MUHAMMAD AIMAN FIRDAUS BIN ADNAN

2012677572

Results

Load (kN) Extension (m) Stress Strain

1 1.00E-04 286172.1612 0.0029394473 2.00E-04 858516.4835 0.0058788955 3.00E-04 1430860.806 0.0088183427 4.00E-04 2003205.128 0.0117577910.5 5.00E-04 3004807.692 0.01469723712 6.00E-04 3434065.934 0.01763668412.5 7.00E-04 3577152.015 0.02057613213 8.00E-04 3720238.095 0.02351557913 9.00E-04 3720238.095 0.02645502613.5 1.00E-03 3863324.176 0.02939447414 1.10E-03 4006410.256 0.03233392114 1.20E-03 4006410.256 0.03527336914.5 1.30E-03 4149496.337 0.03821281615 1.40E-03 4292582.418 0.04115226315 1.50E-03 4292582.418 0.04409171115.5 1.60E-03 4435668.498 0.04703115815.5 1.70E-03 4435668.498 0.04997060616 1.80E-03 4578754.579 0.05291005316 1.90E-03 4578754.579 0.055849516 2.00E-03 4578754.579 0.05878894816.5 2.10E-03 4721840.659 0.06172839516.5 2.20E-03 4721840.659 0.06466784217 2.30E-03 4864926.74 0.0676072917 2.40E-03 4864926.74 0.07054673717 2.50E-03 4864926.74 0.07348618517 2.60E-03 4864926.74 0.07642563217 2.70E-03 4864926.74 0.07936507917 2.80E-03 4864926.74 0.08230452717.5 2.90E-03 5008012.821 0.08524397417.5 3.00E-03 5008012.821 0.08818342217.5 3.10E-03 5008012.821 0.09112286918 3.20E-03 5151098.901 0.09406231618 3.30E-03 5151098.901 0.09700176418 3.40E-03 5151098.901 0.09994121118 3.50E-03 5151098.901 0.10288065818 3.60E-03 5151098.901 0.10582010618 3.70E-03 5151098.901 0.10875955318 3.80E-03 5151098.901 0.11169900118 3.90E-03 5151098.901 0.11463844818 4.00E-03 5151098.901 0.11757789518 4.10E-03 5151098.901 0.12051734318.5 4.20E-03 5294184.982 0.1234567918.5 4.30E-03 5294184.982 0.12639623818.5 4.40E-03 5294184.982 0.12933568518.5 4.50E-03 5294184.982 0.13227513218.5 4.60E-03 5294184.982 0.1352145818.5 4.70E-03 5294184.982 0.138154027

18.5 4.80E-03 5294184.982 0.14109347418.5 4.90E-03 5294184.982 0.14403292218.5 5.00E-03 5294184.982 0.14697236919 5.10E-03 5437271.062 0.14991181719 5.20E-03 5437271.062 0.15285126419 5.30E-03 5437271.062 0.15579071119 5.40E-03 5437271.062 0.15873015919 5.50E-03 5437271.062 0.16166960619 5.60E-03 5437271.062 0.16460905319 5.70E-03 5437271.062 0.16754850119 5.80E-03 5437271.062 0.17048794819 5.90E-03 5437271.062 0.17342739619 6.00E-03 5437271.062 0.17636684319 6.10E-03 5437271.062 0.1793062919 6.20E-03 5437271.062 0.18224573819 6.30E-03 5437271.062 0.18518518519 6.40E-03 5437271.062 0.18812463319 6.50E-03 5437271.062 0.1910640819 6.60E-03 5437271.062 0.19400352719 6.70E-03 5437271.062 0.19694297519 6.80E-03 5437271.062 0.19988242219 6.90E-03 5437271.062 0.20282186919 7.00E-03 5437271.062 0.20576131719 7.10E-03 5437271.062 0.20870076419 7.20E-03 5437271.062 0.21164021219 7.30E-03 5437271.062 0.21457965919 7.40E-03 5437271.062 0.21751910619 7.50E-03 5437271.062 0.22045855419 7.60E-03 5437271.062 0.22339800119 7.70E-03 5437271.062 0.22633744919 7.80E-03 5437271.062 0.22927689619 7.90E-03 5437271.062 0.23221634319 8.00E-03 5437271.062 0.23515579119 8.10E-03 5437271.062 0.23809523819 8.20E-03 5437271.062 0.24103468519 8.30E-03 5437271.062 0.24397413319 8.40E-03 5437271.062 0.2469135819 8.50E-03 5437271.062 0.24985302819 8.60E-03 5437271.062 0.25279247519 8.70E-03 5437271.062 0.25573192219 8.80E-03 5437271.062 0.2586713719 8.90E-03 5437271.062 0.26161081719 9.00E-03 5437271.062 0.26455026519 9.10E-03 5437271.062 0.26748971219 9.20E-03 5437271.062 0.27042915919 9.30E-03 5437271.062 0.27336860719 9.40E-03 5437271.062 0.27630805419 9.50E-03 5437271.062 0.27924750119 9.60E-03 5437271.062 0.28218694919 9.70E-03 5437271.062 0.28512639619 9.80E-03 5437271.062 0.28806584419 9.90E-03 5437271.062 0.29100529119 1.00E-02 5437271.062 0.29394473819 1.01E-02 5437271.062 0.29688418619 1.02E-02 5437271.062 0.29982363319 1.03E-02 5437271.062 0.302763081

