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BNWL-1973 UC- 20

BIOMAGNETIC EFFECTS:. A CONSIDERATION I N FUSION REACTOR DEVELOPMENT

by D. D. Mahlum

February 1976

m n m d by the llnitcd Stntu n t ~ n s s n t . r w , ~ , ~ "' U I ~ ~ N Stat- nor the Unitad state E~~~~~ -* On* W o p m c n t AdmirtLtntion. nor .ny .f U1cir em~byec . . nor any of the" m n t n E l o , ~

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B a t t e l l e P a c i f i c Northwest Labo ra to r i es Rich1 and, Washington 99352

LSTRlBUTlON OF THIS DOGUMiENT IS UN'LIMITED

BNWL 1 9 7 3

INTRODUCTION . . . . ; . . . . . POPULATIONS OF CONCERN

SUMMARY OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . HUMAN

. . . . NONHUMAN PRIMATES

GROWTH AND'DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS

. . . . . . OTHER EFFECTS

RADIAT ION + MAGNETIC F I E L D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL.. EVALIIATION 1 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . RECOMMENDED AREAS OF RESEARCH 1 5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES 1 9

APPENDIX A: R e s e a r c h A r e a s f o r E x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e B i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . o f M a g n e t i c F i e l d s 25

INTRODUCTION

Fusion as a power source i s r e c e i v i n g an increas ing amount o f a t t e n t i o n .

Several designs have. been proposed and t h e f e a s i b i l i ty o f each a1 t e r n a t i v e i s

be ing studied. As we move c l o s e r t o a working design, a t t e n t i o n can be p a i d

t o p o t e n t i a l b i o l o g i c a l hazards. Large magnetic f i e l d s and the emission o f

t r i t i , u m and l i t h i u m a,re unique t o some f u s i o n reac to r designs.

The r e s u l t s o f a review o f t h e c u r r e n t s t a t e o f knowledge concerning. the

b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f magnetic f i e l d s alone and i n combination w i t h i o n i z i n g

r a d i a t i o n a r e summarized i n t h i s r e p o r t . The purpose o f t he rev iew i s t o help .

i d e n t i f y areas where a d d i t i o n a l biomedical research i s needed f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g

gu ide l i nes f o r r e a c t o r design and operation:

Although t h i s eva lua t ion was made o f t h e p o t e n t i a l b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s asso-

c i a t e d w i t h opera t ion o f f us ion reactors, t he e f f e c t s o f magnetic f i e l d s may

a1 so have imp1 i c a t i o n s f o r o the r s i t u a t i o n s . For example, bubble chamber

operat ions, cyclot~ron,maintenance, eventual use o f l e v i t a t e d t r a i n s , space

t r a v e l , and work around h igh vo l tage systems may a l l r e s u l t i n exposure o f

people t o f i e l d s g rea te r than the geomagnetic background. .

The references' c i t e d i n t h i s rev iew represent o n l y a f r a c t i o n o f t he 1 i t-

e r a t u r e a v a i l a b l e on b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f magnetic f i e l d s . Add i t i ona l mate-

r i a l , f o r those who w ish t o ob ta in more d e t a i l , can be found i n Bu,sby (1967),

t he voiumes e d i t e d by Bar'nothy (1964, 1969) t h e Engl ishr t r a n s l a t i o n o f t he

Russian work by Presman (1970), and the recent rev iew b y S i l v e r and Tobias

(1974) as w e l l as i n t h e b ib1 iographies by Manganell i (1972) and Davis,

Pappajohn, and P lav in ieks (1962).

Some' c u r r e n t f u s i o n r e a c t o r concepts r e l y on the use o f magnetic f i e l d s

t o con f i ne h igh temperature plasma's. The magnitude and geometry o f these

f i e l d s ;ill depend 6ti the r e e c t o r concept il t ima- te ly employed. The Tokaniak

and Yin Yang c o n f i g i r a t i o n s bo th have a l a r g e d i p o l e f i e l d ex terna l t o t he

b i o l o g i c a l sh ie ld . I n t h e the ta p inch design t h e ex terna l mag'netic f i e l d

should be small due t o e f f e c t i v e c a n c e l l a t i o n o f opposing f i e l d c o i l elements

which leave only high order multipole moments. The laser implosion concept

u t i l i zes a modest divertor f i e ld t o protect i t s inner wall.

