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This resource collection was originally developed by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University. It is used and distributed with permission by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University. The Incubator’s educational materials are not intended to serve as endorsements or sources of primary data, and do not necessarily reflect the views of Harvard University.
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Discrimination and Health Resource Collection 2017 Link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/collection/20
Overview This resource collection was curated by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator to support the Forum on “Discrimination in America: African American Experiences,” hosted by the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), and NPR on October 24, 2017. The collection includes reports, articles, data portals, fact sheets, infographics, multimedia, related resource collections and teaching material. Educators can leverage The Forum video, searchable transcript, and materials from this resource collection to build lesson plans. The multidisciplinary materials may be suitable for students at the undergraduate college and public health graduate school levels. Learning objectives and supporting materials will vary depending on how the material is used in a course. Brief annotations provide a cursory summary. The Incubator maintains a digital repository of global health teaching and learning resources, curated from both within and outside of Harvard, which includes documents (e.g., reports, briefings, factsheets, country profiles), web portals (e.g., data, topic, news and policy), and multimedia (e.g., graphics, interactives, audio, video).
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Discrimination and Health: Resource Collection
Selected Resources – At a Glance REPORTS
Report. Thompson D. Framing the Dialogue on Race and Ethnicity to Advance Health Equity. The National Academies Press 2016. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23576/framing-the-dialogue-on-race-and-ethnicity-to-advance-health-equity.
Report. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity. The National Academies Press 2017. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/24624/communities-in-action-pathways-to-health-equity.
Report. Status of Black Women in the United States. Institute for Women’s Policy Research 2017. https://www.domesticworkers.org/status-black-women-united-states.
Report. The Role and Potential of Communities in Population Health Improvement: Workshop Summary. The National Academies Press 2015. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18946/the-role-and-potential-of-communities-in-population-health-improvement.
Report. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. National Academies Press 2016. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/21923/a-framework-for-educating-health-professionals-to-address-the-social-determinants-of-health.
Report. Health as the Pulse of the New Urban Agenda: United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, Quito 2016. World Health Organization 2016. http://www.who.int/phe/publications/urban-health/en.
Report. Global Report on Urban Health: Equitable, Healthier Cities for Sustainable Development. World Health Organization 2016. http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/measuring/urban-global-report/en.
Report. Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults. The National Academies Press 2015. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18869/investing-in-the-health-and-well-being-of-young-adults.
Report. Unlocking Opportunity for African American Girls: A Call to Action for Educational Equity. National Women’s Law Center3 2014. https://nwlc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/08/unlocking_opportunity_for_african_american_girls_report.pdf.
Report. Supporting a Movement for Health and Health Equity: Lessons from Social Movements: Workshop Summary. The National Academies Press 2014. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18751/supporting-a-movement-for-health-and-health-equity-lessons-from.
Report. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. The National Academies Press 2014. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613/the-growth-of-incarceration-in-the-united-states-exploring-causes.
Report. On Life Support: Public Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration. Vera Institute of Justice 2014. https://www.vera.org/publications/on-life-support-public-health-in-the-age-of-mass-incarceration.
Report. Latinos’ Lives and Health Today. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation 2014. https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2014/01/latinos-lives-and-health-today.html.
Report. Napier AD et al. Culture and Health. The Lancet 2014; 384: 1607–1639. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61603-2.
Report. CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html.
Report. Closing the Health Equity Gap: Policy Options and Opportunities for Action. World Health Organization 2013. http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/78335.
Report. Landivar LC. Disparities in STEM Employment by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin. United States Census Bureau 2013. https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-24.pdf.
Report. McKernan S et al. Less Than Equal: Racial Disparities in Wealth Accumulation. Urban Institute 2013. https://www.urban.org/research/publication/less-equal-racial-disparities-wealth-accumulation.
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ARTICLES AND BRIEFS
Article Series. America: Equity and Equality in Health. The Lancet 2017. http://www.thelancet.com/series/america-equity-equality-in-health.
Article. Dickman SL, Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S. Inequality and the Health-Care System in the USA. The Lancet 2017; 389(10077): 1431-41. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30398-7/fulltext.
Article. Bailey ZD, Krieger N, Agénor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural Racism and Health Inequities in the USA: Evidence and Interventions. The Lancet 2017; 389(10077): 1453-63. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30569-X/abstract.
Article. Bor J, Cohen GH, Galea S. Population Health in an Era of Rising Income Inequality: USA, 1980–2015. The Lancet 2017; 389(10077): 1475-90. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30571-8/abstract.
Article. Gaffney A, McCormick D. The Affordable Care Act: Implications for Health-Care Equity. The Lancet 2017; 389(10077): 1442-52. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30786-9/abstract.
Article. Park IJ et al. Coping With Racism: Moderators of the Discrimination–Adjustment Link Among Mexican-Origin Adolescents. Child Development 2017. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.12856/abstract;jsessionid=663CD630D0C03255D0306F10EA1770A1.f03t01.
Article. Clancy K et al. Double Jeopardy in Astronomy and Planetary Science: Women of Color Face Greater Risks of Gendered and Racial Harassment. Journal of Geophysical Research 2017; Jul 10. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017JE005256/epdf.
Article. Colen CG, Ramey DM, Cooksey EC, Williams DR. Racial Disparities in Health among Nonpoor African Americans and Hispanics: The Role of Acute and Chronic Discrimination. Social Science & Medicine 2017. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617302903?via%3Dihub.
Article. Dickman SL, Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S. Inequality and the Health-Care System in the USA. The Lancet 2017; 389(10077): 1431-41. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30398-7/fulltext.
