discrimination and victimisation challenges for migrant integration ‘integration is a dynamic,...
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Discrimination and victimisationchallenges for migrant integration
‘Integration is a dynamic, two-way process of mutual interaction requiring a greater commitment by the
host community and immigrants’ Stockholm Programme
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Policy background
Conclusions of April 2010 EU ministerial conference on integration: “Ministers agreed to focus and explore the key aspects of integration as a driver for development and social cohesion by incorporating integration issues in a comprehensive way in all relevant policy fields and by giving particular attention to the following areas: Employment, education and intercultural dialogue”
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Policy background
• Stockholm Programme: “The EU must ensure fair treatment of third country nationals who reside legally on the territory of its Member States. A more vigorous integration policy should aim at granting them rights and obligations comparable to those of EU citizens. This should remain an objective of a common immigration policy and should be implemented as soon as possible, and no later than 2014.”
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Rights based approach
Rights – holders duty bearers• Traditional focus on ‘duty bearers’ in treaty monitoring
(legislation, policies)• FRA: socio-legal approach examines both the legal and
policy situation and rights holders’ experiences, perceptions and views to establish “how rights are fulfilled in practice on the ground”
• This is done through massive EU-wide surveys
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EU-MIDIS
– Roma – Sub-Saharan Africans – Central and Eastern
Europeans
– Turkish – Former Yugoslavians – North Africans – Russian
First EU-wide survey on immigrants experiences of discrimination, criminal victimisation and policing
23,500 migrant/ethnic minority respondents Different groups surveyed across Member States:
5,000 majority population respondents in 10 MS
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Largest minority groups (up to 3) surveyed in each MS Self-identified migrant/minority background Respondents: age 16+, in MS at least 1 year Random sample of 500 – 1,500 respondents in each MS Face-to-face interviews 20 to 60 minutes in homes Fieldwork: From May – mid July + Nov 2008
The research
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DiscriminationExperiences and Reporting
EmploymentEducationHousing
Health + social servicesConsumer services
General perceptions on discrimination in MS
Rights awareness – complaints
VictimisationExperiences and Reporting
Property crimeAssault and threat
Serious harassment
Corruption
Police stops/contact
Border stops
Respondent Variables
The issues
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The findings
• Average one in three respondents experienced at least one incident of discrimination in the past year
• Mostly in employment and in services• Lack of awareness about legislation and services providing
redress, support and advice - ‘access to justice’• Main reason for not reporting discrimination or crime is that
“nothing would happen or change” – one in three didn’t know how to go about reporting or where to report
• Racial discrimination and racist crime are severely undercounted in official statistics
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Ten groups with the highest discrimination rates all areas (%)
The results
CZ-Roma
MT-African
HU-Roma
PL-Roma
EL-Roma
IE-Sub-Saharan African
IT-North African
FI-Somali
DK-Somali
PT-Brazilian
64
63
62
59
55
54
52
47
46
44
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Ten groups with the highest share of not reporting discrimination (%)
The results
AT-Turkish
PT-Sub-Saharan African
EE-Russian
PT-Brazilian
BG-Roma
CY-Asian
SI-Bosnian
NL-North African
EL-Albanian
NL-Surinamese
93
92
90
86
85
83
82
81
80
80
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Reasons for not reporting discrimination – top 5, all domains (%)
The results
Nothing would happen/change by report-ing
Too trivial/not worth reporting it - it's normal, happens all the time
Didn't know how to go about reporting/where to report
Concerned about negative con-sequences/contrary to my interest
Inconvenience/too much bureaucracy or trouble/no time
63
40
36
26
21
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Awareness of any anti-discrimination laws (%)
The results
Not aware of any /
don't know 57%
Aware of at least one law
25%
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Awareness of an organisation where a complaint can be made (%)
The results
Turkish
Roma
Ex-YU
CEE
North African
Russian
Sub-Saharan African
84
83
81
80
79
78
76
14
14
17
16
17
17
21
No, does not know any such organisationYes, knows about an organisationDK
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Groups with highest rate of racist crime victimisation - assault, threat or serious harassment (%)
The results
CZ – Roma
FI – Somali
DK – Somali
MT – African
EL – Roma
PL – Roma
IE – Sub-Saharan African
IT – North African
HU – Roma
SK – Roma
32
32
31
29
26
26
26
19
19
16
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Reasons for not reporting to the police (%)
Not confident the police would be able to do anything
Not worth reporting/too trivial
Dealt with the problem themselves/with help from family/friends
Concerned about negative consequences
Fear of intimidation from perpetrators
48
37
24
20
16
The results
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Groups with the highest perception of police stopping them because of their immigrant or ethnic minority background (%)
The results
IT-North African
ES-North African
IT-Albanian
EL-Roma
FR-Sub-Saharan African
HU-Roma
IT-Romanian
EL-Albanian
BE-North African
MT-African
7473
7169
6458
57
565555
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Groups with the rate of discrimination by school personnel – as a student or as a parent, in the past 12 months (%)
The results
Roma
North African
Sub-Saharan African
Turkish
Central and East European
Ex-Yugoslav
Russian
10%
8%
6%
6%
4%
3%
2%
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Ten groups with the highest rate of discrimination by school personnel – as a student or as a parent, in the past 12 months (%)
The results
IT – North African
PL – Roma
HU – Roma
IT – Romanian
CZ – Roma
DE – Turkish
IT – Albanian
BE – North African
DK – Turkish
EL – Roma
21%
20%
17%
12%
11%
11%
10%
10%
10%
10%
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Reasons for not reporting discrimination by school personnel – top 5 reasons (%)
The results
Nothing would happen/change by reporting
Too trivial/not worth reporting it – it's normal, happens all the time
Concerned about negative consequences/contrary to my interest
Didn't know how to go about reporting/where to report
Inconvenience/too much bureaucracy or trouble/no time
58%
30%
24%
23%
15%
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• What is the actual impact of integration policies? • Do existing social policies have a strong commitment
to non-discrimination, equality and social cohesion? Do they reach those who experience most discrimination? Do they target areas where most discrimination occurs?
• Are actions to raise rights awareness effective?• Are Equality Bodies well resourced to be effective?• How can a public service culture among law
enforcement be promoted to encourage reporting to the police?
Considerations
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Thank you for your attention
fra.europa.eu/eu-midis