The most extensive cal cul'ations and plots of magnetic f i e l d patterns were

performed f o r the Tokamak reactor as conceived in UWMAK-I and based on a

5000 Megawatt thermal plant (Badger, e t . a1 . , '1974). Two types of magnetic

f i e lds will be encountered in a reactor based on th i s concept, a toroidal f i e l d

produced by the main toroidal magnetic f i e l d co i l s and poloidal f i e ld produced

by the plasma current, divertor co i l s and transformer co i l s . The toroidal

f i e ld will be generated in the plane of the torus and the strength may vary

from 10,000 gauss in the area surrounding the nuclear island to <1 gauss a t

the outer edge of the reactor building (about 50 meters). Since levels of

ionizing radiation will l imit access t o parts of the reactor building, there

may be l i t t l e like1 ihood of exposure t o the toroidal f i e ld .

The poloidal f i e ld , on the other hand, will radiate both vert ical ly and

horizontally re la t ive to the torus and will require a distance of 500 meters

t o reach <1 gauss. Poloidal f i e l ds of several hundred' gauss may be encoun-

tered by people working in the transport and hot cell regions. Conceivably,

these f i e l d s could be as high as 70 to 450 gauss. People working in the

region ,immediately surrounding the reactor building and associated f a c i l i t i e s

could be subjected t o f i e l d strengths of 1 to 70 gauss for substantial periods.

Beyond the horizontal plant boundaries, the f i e ld strength will have decreased

to background so population exposures will not be involved. Some wildl i fe ,

par t icular ly birds, could be exposed to f i e l d strengths i n . the same range as

those encountered by people working in the region surrounding the reactor

compl ex.

Certain s t rategies such as use of a Mu metal l i ne r in the wall of the

reactor.building o r redesigning the transformer t o balance currents may help

reduce the f i e ld strengths outside of the reactor, However, higher f i e l d strengths may be produced i f the r e s i s t iv i ty of the plasma i s lower than the

presently used value o r i f different temporal factors are used.

POPULATIONS OF CONCERN

Since t h e magnetic f i e l d s t reng th w i l l decrease t o background l e v e l s a t

t h e p l a n t boundaries, t h e general p u b l i c wil.1 n o t be exposed t o the magnetic

f i e l d s o f f u s i o n reac tors . 'The major cons idera t ion i n eva lua t i ng t h e poss ib le

consequences o f exposure o f people t o a h igh magnetic f i e l d i s , there fore ,

d i r e c t e d toward personnel working i n t h e r e a c t o r and associated f a c i 1 i t i e s .

This group can be considered i n view o f t he l i k e l y makeup o f i t s var ious sub-

groups: 1 ) male and female, and 2) those w i t h a p o t e n t i a l l y g rea ter sensi-

t i v i t y t o i n s u l t , . which . i nc lude a) those w i t h i d e n t i f i a b l e medical problems,

b ) those w i t h i d e n t i f i a b l e psychological problems, c ) those w i t h medical pros-

t h e t i c devices, and d) pregnant women.

Magnetic exposure o f o the r b i o l o g i c a l ma te r i a l i n t he enviranment sur-

rounding the fus ion r e a c t o r w i l l probably be .of minimal consequences. An . I

except ion t o t h i s might be b i r d s f o r which evidence i s accumulating t h a t t h e i r

nav iga t ion may be guided by geomagnetic in fo rmat ion . F igure 1 i 1 l u s t r a t e s

t h a t i n t e n s i t y of t he magnetic f i e l d decreases w i t h d is tance from the mgg-

n e t i c c o i l s .