Article. Wildeman C, Wang E. Mass Incarceration, Public Health, and Widening Inequality in the USA. The Lancet 2017; 389(10077): 1464-1474. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30259-3/fulltext.
Article. King CJ, Redwood Y. The Health Care Institution, Population Health and Black Lives. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2016 Jun 1;108(2):131-6. http://www.journalnma.org/article/S0027-9684(16)30036-0/abstract.
Article. Arcaya MC et al. Inequalities in Health: Definitions, Concepts, and Theories. Global Health Action 2015; 8: 27106. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v8.27106.
Article Series. The Health of Americans. The Lancet 2014. http://www.thelancet.com/series/health-of-americans-2014.
Article. Feagin J, Bennefield Z. Systemic Racism and US Health Care. Social Science & Medicine 2014; 103: 7-14. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953613005121.
Article. Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence. American Behavioral Scientist 2013; 57(8) :1152-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24347666.
Article. Gee GC, Walsemann KM, Brondolo E. A Life Course Perspective on How Racism May Be Related to Health Inequities. American Journal of Public Health 2012; 102(5): 967-74. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483932.
Article. Nazroo JY. The Structuring of Ethnic Inequalities in Health: Economic Position, Racial Discrimination, and Racism. American Journal of Public Health 2003; 93(2): 277-84. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.93.2.277.
Article. Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener's Tale. American Journal of Public Health 2000; 90(8): 1212. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1212.
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DATA PORTALS, TOPIC PORTALS, AND FACT SHEETS
Data Interactive. Interactive Maps. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/research/data-methods/interactive-maps.
Data Portal. Measure of America of the Social Science Research Council. http://www.measureofamerica.org/tools.
Fact Sheet. Fact Sheet: Health Disparities and Stress. American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/topics/health-disparities/fact-sheet-stress.aspx.
Data Portal. Community Health Assessment. City of Philadelphia Department of Public Health and Office of Open Data and Digital Transformation 2016. http://cityofphiladelphia.github.io/community-health-explorer.
Data Publication. 2017 Kids Count Data Book: State Trends in Child Well-Being. The Annie E. Casey Foundation 2017. http://www.aecf.org/resources/2017-kids-count-data-book.
TOPIC PORTALS AND ORGANIZATIONS
Topic Portal. Health Disparities. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. https://www.rwjf.org/en/our-focus-areas/topics/health-disparities.html.
Topic Portal. Health Equity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/index.html.
Topic Portal. Racism and Health. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/collections/racism-and-health.html.
Organization. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org. Organization. Vera Institute of Justice. https://www.vera.org.
Topic Portal. African American Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/aahealth/index.html.
MULTIMEDIA AND NEWS
Video. Roberts D. The Problem With Race-Based Medicine. TEDMED 2015. https://www.ted.com/talks/dorothy_roberts_the_problem_with_race_based_medicine.
Playlist. Playlist (11 Talks): Talks to Help You Understand Racism in America. TED 2015. https://www.ted.com/playlists/250/talks_to_help_you_understand_r.
Video. Williams D. How Racism Makes Us Sick. TEDMED 2016. https://www.ted.com/talks/david_r_williams_how_racism_makes_us_sick.
Video. Zoila Perez M. How Racism Harms Pregnant Women—and What Can Help. TEDWomen 2016. https://www.ted.com/talks/miriam_zoila_perez_how_racism_harms_pregnant_women_and_what_can_help.
Online Gallery. Visualize Health Equity. National Academy of Medicine 2017. https://nam.edu/programs/culture-of-health/visualize-health-equity-community-art-show.
TEACHING MATERIAL
Glossary. Glossary for Understanding the Dismantling Structural Racism/Promoting Racial Equity Analysis. The Aspen Institute, Community Roundtable for Change. https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/docs/rcc/RCC-Structural-Racism-Glossary.pdf.
Teaching Case. Smith BL. Whose Story Should be Told. The Evergreen State College Native Cases Initiative 2014. http://nativecases.evergreen.edu/collection/cases/whose-story-should-be-told.html.
Teaching Case. Longo G, Churchill K, Wylie L. Returning to Our Roots: Building Capacity in Public Health for Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Western Public Health Casebook. Public Health Casebook Publishing 2015. https://www.schulich.uwo.ca/publichealth/cases/Western_MPH_Casebook_2015.html.
Teaching Cases. Enduring Legacies Native Case Studies. The Evergreen State College Native Cases Initiative 2017. http://nativecases.evergreen.edu.
Teaching Pack. Flint, Michigan: Lethal Water - Teaching Pack. Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University 2017. http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11591.
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Resource Collection. Mass Incarceration: Resource Collection. Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University 2017. http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11695.
Resource Collection. Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): Resource Collection. Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University 2017. http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11663.
