Discussion of ChinaDiscussion of China

Organization PointsOrganization Points

1) News paper is due in six days. 1) News paper is due in six days. What do you still need to get done?What do you still need to get done?

2) Vocab test needs to be taken by 2) Vocab test needs to be taken by all who do not have a 90%. It will be all who do not have a 90%. It will be administered Thursdays and Fridays administered Thursdays and Fridays during lunch and after school.during lunch and after school.

3) It’s Friday!3) It’s Friday! 44

Thinking about ChinaThinking about China

– The BasicsThe Basics The world’s most populous countryThe world’s most populous country Relative ethnic homogeneityRelative ethnic homogeneity Great linguistic differences within one Great linguistic differences within one

languagelanguage Poverty deep and widespreadPoverty deep and widespread Great growth of middle classGreat growth of middle class

Thinking about ChinaThinking about China Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

– Can the Chinese leadership realistically hope to Can the Chinese leadership realistically hope to limit the impact of the outside world to the limit the impact of the outside world to the economy?economy?

– As the Chinese people learn more about other As the Chinese people learn more about other cultures and have more money to spend, won’t cultures and have more money to spend, won’t they begin to demand political freedoms as well?they begin to demand political freedoms as well?

– Will the state continue to be able to put down Will the state continue to be able to put down protests like the one in Tiananmen Square in 1989, protests like the one in Tiananmen Square in 1989, especially if they become larger or more violent?especially if they become larger or more violent?

– What will happen if the CCP continues to have What will happen if the CCP continues to have trouble recruiting talented and dedicated members trouble recruiting talented and dedicated members who could become its future leaders?who could become its future leaders?

– Hu Jintao and his colleagues are popularly referred Hu Jintao and his colleagues are popularly referred to as the “fourth generation” of leaders. How might to as the “fourth generation” of leaders. How might they change Chinese political life?they change Chinese political life?

– And how will the fifth generation, slated to take And how will the fifth generation, slated to take over by 2014, accelerate or slow down the pace or over by 2014, accelerate or slow down the pace or change?change?

The Evolution of the Chinese The Evolution of the Chinese StateState

The broad sweep of Chinese historyThe broad sweep of Chinese history– Nearly 3,000 years of political historyNearly 3,000 years of political history– The world’s oldest large, centralized, The world’s oldest large, centralized,

bureaucratic statebureaucratic state– Near isolation for most of its historyNear isolation for most of its history– Europeans “crashed in” in the 19th Europeans “crashed in” in the 19th

centurycentury– Chinese humiliated by European Chinese humiliated by European

dominancedominance

Marxist IdealsMarxist Ideals Capitalism was a natural stage in the development of Capitalism was a natural stage in the development of

society. society. Change comes about because of inequalities and Change comes about because of inequalities and

exploitation within the political-economic system.exploitation within the political-economic system. Marx predicted that communism would come first in highly Marx predicted that communism would come first in highly

industrialized societies.industrialized societies. Coercive government would be unnecessary in the final Coercive government would be unnecessary in the final

state of development.state of development. Lenin felt that revolution in Russia required the leadership Lenin felt that revolution in Russia required the leadership

of an enlightened, activist group of revolutionaries.of an enlightened, activist group of revolutionaries. Lenin felt that structures of the state could be used to Lenin felt that structures of the state could be used to

create socialism.create socialism. Democratic centralism, according to Lenin, meant that Democratic centralism, according to Lenin, meant that

policies would be made by the central leadership based on policies would be made by the central leadership based on what they perceived as the will of the people. what they perceived as the will of the people.

Marxist IdealsMarxist Ideals

Mao based his communist Chinese Mao based his communist Chinese revolution on the peasants, not an idea revolution on the peasants, not an idea of global revolution, as Marx preached. of global revolution, as Marx preached.

The Chinese cultural revolution was The Chinese cultural revolution was part of a struggle against what Marx part of a struggle against what Marx called the oppression of the state.called the oppression of the state.