CENTER W M IW 150 M A G N E T I C FIELD METERS

FIGURE 1. I n t e n s i t y o f Magnetic F i e l d Decreases w i t h Distance

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SUMMARY OF LITERATURE

HUMAN

. The. i n t e r e s t o f people i n t h e b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f magnetic f i e l d s goes

back perhaps thousands o f years t o t h e connect ions t h a t people made between

h e a l t h and t h e myster ious power o f t h e loadstone. Present day i n t e r e s t i n t h i s

area i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e e f f o r t s , o f i n v e s t i g a t o r s t o c o r r e l a t e d is turbances i n

t h e e a r t h ' s magnetic f i e l d 'caused by s o l a r f l a r e s w i t h inc idence o f death (D i i l l

and DU11, 1936), mental d isorders (Friedman, e t a l . , 1963 and 1965), and catas-

t r o p h i c events (Paumail loux,, 1969). I n any r e t r o s p e c t i v e epidemiologic study,

cause and e f f e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p s a re d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b l i s h a n d ' t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h

magnetic f i e l d s i s no except ion.

During t h e pas t hundred years, s tud ies have been performed t o de te rm ine i f

man i s capable o f responding i n some way t o a magnetic f i e l d . Perhaps t h e f i r s t

documented e f f e c t i n man which was c o n s i s t e n t l y rep roduc ib le was t h a t o f see-

i n g l i g h t f lashes when t h e head was p laced i n an a l t e r n a t i n g magnetic f i e l d

(A1 exander, 1962). Th is phenomenon known as magnetic phosphene has been stud-

i e d i n d e t a i l by a number o f i n v e s t i g a t o r s and severa l hypotheses advanced t o ,

e x p l a i n i t . Barlow, Kohn, and Walsh (1947) concluded t h a t t he r e t i n a was the

probable locus o f t h e e f f e c t and Va len t inuzz i (1962) developed a mathematical

model t o account f o r t h e e x c i t a t i o n mechanism. Peterson and Kennel ly (1892)

and Dr inke r and Thompson (1921), us ing s t a t i c magnetic f i e l d s o f approx imate ly

2500 gauss, repo r ted no observable e f f e c t when the head was p laced between t h e

magnetic poles.

Beischer, G r i s s e t t , and M i t c h e l l (1 973) have examined the response o f

human vo l unteers t o an ext remely low frequency (ELF) a1 t e r n a t i n g magnetic f i e l d

webers). T h e sub jec ts were conf ined f o r a 1-week p e r i o d and exposed f o r

e i t h e r 10 o r 22.5 hours a t a t ime unknown t o them. ,Measurements were made

i n c l u d i n g body temperature, hea r t r a te . r e s p i r a t i o n ra te , b lood pressure, e l ec-

t rocardiograms, e f f e c t o f s t ress , shor t - term memory, psych.ologica1 response,

and extensi.ve b lood and u r i n e analyses. The o n l y s i g n i f i c a n t change foun,d was

a t r a n s i e n t r i s e i n serum. t r i g l y c e r i d e l e v e l s a f t e r cessat ion o f exposure.

There a re s u b j e c t i v e s tud ies which i n d i c a t e t h a t people exposed t o mag-

n e t i c f i e 1 ds experience a number o f ob jec t ionab le e f f e c t s . Beischer and Reno

(1971) quoted r e s u l t s o f the. Sov ie t s tud ies of workers who were engaged i n the

f a b r i c a t i o n o f permanent magnets. No est imate of f i e l d s t reng th was given.

The Sov ie ts repo r ted bo th brady- and tachycardia .and' a decrease i n a r t e r i a l .

b lood pressure. The workers e x h i b i t e d increased i r r i t a b i l i t y , f a t i gue , occa-

. s i ona l d izz iness, a l t e r e d a p p e t i t e and headaches. Changes were found i n the

electroencephalograms, p a r t i c u l a r l y du r ing l i g h t s t imu la t i on . Hands were

repo r ted t o e x h i b i t a marb l ing p a t t e r n as, we1 1 as i t c h i n g , burning, and numb-

ness. Beischer a l s o repo r ted t h a t p lac ing the hand i n a 120,000 gauss f i e l d

r e s u l t e d I n a f e e l i n g o f b i t t e r coldness and aching o f . bones a long w i t h ;I

f e e l i n g as i f ants were moving over the hands.