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Discrimination and Health: Resource Collection
Annotated Bibliography
REPORTS
Framing the Dialogue on Race and Ethnicity to Advance Health Equity Report. Thompson D. Framing the Dialogue on Race and Ethnicity to Advance Health Equity. The National Academies Press 2016. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23576/framing-the-dialogue-on-race-and-ethnicity-to-advance-health-equity. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11046 This National Academies report summarizes the proceedings of a workshop on handling health inequities across racial and ethnic boundaries. Focusing on strategies to advance racial and health equity, the workshop included presentations by keynote speakers and the review of case studies. Participants explored the role of historical contexts and dominant narratives in the interpretation of information, the framing messages for social and political outcomes, and the preparation required for people to institutionalize the methods to reach the equity goals presented. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity Report. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity. The National Academies Press 2017. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/24624/communities-in-action-pathways-to-health-equity. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11049 This report, published by The National Academies Press, explores inequities in factors that impact health—social determinants of health—and the disparities in health status among different populations within the United States. Community-wide problems related to poverty, education, housing and community infrastructure, and safety all contribute to health inequities, as do systemic and historical forces. This report describes the myriad causes of health disparities, and articulates strategies and policies that communities and stakeholders can take to mitigate those inequities and promote greater and more equitable health. Status of Black Women in the United States Report. Status of Black Women in the United States. Institute for Women’s Policy Research 2017. https://www.domesticworkers.org/status-black-women-united-states. This report from the Institute for Women’s Policy Research uses data from all 50 states to address the gap in research on Black women’s wellbeing, and to provide data that informs policy and programmatic changes that benefit Black women and their families. The report highlights the opportunities and challenges Black women in the United States experience across dimensions of political participation, employment and earnings, work and family, health and wellbeing, violence and safety, and poverty. Data in the report is disaggregated by gender, race, and ethnicity across all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and is accompanied by a set of policy recommendations. The Role and Potential of Communities in Population Health Improvement: Workshop Summary Report. The Role and Potential of Communities in Population Health Improvement: Workshop Summary. The National Academies Press 2015. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18946/the-role-and-potential-of-communities-in-population-health-improvement. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11027 This National Academies workshop report explores the potential of local groups to transform social and environmental conditions for population health. It is based on the voices of speakers from across the United States at a 2014 workshop held by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Population Health Improvement, to discuss the potential roles of communities for improving population health. The workshop focused on youth organizing, community organizing, or other types of community participation, and partnerships between community and institutional actors. The resulting report examines the roles and potential of the community as
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leaders, partners, and facilitators in transforming the social and environmental conditions that shape health and well-being at the local level.
A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health Report. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. National Academies Press 2016. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/21923/a-framework-for-educating-health-professionals-to-address-the-social-determinants-of-health. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11048 This National Academies report summarizes the proceedings of a workshop on integrating social determinants of health into the education of health professionals, whether they are early-stage students or established professionals. Social determinants of health (SDH) are defined by the World Health Organization as “the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life,” and understanding them has become increasingly critical in an age of surging human migration, armed conflict, and climate change. This workshop, convened by the National Academies, developed a framework, recommendations, and a conceptual model for teaching SDH in partnership with organizations and communities. With a focus on generating awareness and providing accessible knowledge, this summary positions itself at the center of education and health so that the underlying causes of disease and ill health might be addressed and end the cycle of inequity, disparity, and inequality.
Health as the Pulse of the New Urban Agenda: United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, Quito 2016 Report. Health as the Pulse of the New Urban Agenda: United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, Quito 2016. World Health Organization 2016. http://www.who.int/phe/publications/urban-health/en. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11011 This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) explores the role of health in urban planning, investments, and policy decisions. In support of the New Urban Agenda, the report stresses the importance of considering the health of a city’s residents when making policies and decisions. Offering guidance and suggestions for using development to support health, and health to support development, the report suggests both applying a “health lens” to urban planning, governance, and finance, and involving the health sector in advancing healthy, sustainable urban planning. It addresses which policies promote public health and which ones create risk, how health can be accounted for in urban planning, and the unique role the health sector plays in the New Urban Agenda. Global Report on Urban Health: Equitable, Healthier Cities for Sustainable Development Report. Global Report on Urban Health: Equitable, Healthier Cities for Sustainable Development. World Health Organization 2016. http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/measuring/urban-global-report/en. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11007 This report deconstructs the complex challenges of health and health inequity in cities and presents proven solutions across the world. It analyzes the impact of persistent urban health inequities on achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and sets a baseline for the new global health and development agenda in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Universal Health Coverage (UHC). It also presents evidence that in cities, progress in health depends not only on the strength of health systems, but also on shaping healthier urban environments. The Global Report on Urban Health offers practical, proven solutions for working across sectors to tackle these 21st century health challenges. It presents examples of effective actions by cities and nations around the world and the successes that have been achieved. Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults Report. Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults. The National Academies Press 2015. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18869/investing-in-the-health-and-well-being-of-young-adults. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11039 This report argues for a systematic approach to understanding and responding to the needs of today's young adults. Based on research by the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council, Investing in The
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Health and Well-Being of Young Adults defines the term young adulthood and discusses who young adults are, what they are doing, and what they need. The study recommends actions that nonprofit programs and federal, state, and local agencies can take to help young adults make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. It recommends that young adults be considered as a separate group from adolescents and older adults. It argues that increased efforts to improve high school and college graduation rates, as well as to more closely align education and workforce-development systems with high-demand economic sectors, will help this age group achieve greater opportunity and success. The report also discusses the health status of young adults and makes recommendations to develop evidence-based practices for young adults for medical and behavioral health, including prevention. Unlocking Opportunity for African American Girls: A Call to Action for Educational Equity Report. Unlocking Opportunity for African American Girls: A Call to Action for Educational Equity. National Women’s Law Center 2014. https://nwlc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/08/unlocking_opportunity_for_african_american_girls_report.pdf. This report from the National Women’s Law Center underlines the importance of providing equal action to the education of young women of color as is provided to men. The report explores the barriers to access to education, the impact of these hurdles on the lives of young African American girls, as well as the possible solutions to these problems. The results urge educators, policy makers, and community activists to push for the advancement of education for this minority group. Supporting a Movement for Health and Health Equity: Lessons from Social Movements: Workshop Summary Report. Supporting a Movement for Health and Health Equity: Lessons from Social Movements: Workshop Summary. The National Academies Press 2014. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18751/supporting-a-movement-for-health-and-health-equity-lessons-from. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11018 This National Academies report summarizes a workshop exploring the lessons to be gleaned from social movements, both those that are health-related and those that are not primarily focused on health. Hosted by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity and the Elimination of Health Disparities and the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement, participants and presenters focused on elements identified from the history and sociology of social change movements and how such elements can be applied to present-day efforts nationally and across communities to improve the chances for long, healthy lives for all. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences Report. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. The National Academies Press 2014. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613/the-growth-of-incarceration-in-the-united-states-exploring-causes. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11033 This National Research Council report analyzes the historically unprecedented rise in the use of incarceration in the U.S. It also examines the best available evidence on the effects of high incarceration rates and concludes that policymakers should reduce the nation’s reliance on incarceration and seek crime-control strategies that are more effective, with better public safety benefits and fewer unwanted consequences. The rate of imprisonment in the United States more than quadrupled during the last four decades. After years of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is now by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is five to ten times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The U.S. prison population is largely drawn from the most disadvantaged part of the nation's population: mostly men under age 40, disproportionately minority, and poorly educated. Prisoners often carry additional deficits of drug and alcohol addictions, mental and physical illnesses, and lack of work preparation or experience. The growth of incarceration in the United States has prompted numerous critiques and a growing body of scientific knowledge about what prompted the rise and what its consequences have been for the people imprisoned, their families and communities, and for U.S.