China did not emphasize solidarity with China did not emphasize solidarity with other communist nations (as evidenced other communist nations (as evidenced by their split with the USSR in the by their split with the USSR in the 1950’s)1950’s)

Marxist Ideals (review of pre-Marxist Ideals (review of pre-test)test)

Gorbachev’s reforms were intended to preserve Gorbachev’s reforms were intended to preserve the Communist system in the Soviet Union.the Communist system in the Soviet Union.

Gorbachev’s reformed Communist economies Gorbachev’s reformed Communist economies allowed private ownership of business. allowed private ownership of business.

Gorbachev’s reforms were intended to Gorbachev’s reforms were intended to decentralize both economic and political decision-decentralize both economic and political decision-making. making.

Deng Xiaoping’s reformed in China have allowed Deng Xiaoping’s reformed in China have allowed greater economic freedom while strengthening greater economic freedom while strengthening the political power of the Communist party. the political power of the Communist party.

Deng’s reforms were not intended to insist that Deng’s reforms were not intended to insist that the peasants benefit as much as urban workers. the peasants benefit as much as urban workers.

ELECTIONS ELECTIONS Elections designed to give the party-Elections designed to give the party-

state greater legitimacystate greater legitimacy

Party controls elections to prevent Party controls elections to prevent dissentdissent

Direct, secret-ballot elections at local Direct, secret-ballot elections at local levellevel– Found most common at the village level Found most common at the village level

(could be a façade)(could be a façade)– Indirect elections at other levels Indirect elections at other levels

NONCOMMUNIST PARTIES NONCOMMUNIST PARTIES CCP allows the existence of eight CCP allows the existence of eight

"democratic" parties.  "democratic" parties.  – China Democratic League-intellectualsChina Democratic League-intellectuals– Chinese Party for the Public Interest-overseas Chinese Party for the Public Interest-overseas

expertsexperts Membership is small and has very little Membership is small and has very little

powerpower Important advisory role to the party Important advisory role to the party

leaders and generate support for CCP leaders and generate support for CCP policies policies – Meet at CPPCC during National PeopleMeet at CPPCC during National People’’s s

Congress (and attend NPC as nonvoting Congress (and attend NPC as nonvoting deputies) deputies)

Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions

CCP CHINESE GOVERNMENTCCP CHINESE GOVERNMENT        PLAPLA  

PARALLEL HIERARCHYPARALLEL HIERARCHY

Three Three parallel hierarchies parallel hierarchies Principle of Principle of dual roledual role China's policy making is governed China's policy making is governed

more directly by factions and more directly by factions and personal relationships (personal relationships (guanxiguanxi))

Organization of the CCPOrganization of the CCP

Organized hierarchically by levels Organized hierarchically by levels

  The party has a separate constitution The party has a separate constitution from the government's constitution of from the government's constitution of 1982, and its central bodies are:1982, and its central bodies are:– National Party CongressNational Party Congress

– Central CommitteeCentral Committee

– Politburo/Standing CommitteePolitburo/Standing Committee

GovernmentGovernment

Three branches - a legislature, an executive, and Three branches - a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. a judiciary.

People's National Congress People's National Congress The National People's Congress choose the The National People's Congress choose the

President and Vice President of China, but there is President and Vice President of China, but there is only one party-sponsored candidate for each only one party-sponsored candidate for each positionposition

Executive/BureaucracyExecutive/Bureaucracy The The PresidentPresident and and Vice PresidentVice President The The PremierPremier

BureaucracyBureaucracy

ExecutivesExecutives President and Premier President and Premier

(Prime Minister)(Prime Minister)– President is head of President is head of

state with little state with little constitutional power, constitutional power, but is sometimes the but is sometimes the General Secretary of General Secretary of CCPCCP

– Prime Minister is head Prime Minister is head of State Council, or of State Council, or ministers, and is in ministers, and is in charge of charge of ““departmentsdepartments”” of of governmentgovernment

Executives continuedExecutives continued

They are elected for 5-year terms by They are elected for 5-year terms by National Peoples Congress, National Peoples Congress, nominated by CCPnominated by CCP’’s National Party s National Party CongressCongress

They also serve on Central Military They also serve on Central Military Commission, which oversees the PLACommission, which oversees the PLA