Friedman, Becker, and Bachman (1967) exposed heads o f p a t i e n t s t o f i e l d s o f '

5-11 gauss modulated a t e i t h e r 0.1 o r 0.2 cyc les per second ( c / s ) . Exposure t o

the 0.2 c /s f i e l d slowed t h e r e a c t i o n t ime s i g n i f i c a n t l y . Exposure t o a 0.1 c/s

o r a s t a t i c f i e l d d i d n o t a l t e r t h e r e a c t i o n t ime. No cons i s ten t changes i n EEG

pa t te rns accompanied t h e a1 t e r a t i o n s i n t h e r e a c t i o n t imes (Becker, 1969).

The work o f Cohen (1967 and 1968) i s o f i n t e r e s t when cons ider ing the

poss ib le response o f man t o a magnetic f i e l d . I n two very c a r e f u l s tudies, he

was ab le t o demonstrate t h a t t he re are very small magnetic f i e l d s associated

w i t h normal phys io log i c funct ions of the human body. He observcd ;I magnetie

f i e l d component which was s i m i l a r t o t he ECG component associated w i t h ven t r i cu -

l a r depol a r i z a t i o n and and r e p o l a r i z a t i o n . He a1 so has found magnetic f i e l d s

a t t h e sur face o f t h e sca lp which appear t o be produced by alpha rhythm cur-

r e n t s of the b ra in .

NONHUMAN PRIMATES

Data on nonhuman primates i s prov ided by Rcischer anel coworkers (1964 and

1969). They exposed s q u i r r e l monkeys t o f i e l d s o f 20,000 t o 100,,000 gauss and

s tud ied changes i n the e lect rocard iogram. Breath ing r a t e s and R-wave ampli tude

were unchanged b u t t he re was a decrease i n hea r t ra te , an increase i n s inus

ar rhy thmia and an increase i n the amplitu'de o f the T-wave. Fur ther i nves t i ga -

t i o n showed t h a t p a r t o f t he change i n t h e e lect rocard iogram was due t o an EMF

generated by a o r t i c b lood f low.

Other s tud ies w i t h experimental animal s and i s o l a t e d organs o r t i ssues

i n d i c a t e t h a t neuro log ica l , cardiac, and o the r , muscular f u n c t i o n can be

a f f e c t e d by magnetic f i e l d s . However, t h e magnitude o f the f i e l d requ i red i s

u s u a l l y l a r g e r than would be encountered i n a f u s i o n reac to r .

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT I

Immature organisms o f t e n demonstrate an enhanced s e n s i t i v i t y t o i n s u l t s o f

var ious k inds i n c l u d i n g r a d i a t i o n , admin i s t ra t i on o f t o x i c drugs and metals and

a v a r i e t y o f environmental c h a l l enges. The biochemical and phys io log i c processes

occu r r i ng du r ing d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and growth o f t e n amp1 i f y the damage t h a t has

been produced which f a c i l . i t a t e s de tec t i on and measurement o f a1 t e r a t i o n s

i n f l i c t e d by an agent. Several s tud ies have attempted t o u t i l i z e t h i s concept

f o r s tudy ing biomagnetic e f f e c t s . Windle (1895) repor ted an increased i n c i -

dence o f malformations i n t h e ch i ck a f t e r exposure t o an i l l - d e f i n e d magnetic

f i e l d . However, he found no developmental abnormal i t i e s when he used the s i l k -

worm. Perakis (1941) found r e t a r d a t i o n o f development and an increased i n c i -

dence o f abnormal i t ies o f sea u rch in eggs exposed t o nonhomogenous f i e l ds o f

8,800 o r 43,000 gauss. A un i fo rm f i e l d o f 33,000 gauss appeared t o have no

. . e f f e c t . Beischer (1964) a l so repor ted r e t a r d a t i o n o f development o f t he sea ,

. u r c h i n egg w i t h a f i e l d o f 140,000 gauss. Neurath (1968 and 1969) and

Levengood (1969) p rov ide evidence f o r an e f f e c t o f magnetic f i e l d s on develop-

ment i n t h e i r work w i t h frogs and salamanders. ~ v i d e n c e f o r t h e importance o f

t h e stage o f development was presented by Levengood. The f i e l d s used i n these

s tud ies ranged between 6,300 and 17,700 gauss w i t h l a r g e grad ien ts .