19 1.04E-02 5437271.062 0.30570252819 1.05E-02 5437271.062 0.30864197519 1.06E-02 5437271.062 0.31158142319 1.07E-02 5437271.062 0.3145208719 1.08E-02 5437271.062 0.31746031719 1.09E-02 5437271.062 0.32039976519 1.10E-02 5437271.062 0.32333921219 1.11E-02 5437271.062 0.3262786619 1.12E-02 5437271.062 0.32921810719 1.13E-02 5437271.062 0.33215755419 1.14E-02 5437271.062 0.33509700219 1.15E-02 5437271.062 0.33803644919 1.16E-02 5437271.062 0.34097589719 1.17E-02 5437271.062 0.34391534419 1.18E-02 5437271.062 0.34685479119 1.19E-02 5437271.062 0.34979423919 1.20E-02 5437271.062 0.35273368619 1.21E-02 5437271.062 0.35567313319 1.22E-02 5437271.062 0.35861258119 1.23E-02 5437271.062 0.36155202819 1.24E-02 5437271.062 0.36449147619 1.25E-02 5437271.062 0.36743092319 1.26E-02 5437271.062 0.3703703718 1.27E-02 5151098.901 0.37330981818 1.28E-02 5151098.901 0.37624926517.5 1.29E-02 5008012.821 0.37918871317 1.30E-02 4864926.74 0.3821281616.5 1.31E-02 4721840.659 0.38506760715 1.32E-02 4292582.418 0.38800705513 1.33E-02 3720238.095 0.390946502

MUHAMMAD AIMAN FIRDAUS BIN ADNAN

2012677572

Discussion(s)

1. Yes. The specimen was being tested followed the international standards. Firstly, to say that our experiment follow the international standard because of the units. Our units refer to SI units which means in this experiment we much more use in length to find the extension of the specimen. Plus, we also used other units such as force and pressure. Here are some examples of basic SI units that to show our experiment follows the international standard.

Quantity Units SymbolLength Meter MForce Newton N

Pressure Pascal’s Pa

Secondly, to show that our experiment that follow the international standards are by refer to our experimental procedure. By researched that we have done regarding this experiment the (international standards) we already compared the international standards procedure and ours experiment procedure are slightly same. For example, one of the procedures that we did is to find the measurement of the specimen. The measurements include find the length and the cross-sectional area of the specimen. These explanations can say that our experiment follows the international standard.

2. Before we intend to precautions, we may discuss the percentage of error that occur in our experiment regarding our objective to find. Here’s the table we plotted for the error.

ExperimentalValue Actual value %Error

Yield Stress 269.5MPa 250Mpa 7.8%Ultimate Tensile

Stress329.1Mpa 400MPa 17.73%

Modulus of Elasticity 12.9Gpa 210Gpa 82.8%

At first, we might say experiment value are never not gonna be same from actual value. Since it’s the experiment, they have certain errors might happen. Regarding our error percentage, the modulus of elasticity is the highest error that we face and the lowest is the error for the yield strength. The ultimate tensile stress is the median one. On top of that, the errors factor might related to human errors such as the handwheel cause the handwheel are manually controlled by human. The handwheel are too sensitive and might the human error factor affect the rotation of the handwheel. The handwheel put a big major that lead to find the results. Secondly, the condition of the lab might be affect to the result. The room temperature affect the specimen and it affect too the results and leads to errors. Thirdly, the gripping hands on the machine that are too strong and our specimen it is just a mild steel. Mild steel are material ductile, and tends to perform well in cold water, in that it does not become too brittle and not a strong steel when compared to others steel. Hence, the gripping hands are to strong to handle the weak specimen and can this error might leads to error.

The precaution that we can take note is that the handwheel must be focus guided since the handwheel are affects to the results. Especially when the specimen are in elastic region to plastic region.

3. The type of the specimen being tested is mild steel. Mild steel are ductile material. Hence, the specimen are tend to elongate before the specimen are broken. The specimen undergoes necking region before it tend to break. Furthermore, the surface texture of the broken specimen are smaller in a way of surface area. Because we recorded the dimension before and after the result of that specimen. Clinically, the surface area of the specimen become smaller since the specimen elongate and face the necking point.

Necking produced on the specimen when a certain

load applied

The fracture specimen