The CCPThe CCP’’s leader is the general s leader is the general secretary and he is in charge of secretary and he is in charge of bureaucracy, or Secretariat bureaucracy, or Secretariat

The LegislatureThe Legislature

Top legislative body is National Top legislative body is National Peoples CongressPeoples Congress– 3,000 members chosen by provincial 3,000 members chosen by provincial

peoples congresses across the countrypeoples congresses across the country– They meet in Beijing once a year for a They meet in Beijing once a year for a

couple of weeks to couple of weeks to ““legislatelegislate”” for 1 for 1 billion+ peoplebillion+ people Pass laws; amend Constitution, Pass laws; amend Constitution, On paper very powerful, but checked by On paper very powerful, but checked by

PartyParty

LegislatureLegislature

The National Peoples Congress The National Peoples Congress chooses a Central Committee of 200 chooses a Central Committee of 200 that meets every 2 months to that meets every 2 months to conduct businessconduct business

Inside this is the Central CommitteeInside this is the Central Committee’’s s Standing Committee which functions Standing Committee which functions every dayevery day

Party RepresentationParty Representation

Parallel structureParallel structure The National Party Congress is main The National Party Congress is main

representative body of CCP, not peoplerepresentative body of CCP, not people– Has 2,000 delegatesHas 2,000 delegates– Select 150-200 people chosen for Central Select 150-200 people chosen for Central

CommitteeCommittee– It chooses a Politburo of 12 people to run It chooses a Politburo of 12 people to run

partyparty’’s day to day businesss day to day business– Many of these people work in Secretariat so Many of these people work in Secretariat so

Politburo chooses a Standing Committee of 6 Politburo chooses a Standing Committee of 6 headed by General Secretary (Thus merging headed by General Secretary (Thus merging executive to legislative)executive to legislative)

Merging of Executive and Merging of Executive and LegislativeLegislative

Standing Committee of Politburo Standing Committee of Politburo includes president and prime includes president and prime minister, plus closest associates, and minister, plus closest associates, and the party legislative the party legislative ““branchbranch”” and and party executive is joined with party executive is joined with government executivegovernment executive

BureaucraciesBureaucracies State CouncilState Council

– Government Ministers and Premier carry Government Ministers and Premier carry out the decisions made by National out the decisions made by National Peoples Congress (or Politburo)Peoples Congress (or Politburo)

– Chinese bureaucrats are paralled by Chinese bureaucrats are paralled by party members assigned to their party members assigned to their ministriesministries Leadership small groups are informal groups Leadership small groups are informal groups

that link other ministers to coordinate that link other ministers to coordinate policymaking and implementationpolicymaking and implementation

– In spite of centralization, provincial and In spite of centralization, provincial and local ministries have had to adapt local ministries have had to adapt national policies to local needsnational policies to local needs

JudiciaryJudiciary

Criminal justice is swift and harsh (capital Criminal justice is swift and harsh (capital punishment is a bullet in the back of the head) punishment is a bullet in the back of the head)

There is a separate civil court system. Citizens There is a separate civil court system. Citizens can sue each other and certain government can sue each other and certain government entities. Contracts are enforced.entities. Contracts are enforced.

Changes to Civil LawChanges to Civil Law

Foreign lawyers have played a key Foreign lawyers have played a key role.role.

China has developed contract, labor China has developed contract, labor contract, property, tort, and anti-contract, property, tort, and anti-monopoly laws.monopoly laws.

THE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMYTHE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY""Political power grows out of the barrel of a Political power grows out of the barrel of a

gun.gun.““ - Mao - Mao   

                                                                                                                                                                                      

The People's Liberation Army The People's Liberation Army encompasses all of the country's encompasses all of the country's ground, air, and naval armed ground, air, and naval armed services.  services. 

Important influence on politics and Important influence on politics and policy.  policy. 

The second half of Mao's famous quote The second half of Mao's famous quote above is less often quoted:above is less often quoted:

"Our principle is that the party "Our principle is that the party commands the gun, and the gun commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command must never be allowed to command the party."   the party."  