Another study by Levengood (1966 and 1967) i n which drosoph i la pupae were

exposed t o approximately 150 gauss from a magnetic probe showed t h a t t h e devel-

opment t ime was increased s i g n i f i c a n t l y . Moreover, when t r e a t e d males were

bred t o un t rea ted females, the o f f s p r i n g showed an increased development t ime.. \ his c h a r a c t e r i s t i c was t ransmi t ted f o r 30 generat ions, and the ncmber o f progeny

from these crosses were fewer than from c o n t r o l matings. Treated females.d id

n o t c a r r y t h e t r a i t f o r increased development t ime. he a b i l i t y o f a magnetic

.. c f i e 1 d t o . a f f e c t development i n Drosophi l a was f u r t h e r documented by Tegenkamp

. . . ! (1969) who found an a1 t e r a t i o n o f sex r a t i o as we1 9 'as o the r genet ic changes.

Mulay and Mu1 ay (1964) a1 so repor ted nongenetic abnormal i t i e s i n Drosophi l a .

Beischer (1964), i n con t ras t , found no e f f e c t 0.f e i t h e r homog'eneous o r nonhomo-

geneous f i e l d s on Drosophi la development.

Only a few s tud ies have been made o f developmental e f f e c t s us ing mammals.

Barnothy . (1 963) repo r ted t h a t exposures o f young mice t o e i t h e r a homogeneous

o r an inhomogeneous ' f i e 1 d r e s u l t e d i n a decreased weight gain. The e f f e c t o f

t h e homogeneous f i e l d was more than t h a t o f t h e inhomogeneous f i e l d , a l though

t h e d i f f e r e n c e s were n o t g rea t . E isen le in , Boutel 1 and Biggs (1961), us ing

l a r g e groups o f mice approximately 3 weeks o f age, fn~lnd no e f f e c t o f a mag.-

n e t i c f i e l d on weight ga in over a . p e r i o d o f 11 days. The f i e l d va r ied between

5,800 and 14,4QO gauss,

An extremely low frequency (0.5 Hz) r o t a t i n g f i e l d o f '0.5 t o 15 gauss was

imposed on pregnant r a t s f o r var ious per iods dur ing ges ta t i on (Ossenkopp,

Kol t eh and Persinger, 1972). O f f sp r i ng were found t o have h igher t h y r o i d and

t e s t i c u l a r weights than t h e c o n t r o l s . A number o f behaviora l measures were

a l s o found t o be a l t e r e d i n t h e magnetic f i e l d - t r e a t e d animals. No d i f f e rences

were found i n eosinophi.1 counts, adrenal weights, b lood sugar, o r body weights.

BEHAY IORAL EFFECTS

There a r e var ious o the r pieces o f evidence i n d i c a t i n g t h a t organisms a re

capable o f responding t o t h e presence o f magnetic f i e l d s . Studies o f behavior

among nonmammalian animals i n d i c a t e vary ing degrees o f s e n s i t i v i t y and respon-

siveness t o magnetic f i e l d s . A recent paper by Keeton (1974) presents evidence

which shows t h a t some species o f b i r d s depend on geomagnetic i n p u t f o r naviga-

t i o n . Keeton a l s o r e f e r s t o work which i n d i c a t e s t h a t honeybees a re s e n s i t i v e

t o magnetic f i e l d s o f a few gamma ( 1 0 ' ~ gauss). These s tud ies a long w i t h those

which show t h a t a d i ve rse a r r a y o f organisms can respond behav io ra l l y t o mag-

n e t i c f i e l d s a re impor tan t i n d i c a t o r s of the a b i l i t y o f magnetic f i e l d s t o