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society. On Life Support: Public Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration Report. On Life Support: Public Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration. Vera Institute of Justice 2014. https://www.vera.org/publications/on-life-support-public-health-in-the-age-of-mass-incarceration. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11692 This report by the Vera Institute of Justice describes the public health implications of mass incarceration, summarizing what is known regarding the burden of disease among people who experience incarceration. The report also pinpoints conditions of confinement that negatively influence health and discusses the multiple ways in which the criminal justice system has contributed to ongoing health disparities in the United States. Latinos’ Lives and Health Today Report. Latinos’ Lives and Health Today. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation 2014. https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2014/01/latinos-lives-and-health-today.html. This report, a collaboration between the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and NPR, examines the views of Latinos in American about their health and health care, communities, financial situation, and discrimination in their lives. The nationally representative poll found that most Latinos see diabetes as the biggest health concern for their own families. The report indicated that over half of Latinos were not confident they would have enough money or health insurance to pay for a major illness, and over a quarter reported experience a negative situation that was the result of discrimination. Culture and Health Report. Napier AD et al. Culture and Health. The Lancet 2014; 384: 1607–1639. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61603-2. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11056 This Lancet Commission report is a detailed appraisal of the role of culture in health, bringing together voices from different fields, including anthropologists, social scientists, and medical experts. Experts review health practices as they relate to culture, identify and assess pressing issues, and recommend lines of research that are needed to address pressing issues and emerging needs. The commission examines three overlapping domains of culture and health: cultural competence, health inequalities, and communities of care. With reference to these domains, the commission shows how inseparable health is from cultural perceptions of well-being.
CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report 2013 Report. CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html. This report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highlights health disparities across diseases, behavior risk factors, environmental exposure, social determinants, and health care access. The report underscores the need for more consistent data on population characteristics such as disability status and sexual orientation. Closing the Health Equity Gap: Policy Options and Opportunities for Action Report. Closing the Health Equity Gap: Policy Options and Opportunities for Action. World Health Organization 2013. http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/78335. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/10976 This report from the World Health Organization provides a brief overview of the best evidence regarding the principal social determinants of health and opportunities for action available to policy-makers. Health inequities are unfair, avoidable, and remediable differences in health status between countries and between different groups of people within the same country. Health inequities are attracting increasing attention on national and global policy agendas. Despite this, few countries have been able systematically to reduce them.
Disparities in STEM Employment by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin Report. Landivar LC. Disparities in STEM Employment by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin. United States Census
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Bureau 2013. https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-24.pdf. This report from the United States Census Bureau documents the historical demographic composition of STEM occupations in the United States, followed by detailed analysis of current STEM employment by age and sex, presence of children in the household, and race and Hispanic origin based on the 2011 American Community Survey (ACS). Key findings indicates that among science and engineering graduates, men are employed in STEM occupations at twice the rate of women, and black populations are consistently underrepresented in STEM employment—on 6% of the STEM workforce in 2011. Less Than Equal: Racial Disparities in Wealth Accumulation Report. McKernan S et al. Less Than Equal: Racial Disparities in Wealth Accumulation. Urban Institute 2013. https://www.urban.org/research/publication/less-equal-racial-disparities-wealth-accumulation. This report from the Urban Institute examines the economic gap between whites and minorities in the United States. According to the report, in 2010, whites had two times the income of blacks and Hispanics, but six times the wealth; moreover, this racial wealth gap grew with age. The report disentangles how wealth accumulation is more than money accumulation, but also touches support systems like college tuition, retirement savings, and a financial cushion for tough times.