This propaganda poster represents life in the "Red This propaganda poster represents life in the "Red Army" - the military under Mao before the People's Army" - the military under Mao before the People's

Republic of China was formed in 1949. Republic of China was formed in 1949.

PLA continuedPLA continued

During the 1970s and 80s the During the 1970s and 80s the government didngovernment didn’’t have money to t have money to modernize Army so fended for itselfmodernize Army so fended for itself– It ran hotels, construction companies, It ran hotels, construction companies,

factories that produced pirate copies of factories that produced pirate copies of everything, satellite disheseverything, satellite dishes

By 1990s government began By 1990s government began controlling the Army and its activitiescontrolling the Army and its activities

Internal SecurityInternal Security Ministry of State SecurityMinistry of State Security

– Combats espionage and gathers Combats espionage and gathers intelligenceintelligence

PeoplePeople’’s Armed Polices Armed Police– Guards public buildings and quell unrestGuards public buildings and quell unrest

Ministry of Public SecurityMinistry of Public Security– Maintenance of law and order, Maintenance of law and order,

investigations, surveillanceinvestigations, surveillance– Maintain labor reform campsMaintain labor reform camps– No habeas corpus rightsNo habeas corpus rights

Policies and IssuesPolicies and Issues Economic reforms Economic reforms

– CorruptionCorruption– Iron rice bowl brokenIron rice bowl broken– High unemploymentHigh unemployment– Inequality of classesInequality of classes– Floating populationFloating population– Environmental implicationsEnvironmental implications

Demand for political power and civil liberties?Demand for political power and civil liberties?

Will contact through trade mean that China Will contact through trade mean that China will become more like their trading partners?  will become more like their trading partners? 

TaiwanTaiwan

China trades with China trades with Taiwan, but the Taiwan, but the PRC views Taiwan PRC views Taiwan as part of China as part of China and Taiwan does and Taiwan does notnot– But they want to But they want to

benefit from its benefit from its tradetrade

Political Change TodayPolitical Change Today

Democratic reforms can be seen in these Democratic reforms can be seen in these ways: ways: – Some input from the National People's Some input from the National People's

Congress is accepted by the Politburo Congress is accepted by the Politburo

– More emphasis is placed on laws and legal More emphasis is placed on laws and legal procedures procedures

– Village elections are now semi-competitive, Village elections are now semi-competitive, with choices of candidates and some with choices of candidates and some freedom from the party's control freedom from the party's control

Politics TodayPolitics Today Hu was Chosen as General Secretary of the Hu was Chosen as General Secretary of the

Communist Party of China on November 15, Communist Party of China on November 15, 20022002

Became President of the People's Republic Became President of the People's Republic of China on March 15, 2003, following his of China on March 15, 2003, following his election by the National People's Congress, election by the National People's Congress, thus replacing his predecessor Jing Zemin. thus replacing his predecessor Jing Zemin.

He is the first party chief to have joined the He is the first party chief to have joined the Communist Party after the Revolution over Communist Party after the Revolution over 50 years ago 50 years ago

Claims to have a photographic memory and Claims to have a photographic memory and tends to have moderate views.tends to have moderate views.

Xi Jinping will likely become general Xi Jinping will likely become general secretary this year. He is a reformer.secretary this year. He is a reformer.

Bo Xilai was a contender for the Bo Xilai was a contender for the position but was ousted last month. position but was ousted last month. He is a conservative (traditional He is a conservative (traditional communist).communist).

State monopolies, inflation and local State monopolies, inflation and local debts are all challenges, along with debts are all challenges, along with pressure from civil society.pressure from civil society.

What do the 5What do the 5thth and 14 and 14thth Amendments mean by Amendments mean by due due

processprocess??ANSWER: the government is forbidden ANSWER: the government is forbidden

to take “to take “life, liberty, or propertylife, liberty, or property” ” from anyone without “due process of from anyone without “due process of law.”law.”

i.e. the government and all its agents i.e. the government and all its agents must follow all legal must follow all legal rulesrules and and processesprocesses and those rules and and those rules and process must be fundamentally fair. process must be fundamentally fair.