a f f e c t some b i o l o g i c a l responses. Barnwell and Brown (1 964) and Brown (1 966)

have shown t h a t t h e d i r e c t i o n a l movement o f both p l a n a r i a and s n a i l s can be

i n f l uenced by p l a c i n g them i n a low l e v e l magnetic f i e l d . The e f f e c t was a l s o

i n f l uenced by t ime o f day and l u n a r posi - t ion. G o t t l i e b and Caldwell (1967)

found t h e behavior o f s n a i l s t o be i n f l uenced by impos i t i on o f a magnetic f i e l d .

Again the re was an i n t e r a c t i o n o f t ime of day and month on the response t o the

f i e l d . , The honeybee was shown t o respond t o a magnetic f i e l d (Caldwel l and Russo,

1968). Thei'r response tended t o be a na rco lep t i c one i n which they became r i g -

i d l y f i x e d a t a p o i n t corresponding t o maximum f i e l d s t rength . Other s tud ies

(1966, 1970 and 1972) have shown behaviora l changes f o r D ip tera , e l e c t r i c f i s h ,

paramecium, and Drosophi la when exposed t o magnetic f i e l d s .

Experiments performed by Russel 1 and Hedrick (1 969) i n d i c a t e t h a t mice

a l lowed t o choose between a low and h igh magnetic environment spent more t ime

i n the ' lower f i e l d . However, when the number o f t r i p s from a neu t ra l p o s i t i o n

were counted, more were made i n t o t h e h igh f i e l d . The food and water consump-

t i o n was a l s o h ighe r i n t he h igh magnetic f i e l d .

Pers inger (1969) found t h a t r a t s exposed p r e n a t a l l y t o a .10~- f requency , .

r o t a t i n g magnetic f i e l d e x h i b i t e d l ess a c t i v i t y i n an open- f i e ld t e s t than d i d

the con t ro l s . Pers inger and Pear (1972) used a suppressed response paradigm

t o t e s t prenatal ly-exposed r a t s and found them t o be more e a s i l y suppressed

than were t h e c o n t r o l s .

These v a r i e d s tud ies i n d i c a t e t h a t a div.erse a r r a y o f organisms can

respond behav io ra l l y t o a magnetic f i e l d . These data along w i t h those repor ted

f o r t he human a re impor tan t i n t h a t t h e y show t h e a b i l i t y o f a magnetic f i e l d

t o a f f e c t c e r t a i n b i o l o g i c a l responses.

OTHER EFFECTS

The e f f e c t o f magnetic f i e l d s on b i o l o g i c a l systems has been s tud ied i n a

v a r i e t y of ways. Hematologic s tud ies (1956, 1964 and 1965) have been repor ted

and t h e r e s u l t s vary from a marked e f f e c t on leukocyte l e v e l s as found by

Barnothy and coworkers (1956) t o no e f f e c t as repor ted by E ise le in , Bou te l l ,

and Biggs (1961). Ne i the r group found an e f f e c t o f a magnetic f i e l d on e ry th -

r o c y t e . l e v e l s . Hackel (1964), however, us ing an i n v i t r o t e s t system, found an

enhancement o f e ry th rocy te a g g l u t i n a t i o n when the r e a c t i o n took p lace i n a mag-

n e t i c f i e l d . A very i n t e r e s t i n g study by Murayama (1965) showed t h a t s i c k l e d

ery throcy tes placed i n a s t a t i c f i e l d became o r ien ted w i t h t h e i r long a x i s .

perpendicular t o t h e f i e l d .

Pathologik changes i n t h e t i ssues o f animals were repor ted by Barnothy and

Sumegi (1969), Kholodov, e t a1 . (1966,) and Friedman and Carey (1 969). Barnothy

and Sumegi (1969) repo r ted marked changes i n the adrenal o f mice a f t e r exposure

, t o a 9000 gauss f i e l d f o r 13 days w h i l e Kholodov, e t a1. (1966) found severe

b r a i n l e s i o n s i n r a b b i t s i n t h e i r study. When, Friedman and Carey (1 969)

ascr ibed t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e l a t t e r workers t o an endemic i n f e c t i o n found i n

r a b b i t s , they a l s o presented evidence t h a t the e f f e c t s o f t he i n f e c t i o n were

exacerbated by t h e magnetic f i e 1 d.

