseases
"urrently not commercially a!ailable
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5U5-&-B6, -&-",,& 8
564B/&, P6-& 5,-5,5
a reduction of
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a reduction of
biodiversity of
soil organisms
Soil-borne
diseases
Restoring beneficial
organisms that attack,
repel, or otherwise
antagonize disease-causing pathogens will
render a soil disease-
suppressive
Plants growing in
disease-suppressive soil
resist diseases much
better than in soils low inbiological diversity
!eneficial organisms can be
added directly, or the soilenvironment can be made more
favorable for them through use
of compost and other organic
amendments
"ompost #ualitydetermines its
effectiveness at
suppressing
soil-borne plant
diseases
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yPlant diseases result when a susceptible host
and a disease'causing pathogen meet in a
a!orable en!ironment
7 any one o these threeconditions were not met,
there would be no
disease.
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Bany inter!ention practices (ungicides,methyl bromide umigants, etc.) ocus on
taking out the pathogen ater its eects
become apparent.
;ow to emphasi-es on making the
en!ironment less disease'a!orable and thehost plant less susceptible.
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