ARTICLES AND BRIEFS
America: Equity and Equality in Health Article Series. America: Equity and Equality in Health. The Lancet 2017. http://www.thelancet.com/series/america-equity-equality-in-health. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11503 This Lancet Series focuses on health and health care in the United States, examining the forces behind rising health inequities. Taking into account the increasing issues of income inequality and structural racism, this series of five papers evaluates the warning signs of a 21st century “health-poverty trap,” pointing to the desperate need for new interventions and policies. The series also touches on the problem of mass incarceration, the implications of the Affordable Care Act, and the history of public health in the United States. Inequality and the Health-Care System in the USA Article. Dickman SL, Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S. Inequality and the Health-Care System in the USA. The Lancet 2017; 389(10077): 1431-41. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30398-7/fulltext. This Lancet article examines how the U.S. health care system often exacerbates income-based disparities in health. According to the article, the life expectancy of the wealthiest Americans exceeds that of the poorest by 10 to 15 years; this is in part due to poor access to care; rising insurance premiums; and an unequal share of health care resources devoted to the care of the wealthy. The article culminates with suggestions to how to reduce health and health inequalities and reduce the financial burden on non-wealthy Americans. Structural Racism and Health Inequities in the USA: Evidence and Interventions Article. Bailey ZD et al. Structural Racism and Health Inequities in the USA: Evidence and Interventions. The Lancet 2017; 389(10077): 1453-63. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30569-X/abstract. This article discusses research and interventions grappling with structural racism and its impact on population health and health inequities. The authors argue how structural racism—the “totality of ways in which societies foster racial discrimination through mutually reinforcing systems”—reinforces discriminatory beliefs, values, and distribution of resources. The authors argue that focusing on structural racism is an important approach to improving population health. Population Health in an Era of Rising Income Inequality: USA, 1980–2015
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Article. Bor J, Cohen GH, Galea S. Population Health in an Era of Rising Income Inequality: USA, 1980–2015. The Lancet 2017; 389(10077): 1475-90. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30571-8/abstract. This article looks at population health in the context of growing income inequality in the U.S. since 1980. Since 2001 in particular, the authors found an increasingly strong association between low income and poor health. Distal factors associated with this problem include unequal access to technology, increasing geographic segregation, reduced economic mobility, mass incarceration, and increased medical costs. The authors conclude that without reducing income inequalities, socioeconomic inequalities in health in the United States will only expand, leaving more low-income Americans behind. The Affordable Care Act: Implications for Health-Care Equity Article. Gaffney A, McCormick D. The Affordable Care Act: Implications for Health-Care Equity. The Lancet 2017; 389(10077): 1442-52. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30786-9/abstract. This article examines the impact of the U.S. Affordable Care Act (ACA) on expanding coverage and increasing health care access. The authors specifically study the ACA’s impact on health care equity, and find that although the ACA improve coverage and access, its overall impact was modest in comparison to the gaps present before the law’s full implementation in 2014. The authors conclude by presenting potential proposals for change following the 2016 presidential election, and think through the implications for health equity. Coping With Racism: Moderators of the Discrimination–Adjustment Link among Mexican-Origin Adolescents Article. Park IJ et al. Coping With Racism: Moderators of the Discrimination–Adjustment Link Among Mexican-Origin Adolescents. Child Development 2017. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.12856/abstract;jsessionid=663CD630D0C03255D0306F10EA1770A1.f03t01. This article examines strategies Latino youth leverage to cope with racism. The study tested the roles of ethnic identity, social support, and anger suppression and expression as moderators of the discrimination-adjustment link among 269 Mexican-origin adolescents. Data analyses indicate that outward anger expression exacerbated discrimination and adjustment problems, while ethnic identity, social support, and anger suppression helped navigate discrimination and adjustment problems. Double Jeopardy in Astronomy and Planetary Science: Women of Color Face Greater Risks of Gendered and Racial Harassment Article. Clancy K et al. Double Jeopardy in Astronomy and Planetary Science: Women of Color Face Greater Risks of Gendered and Racial Harassment. Journal of Geophysical Research 2017; Jul 10. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017JE005256/epdf. This article from the Journal of Geophysical Research examines the harassment felt by women, especially women of color, as astronomers and planetary scientists in their places of employment. Through an internet survey of 474 scientists between 2011 and 2015, the study found that women of color experienced the highest rates of negative workplace remarks as well as other forms of harassment or discrimination due to their race and gender. The article continued to list statistics on the percentages of women of color who felt unsafe in the workplace and on those who had to skip a professional event due to feeling unsafe. The authors conclude that significant steps need to be taken in order to address these issues, not only in astronomy and planetary sciences, but all other fields as well. Racial Disparities in Health Among Nonpoor African Americans and Hispanics: The Role of Acute and Chronic Discrimination Article. Colen CG, Ramey DM, Cooksey EC, Williams DR. Racial Disparities in Health among Nonpoor African Americans and Hispanics: The Role of Acute and Chronic Discrimination. Social Science & Medicine 2017. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617302903?via%3Dihub. This article examines the extent to which socioeconomic mobility is associated with exposure to acute and chronic discrimination across different racial and ethnic groups. The study also examines whether the relationship between socioeconomic status and self-rated health across these racial and ethnic groups can be explained by more frequent exposure to discrimination. The authors find that differences in discrimination