There have been many attempts t o t r e a t var ious diseases w i t h magnetic

f i e l d s and vary ing degrees o f success have been repor ted. One o f the most

i n t e r e s t i n g s tud ies was t h a t o f Pau t r i ze l , e t a1 . (1962) who found t h a t mice

and r a t s cou ld be p r ~ t e c t e d ~ a g a i n s t Trypanosoma i n f e c t i o n by t r e a t i n g the an i -

mals w i t h a magnetic f i e l d . This p r o t e c t i v e e f f e c t appeared t o be mediated

through the humoral immune system.

RADIATION + MAGNETIC FIELD

Considerat ion must be g iven t o e f f e c t s o f combined exposures o f organisms

t o magnetic f i e l d s and r a d i a t i o n s ince personnel working i n f us ion reac tors

w i l l have t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r exposure t o both.

~ o r s s b e r g (1940) repo r ted the r e s u l t s o f an experiment t o study the com-

b ined e f f e c t s o f magnetic f i e l d s and x - rad ia t i on on the s u r v i v a l and develop-

ment o f Drosophi la. He found t h a t exposure o f Drosophi la eggs t o 165 R w h i l e

i n a magnetic f i e l d r e s u l t e d i n a h igher m o r t a l i t y than f rom r a d i a t i o n alone.

The magnetic f i e l d i n a l a r g e number o f experiments increased the m o r t a l i t y by

about 17%.

Amer and Tobias (1963) found t h a t exposure o f t h e f l q u r beet le , T r i bo l i um

confusum, t o a magnetic f i e l d p ro tec ted aga ins t rad ia t ion- induced wing abnor-

m a l i t i e s . . , Exposure t o a magnetic f i e l d a l s o p ro tec ted aga ins t temperature-

induced abnormal i t i e s (Amer and Tobias, 1965). Results suggested t h a t t he

p r o t e c t i v e e f f e c t o f t h e magnetic f i e l d was equ iva len t t o c o o l i n g the organism

about 1.5OC/8000 gauss. Therefore, they examined the e f f e c t o f a magnetic f i e l d

f i e l d on 1 i q u i d c r y s t a l s which undergo changes i n c o l o r a t i o n w i t h changes i n

temperature. They found t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n o f a 6300 gauss f i e l d r e s u l t e d i n a

gradual change i n c o l o r f rom b lue t o orange which i s t h e same as t h a t observed

when t h e temperature o f t h e l i q u i d c r y s t a l i s lowered (Amer and Tobias, 1967).

Barnothy and Barnothy (1958) have a1 so s tud ied the e f f e c t o f magnetic

f i e1 ds on s u r v i v a l o f mice . a f t e r i r r a d i a t i o n . ,They found an enhanced su rv i va l

i f mice were f i r s t exposed t o a magnetic f i e l d and then i r r a d i a t e d . They

ascr ibe the p r o t e c t i v e e f f e c t t o an increased leukocyte concent ra t ion found

a f t e r exposure t o a magnetic f i e l d .

S i kov (1 968) examined the e f f e c t o f simultaneous exposure o f mice t o rad ia -

t i o n and,magnetic f i e l d s . He found some suggestion t h a t there was an i n t e r a c -

t i o n o f the two agents when c e r t a i n parameters were examined. The e f f e c t s o f

the magnetic f i e l d s were n o t l a r g e and were somewhat i ncons i s ten t . It should

be noted, however, t h a t o n l y acute exposures (30 minutes) were used so t h a t t he

t ime a v a i l a b l e f o r i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h e ' f i e l d w i t h t h e organism was very 1 im i ted .

THIS RAGE

WAS INTENTIONALLY

LEFT BLANK

GENERAL EVALUATION : .

. .