What is What is democratic democratic centralismcentralism??

ANSWER: The ANSWER: The LeninistLeninist and and MaoistMaoist idea idea that Communist Party members are that Communist Party members are free to free to discussdiscuss and and debatedebate issues issues until the leadership-after listening to until the leadership-after listening to members’ debates- take a members’ debates- take a positionposition on an issue. At this point, debate on an issue. At this point, debate ceasesceases and all and all partyparty members take members take action to implement the party’s action to implement the party’s position.position.

democratic centralismdemocratic centralism

Democracy is mainly to Democracy is mainly to consultconsult, not , not to give to give sovereigntysovereignty to to popularpopular opinionopinion. .

Requires unified Requires unified disciplinediscipline throughout the party: top-level throughout the party: top-level official party official party decisionsdecisions are binding on are binding on party party organizationsorganizations and and membersmembers..

What is What is Mass LineMass Line??

The basic principle of Communism which The basic principle of Communism which states that government leaders learn states that government leaders learn best from the best from the experiencesexperiences of of non-partynon-party workersworkers. The party then takes the best . The party then takes the best aspects of the workers’ view, distills aspects of the workers’ view, distills them, and forms a new and better them, and forms a new and better version. This version is then returned to version. This version is then returned to the masses in a form that will help them the masses in a form that will help them advance in the advance in the strugglestruggle of the of the revolutionrevolution. .

Quote by Mao on “mass Quote by Mao on “mass line”line”

In all practical work of our party, all correct leadership In all practical work of our party, all correct leadership is necessary “from the masses, to the masses.” This is necessary “from the masses, to the masses.” This means take the ideas of the masses (scattered and means take the ideas of the masses (scattered and unsystematic ideas) and concentrate them, then go to unsystematic ideas) and concentrate them, then go to the masses and propagate and explain these ideas the masses and propagate and explain these ideas until the masses embrace them as their own, hold fast until the masses embrace them as their own, hold fast to them and translate them into action, and test the to them and translate them into action, and test the correctness of these ideas in such action. Then once correctness of these ideas in such action. Then once again concentrate ideas from the masses and once again concentrate ideas from the masses and once again go to the masses so that the ideas are preserved again go to the masses so that the ideas are preserved and carried through. And so on, over and over again in and carried through. And so on, over and over again in an endless spiral, with the ideas becoming more an endless spiral, with the ideas becoming more correct, more vital, and richer each time. correct, more vital, and richer each time.

Mass line-Role of Local Party Mass line-Role of Local Party LeadersLeaders

In this system, the party In this system, the party leadsleads, but its , but its leadership is not leadership is not isolatedisolated from the from the opinions and preferences of the opinions and preferences of the mass mass publicpublic. .

Leaders at the local level are expected to Leaders at the local level are expected to maintain a close relationship with ordinary maintain a close relationship with ordinary citizens so the party organization can citizens so the party organization can change their ideas to “change their ideas to “correct ideascorrect ideas.” .” – After hearing the public’s ideas, local leaders After hearing the public’s ideas, local leaders

then then propagatepropagate citizens until “the masses citizens until “the masses embrace them as their own.” In this way, embrace them as their own.” In this way, policy flows “policy flows “from the masses to the masses.” from the masses to the masses.”

Sample AP Short-Answer Question: Describe the status of Sample AP Short-Answer Question: Describe the status of private property in China under Mao. Identify and explain one private property in China under Mao. Identify and explain one policy undertaken by the Chinese government within the past policy undertaken by the Chinese government within the past

30 years that contradicts that policy.30 years that contradicts that policy.

Private propertyPrivate property was not allowed (in most periods) was not allowed (in most periods) The constitution of the People’s Republic of China The constitution of the People’s Republic of China

(PRC) prohibited private ownership of property; (PRC) prohibited private ownership of property; property was “owned by the people.”property was “owned by the people.”

Private property was redistributed to the Private property was redistributed to the landless/peasants-landlandless/peasants-land reform. reform.