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account for a sizeable proportion of the Black/White gap in health, while it does not explain much of Hispanic/White disparity. Mass Incarceration, Public Health, and Widening Inequality in the USA Article. Wildeman C, Wang E. Mass Incarceration, Public Health, and Widening Inequality in the USA. The Lancet 2017; 389(10077): 1464-1474. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30259-3/fulltext. This article from The Lancet refers to how mass incarceration shapes inequality in health. In previous studies, it has been mentioned that incarceration actually has short-term improvements in physical health, but after the inmate is released imprisonment has severe physical and mental health consequences. Not only are there consequences for the individual health of the prisoner, but there are also negative family and community effects of mass incarceration. The Health Care Institution, Population Health and Black Lives Article. King CJ, Redwood Y. The Health Care Institution, Population Health and Black Lives. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2016 Jun 1;108(2):131-6. http://www.journalnma.org/article/S0027-9684(16)30036-0/abstract. This article examines institutionalized racism as the root cause of poor health in black lives. It offers a conceptual framework that can address these racial disparities in the health system. Inequalities in Health: Definitions, Concepts, and Theories Article. Arcaya MC et al. Inequalities in Health: Definitions, Concepts, and Theories. Global Health Action 2015; 8: 27106. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v8.27106. This article defines and distinguishes between unavoidable health inequalities and unjust and preventable health inequities. Individuals from different backgrounds, social groups, and countries enjoy different levels of health. Different theories attempt to explain group-level differences in health on the basis of factors such as psychosocial, material deprivation, health behavior, environmental, and selections. This article closes by reflecting on what conditions make health inequalities unjust, and considering the merits of policies that prioritize the elimination of health disparities versus those that focus on raising the overall standard of health in a population. The Health of Americans Article Series. The Health of Americans. The Lancet 2014. http://www.thelancet.com/series/health-of-americans-2014. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11121 This Lancet Series describes some of the major health challenges facing the United States, including chronic and infectious diseases, injuries, and accidents, and outlines how opportunities provided by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) could improve public health. The series also evaluates health spending in the U.S. (currently the highest in the world per capita), in comparison with other high-spending OECD countries. Systemic Racism and US Health Care Article. Feagin J, Bennefield Z. Systemic Racism and US Health Care. Social Science & Medicine 2014; 103: 7-14. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953613005121. This article assesses decades of empirical research on racial dimensions of health care in America. It reviews historical literature on exploitative practices that generated and sutained the racial framing and structural discrimination. Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence Article. Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence. American Behavioral Scientist 2013; 57(8) :1152-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24347666.
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This article reviews scientific research indicating that despite dmarked declines in public support for negative racial attitudes in the U.S., racism remain embedded in American society. The review indicates that racism adversely affects non-dominant racial populations: Institutional racism develop policies that reduced access to housing, education, employment opportunities, and other resources. In addition, cultural racism reinforces negative stereotypes and discrimination that in turn act as an adverse psychosocial stressor on health status and health risks. A Life Course Perspective on How Racism May Be Related to Health Inequities Article. Gee GC, Walsemann KM, Brondolo E. A Life Course Perspective on How Racism May Be Related to Health Inequities. American Journal of Public Health 2012; 102(5): 967-74. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483932. This article shares a framework that shows how racism and health inequities can be considered from a life course perspective, or from infancy into old age. In particular, this life course perspective suggests that racism can shape an individual’s time in asset-building contexts (e.g., education) or disadvantaged contexts (e.g., prison). This variation in time and exposure can influence racial inequity in life expectancy and other health outcomes. The Structuring of Ethnic Inequalities in Health: Economic Position, Racial Discrimination, and Racism Article. Nazroo JY. The Structuring of Ethnic Inequalities in Health: Economic Position, Racial Discrimination, and Racism. American Journal of Public Health 2003; 93(2): 277-84. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.93.2.277. This article reviews evidence that suggests that social and economic inequalities, underpinned by racism, are root causes of ethnic inequalities in health. This review examines data across the United States and the United Kingdom, and also examines data limitations that hinder exploration of these inequalities.
Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener's Tale Article. Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener's Tale. American Journal of Public Health 2000; 90(8): 1212. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1212. This article presents a theoretic framework for understanding racism on three levels. Institutionalized, personally mediated, and internalized racism are described using an allegory about a gardener to help illustrate how the three levels are related.
DATA PUBLICATIONS, PORTALS, INTERACTIVES, AND FACT SHEETS
Interactive Maps Data Interactive. Interactive Maps. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/research/data-methods/interactive-maps. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11797 The Urban Institute hosts an interactive data portal with key statistics, graphs, and maps on economic and social policies. Examples include maps examining income and race in schools; everyday violence in school settings; rental housing crises; and poverty and race across the country. The Urban Institute is dedicated to developing research and evidence to improve lives and strengthen communities in the United States, with specific focus on analysis of social and economic policy. The organization collaborates with diverse stakeholders to identify and evaluate problems, provide evidence-based solutions for action, and share lessons learned. The Urban Institute’s thematic areas of focus include housing finance; health policy; education; poverty, vulnerability, and the safety net; food and nutrition, among others. Measure of America of the Social Science Research Council Data Portal. Measure of America of the Social Science Research Council. http://www.measureofamerica.org/tools.
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This data portal provides information on human development at the national, regional, and local levels in the United States. Topics explored include educational attainment and life outcomes; the intersection of economy, education, and community; and health and wellbeing at the neighborhood level. Fact Sheet: Health Disparities and Stress Fact Sheet. Fact Sheet: Health Disparities and Stress. American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/topics/health-disparities/fact-sheet-stress.aspx. This fact sheet from the American Psychological Association summarizes how acute and chronic stresses can affect health, and in particular contribute to health disparities among racial and ethnic groups. Community Health Assessment Data Portal. Community Health Assessment. City of Philadelphia Department of Public Health and Office of Open Data and Digital Transformation 2016. http://cityofphiladelphia.github.io/community-health-explorer. This data portal presents information about population health in Philadelphia, including a comparison to 10 other U.S. cities on a variety of indicators reflecting health behaviors, health conditions, health care factors, and social and environmental determinants of health. The portal presents data by planning district, racial disparities, and citywide over time, and is based on the 2015 Community Health Assessment report. 2017 Kids Count Data Book: State Trends in Child Well-Being Data Publication. 2017 Kids Count Data Book: State Trends in Child Well-Being. The Annie E. Casey Foundation 2017. http://www.aecf.org/resources/2017-kids-count-data-book. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11578 This report, published by the Annie E. Casey Foundation in conjunction with the Population Reference Bureau (PRB), presents state and national data on child well-being in the United States as it relates to four key areas: economic well-being, education, health, and family and community. Kids Count delves into these topics using data on 16 key indicators, which are also broken down by race and ethnicity to examine disparities between groups. In summary, the 2017 report found that substantial progress has been made to improve conditions for children in recent years (including nearly universal health insurance coverage of children and declines in teenage births), but numerous challenges still remain, including high levels of child poverty, sub-par proficiencies in reading and math, and the substantial racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities across domains.
TOPIC PORTALS AND ORGANIZATIONS
Health Disparities Topic Portal. Health Disparities. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. https://www.rwjf.org/en/our-focus-areas/topics/health-disparities.html. This topic portal from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation presents information on the role factors like race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status play on health and lifespan. The portal provides recent news, research, tools, and funding opportunities associated with better understanding health disparities in the United States. Health Equity Topic Portal. Health Equity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/index.html. This topic portal from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention examines health equity in the United States, and digs deeper into the fact that minorities in American experience the disproportionate burden of preventable disease, death, and disability compared to non-minorities. The portal includes recent news, publications, student programs, events, and resources focused on health equity and minority health.
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Racism and Health Topic Portal. Racism and Health. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/collections/racism-and-health.html. This topic portal from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation provides information on the ways racism affects health, from impacts on risk factors to overall health care access. The portal shares recent news, perspectives, initiatives, and other resources dedicated to better understanding and tackling the impacts of discrimination on health over lifetimes and across generations. Urban Institute Organization. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org. The Urban Institute is dedicated to developing research and evidence to improve lives and strengthen communities in the United States, with specific focus on analysis of social and economic policy. The organization collaborates with diverse stakeholders to identify and evaluate problems, provide evidence-based solutions for action, and share lessons learned. The Urban Institute’s thematic areas of focus include housing finance; health policy; education; poverty, vulnerability, and the safety net; food and nutrition, among others. Vera Institute of Justice Organization. Vera Institute of Justice. https://www.vera.org. The Vera Institute of Justice works to build and improve justice systems that ensure fairness, promote safety, and strengthen communities. The Institute collaborates with partners who share their vision of tackling pressing injustices— from the causes and consequences of mass incarceration, racial disparities, and the loss of public trust in law enforcement, to the unmet needs of the vulnerable, the marginalized, and those harmed by crime and violence. The organization’s core priorities include reducing the number of people held in U.S. jails; cultivate a justice system that delivers access, safety, and fairness to the diverse communities in the U.S.; and to improve conditions of confinement. African American Health Topic Portal. African American Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/aahealth/index.html. This topic portal from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highlights key data and resources about African American health in the United States. In particular, the resources shared indicate although leading causes of death for African Americans have decreased since 1999, young African Americans in particular are living with disease more common at older ages, like high blood pressure, diabetes, and stroke.
MULTIMEDIA AND NEWS
The Problem With Race-Based Medicine Video. Roberts D. The Problem With Race-Based Medicine. TEDMED 2015. https://www.ted.com/talks/dorothy_roberts_the_problem_with_race_based_medicine. In this talk, Roberts discusses race-based medicine and how it is still used as a medical shortcut. She talks about why it is a bad practice and invites us to be a part of ending it. (14:36)
Playlist (11 Talks): Talks to Help You Understand Racism in America Playlist. Playlist (11 Talks): Talks to Help You Understand Racism in America. TED 2015. https://www.ted.com/playlists/250/talks_to_help_you_understand_r. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11795 For black Americans, the far-reaching effects of racism are felt daily. These videos examine the impact of racism on the everyday realities of many Americans. Videos include:
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• Color Blind or Color Brave? (Mellody Hobson, 2014) -- 14:14 • How to Raise a Black Son in America (Clint Smith, 2015) -- 5:13 • My Road Trip Through the Whitest Towns in America (Rich Benjamin, 2015) -- 13:01 • Does Racism Affect How You Vote? (Nate Silver, 2009) -- 9:16 • How to Overcome Our Biases? Walk Boldly Toward Them (Vernā Myers, 2009) -- 17:50 • The Little Problem I Had Renting a House (James A. White Sr, 2014) -- 13:54 • We Need to Talk About an Injustice (Bryan Stevenson, 2012) -- 23:34 • How We're Priming Some Kids for College—Others for Prison (A. Goffman, 2015) -- 16:05 • "Black Men Ski" (Stew, 2016) -- 4:33
How Racism Makes Us Sick Video. Williams D. How Racism Makes Us Sick. TEDMED 2016. https://www.ted.com/talks/david_r_williams_how_racism_makes_us_sick. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11796 In this talk, Williams discusses why race matters so profoundly to health. He has developed a scale to measure how much discrimination impacts well-being. Williams offers hopeful examples of programs that are working to dismantled discrimination across the US. (17:28)
How Racism Harms Pregnant Women—and What Can Help Video. Zoila Perez M. How Racism Harms Pregnant Women—and What Can Help. TEDWomen 2016. https://www.ted.com/talks/miriam_zoila_perez_how_racism_harms_pregnant_women_and_what_can_help. Perez is a doula turned journalist who explores the relationship between race, class, and illness. She tells us about a compassionate prenatal care program that can help pregnant women to deal with the stress that people of color face on a daily basis. (12:25)
Visualize Health Equity Online Gallery. Visualize Health Equity. National Academy of Medicine 2017. https://nam.edu/programs/culture-of-health/visualize-health-equity-community-art-show. Health equity means that everyone has an equal opportunity to live the healthiest possible life. The National Academy of Medicine is hosting a national community art project for artists to depict their insights on health equity. This project is part of NAM’s Culture of Health Program, sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. This artwork will be used to help understand what people across the country see as important health challenges and opportunities within their own communities. The online gallery launches on November 9, 2017.