Private property was Private property was confiscatedconfiscated.. Private property was Private property was collectivizedcollectivized.. After collectivization of private lands, communes After collectivization of private lands, communes

were formed.were formed. The state was the The state was the primaryprimary owner of property and owner of property and

means of production.means of production. People often had the right of use but no ownership. People often had the right of use but no ownership.

Sample AP Short-Answer Question 1: Describe the status of Sample AP Short-Answer Question 1: Describe the status of private property in China under Mao. Identify and explain one private property in China under Mao. Identify and explain one policy undertaken by the Chinese government within the past policy undertaken by the Chinese government within the past

30 years that contradicts that policy.30 years that contradicts that policy.

Recently….Recently…. DecollectivazationDecollectivazation of land of land Disbanding of communesDisbanding of communes Private production allowedPrivate production allowed Privately owned Privately owned enterprisesenterprises Extended Extended leasesleases for land use for land use Household Household responsibilityresponsibility system system Constitutional reformConstitutional reform

– new rights of ownershipnew rights of ownership– Enforcing the rule of law.Enforcing the rule of law.

Sample AP Short-Answer Question: 4. Discuss various forms of Sample AP Short-Answer Question: 4. Discuss various forms of political participation used by Chinese citizens in the last ten political participation used by Chinese citizens in the last ten

yearsyears..

Economic ReformsEconomic Reforms: for some this means that : for some this means that citizens have the opportunity to start their citizens have the opportunity to start their own business or make investments. own business or make investments.

Freedom to travel away from Freedom to travel away from countrysidecountryside to to cities in search of cities in search of employmentemployment. .

Political ReformsPolitical Reforms: voting at the village level : voting at the village level and ability to complain about corrupt officials. and ability to complain about corrupt officials. – They can be voiced through letters to the editor of They can be voiced through letters to the editor of

newspapers, calling special hotlines, or by calling newspapers, calling special hotlines, or by calling public officials.public officials.

Sample AP Short-Answer Question 5. : What are some Sample AP Short-Answer Question 5. : What are some consequences of increased opportunities for participation in consequences of increased opportunities for participation in

China?China?

Legitimacy of Communist Party is Legitimacy of Communist Party is called into question, which leads to called into question, which leads to more more instabilityinstability for the government. for the government.

No longer a No longer a safety net for citizenssafety net for citizens. . They may get rich or poor, but no They may get rich or poor, but no one there to take care of them. “iron one there to take care of them. “iron rice bowl”rice bowl”

Sample AP Short-Answer Question 6. Explain some of China’s Sample AP Short-Answer Question 6. Explain some of China’s population growth policies and why they have been persued?population growth policies and why they have been persued?

1.1. One-child policyOne-child policy to ensure only one child to ensure only one child per family, in most instances.per family, in most instances.

2.2. Fines for noncompliance incurred for Fines for noncompliance incurred for having more than one child without state having more than one child without state permission.permission.

3.3. Preferential hPreferential housing/educationalousing/educational opportunities for compliance.opportunities for compliance.

4.4. Exemptions for Exemptions for ethnicethnic minoritiesminorities an rural an rural areas to reduce opposition to one-child areas to reduce opposition to one-child policy. policy.

Why?Why? EconomicEconomic developmentdevelopment Fear of unrest resulting from Fear of unrest resulting from

overpopulation.overpopulation. Relief of pressure on government Relief of pressure on government

budgetbudget.. Strain on Strain on naturalnatural resourcesresources. .

7. What are some social or 7. What are some social or economic consequences of economic consequences of

manipulating population growth manipulating population growth rates?rates?

Social Social Consequences:Consequences:

Popular resistance Popular resistance to the policy of to the policy of restriction.restriction.

Female infanticide: Female infanticide: ““missing girlsmissing girls””

SelectiveSelective abortion abortion Sex-ratio Sex-ratio

imbalanceimbalance

Economic Economic Consequence:Consequence:

Need for a security Need for a security system to replace system to replace the the traditionaltraditional safetysafety netnet provided by provided by children for parents children for parents in large families.in large families.

Reduction of Reduction of povertypoverty..

Economic growth Economic growth possibility.possibility.

China has a communist system of government……...

Pro Con