TEACHING MATERIAL
Glossary for Understanding the Dismantling Structural Racism/Promoting Racial Equity Analysis Glossary. Glossary for Understanding the Dismantling Structural Racism/Promoting Racial Equity Analysis. The Aspen Institute, Community Roundtable for Change. https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/docs/rcc/RCC-Structural-Racism-Glossary.pdf. This glossary was assembled by The Aspen Institute, Community Roundtable for Change. The glossary ranks and defines key terms in order of importance to an overall understanding of the dismantling structural racism and promoting racial equity analysis. Whose Story Should be Told Teaching Case. Smith BL. Whose Story Should be Told. The Evergreen State College Native Cases Initiative 2014. http://nativecases.evergreen.edu/collection/cases/whose-story-should-be-told.html.
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GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/10774 This case study describes the controversy over murals in a Washington, D.C. federal building that Native American employees say perpetuate inaccurate and demeaning stereotypes of Native Americans and create a hostile work environment. The conflict illustrates important issues of human rights and concerns about racial and cultural discrimination and prejudice. The case explores the connections between government and the arts, as well as leadership, public policy, stereotypes, historical integrity, civil rights, and cultural politics. This case is one of several developed by the Enduring Legacies Native Cases Initiative at The Evergreen State College in Washington State. A number of the Initiative’s cases address health-related issues for Native American communities in the United States; each includes both the case narrative itself and a short Teaching Note with identified learning outcomes and suggested discussion questions.
Returning to Our Roots: Building Capacity in Public Health for Action on the Social Determinants of Health Teaching Case. Longo G, Churchill K, Wylie L. Returning to Our Roots: Building Capacity in Public Health for Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Western Public Health Casebook. Public Health Casebook Publishing 2015. https://www.schulich.uwo.ca/publichealth/cases/Western_MPH_Casebook_2015.html. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/10747 This case study explores the development of organizational capacity to address the social determinants of health in a public health unit. These social determinants are factors outside the traditional healthcare system— such as income, social status, education, employment, social and physical environments, and culture—that significantly influence our health; they can be protective when evenly available, but often are distributed in ways that are unfair or unjust, acting as risk conditions that disproportionately affect certain populations. The case describes efforts by the Canadian public health sector in translating health equity rhetoric into action and tangible reductions in health inequities. Enduring Legacies Native Case Studies Teaching Cases. Enduring Legacies Native Case Studies. The Evergreen State College Native Cases Initiative 2017. http://nativecases.evergreen.edu. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/10770 These select cases address health-related issues for Native American communities in the United States. The selection is drawn from cases developed by the Enduring Legacies Native Cases Initiative at The Evergreen State College in Washington State. The mission of the Initiative is to develop culturally relevant curriculum and teaching resources in the form of case studies on key issues in self-governing Native American communities throughout the United States today. Each case includes both the case narrative itself and a short Teaching Note with identified learning outcomes and suggested discussion questions.
Flint, Michigan: Lethal Water - Teaching Pack Teaching Pack. Flint, Michigan: Lethal Water - Teaching Pack. Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University 2017. http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11591. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/collection/3 This teaching pack is focused on the toxic water crisis in Flint, Michigan, a disaster with profound health implications. A complex network of interrelated factors contributed to the problems in Flint: culture, ethics, society, environment, politics, urban design, economic justice, and governance. The teaching pack is centered on a case study, which outlines the social, economic, health, and policy consequences faced by Flint in the aftermath of a governmental decision to switch the city’s public water supply from Lake Huron to the more corrosive Flint River. The case highlights the role of citizens, scientists, and activists in raising public awareness of the crisis and the toxic long-term effects of lead poisoning on affected children. It also illustrates the challenges and questions such a crisis poses for other communities in the United States and globally. Mass Incarceration: Resource Collection Resource Collection. Mass Incarceration: Resource Collection. Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University 2017. http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11695. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/collection/15 This resource collection on mass incarceration was curated by the Global Health Education and Learning
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Incubator. Resources in this collection primarily focus on the rising trend of mass incarceration in the United States and the disproportionate impact on the health and wellbeing on racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minorities. In particular, this collection includes resources that links the history of racism in the U.S. to present-day incarceration, as well as resources that contextualize the impact of incarceration on families and communities. Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): Resource Collection Resource Collection. Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): Resource Collection. Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University 2017. http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11663. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/collection/13 This resource collection on women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) was curated by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator. As the global community sharpens its focus on sustainable development, STEM fields are increasingly integral to generating solutions to complex global challenges. Despite gender differences in how global changes are experienced—from climate change to conflict—women are not represented equally in key science and engineering sectors as skilled workers, professionals, or decision-makers. This resource collection includes resources that contextualize disparities in STEM fields at the global level, as well as those which grapple with the specific, additional disparities that exist when gender and race intersect in the United States.