S tudies o f t he poss ib le b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f magnetic f i e l d s should empha-

s i z e f i e l d s t rengths below 750 gauss s ince i t seems unl i k e l y t h a t any s i g n i f i -

can t exposures t o h igher f i e l d s w i l l occur. However, use o f h igher f i e l d s w i l l

undoubtedly be necessary t o f u l l y d e f i n e the experimental systems studied. I t

would a l so appear t h a t t h e f i e l d w i l l be s t a t i c b u t inhomogenous. The organisms

which a re ap t t o encounter s i g n i f i c a n t f i e 1 ds are humans (working personnel )

and b i r d s . The exposure t o lower animal forms and p lan ts should be o f 1 i t t l e .

s i g n i f i c a n c e s ince the f i e l d w i l l be l i m i t e d t o the r e a c t o r area.

Studies have been performed t o examine . t h e response o f b i o l o g i c a l systems

t o magnetic f i e l d s . Many o f these haye employed r a t h e r l a r g e f i e l d s . f o r 1 i m i t e d

per iods and have n o t used adequate.n,umbers o f experimental subjects f o r good

s t a t i s t i c a l . ana lys is . The r e s u l t s have been h i g h l y v a r i a b l e and o f t e n .

nonreproduci b l e. .

Various b i o l o g i c a l parameters have been s tud ied i n animals exposed under

many experimental cond i t i ons t o magnetic f i e l d s ranging from a few gauss t o

140,000 gauss. The systems studied.have inc luded e l e c t r i c a l a . c t i v i t y o f the

b r a i n and hear t , b lood composit ion, growth and development, genet ic defects,

tumor growth, and f u n c t i o n o f enzymes. Several attempts a l s o have been made

t o c o r r e l a t e human behaviora l pa t te rns w i t h na tu ra l occu r r i ng changes i n the

e a r t h ' s magnetic f i e l d . A subs tan t i a l p ropo r t i on o f t h e many s tud ies repor ted

i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e have been unable t o de tec t any change i n b i o l o g i c a l s t ruc- .

t u r e o r func t ion even a f t e r exposure t o h igh i n t e n s i t y f i e l d s . Others have

found s i g n i f i c a n t changes a f t e r exposure t o even low s t reng th f i e . l ds .

Changes i n the e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y o f t he b r a i n and hea r t have been found

a f t e r exposure o f humans, monkeys, r a b b i t s , and pigeons t o f i e l d s o f 500 t o

91,000 gauss. There have a l s o been f i e l d s tud ies i n which c o r r e l a t i o n has

been made between changes i n magnetic f i e l d . and behavior. Documentation has been f a i r l y ex tens ive i n these areas a l though more i n fo rma t ion i s obv ious ly

needed.

Some i,nvestigations have obtained resu l t s which. suggest that preexisting

lesions may be exacerbated in the presence of magnetic f i e lds while other stud- .

i e s suggest that changes are due to nonspecific s t ress . These are important areas fo r fur ther study since people with certain extant medical problems might form a sensit ive subpopulation which should be identified.

The genetic e f fec ts of magnetic f i e lds have been studied primarily in lower

organisms, housefl ies , and f lour beetles. Changes i n mortal i ty and induction of

wing abnormalities have been reported. In a t leas t one study, there appeared to

be some synergism between the e f fec ts produced by irradiation and magnetic f i e ld

exposures.

Evidence for an jnfluence of magnetic f i e lds on growth and development has

been presented from studies on frogs, s'alamanders, f r u i t f l i e s , sea urchins, and

mice. Of the various studies reported, most have been' performed a t f i e ld

strengths above 2500 gauss and the resu l t s have varied'markedly from no ef fec t

t o complete prevention of development, depending upon the laboratory performing

the study.

There a re reports of changes in several other biological parameters as a

resu l t of exposure t o magnetic f i e lds . Although many of the resu l t s are con- t rovers ia l , they do provide 'guidelines f o r design of more defini t ive experiments

i n the future.

RECOMMENDED AREAS OF RESEARCH

A 1 i s t o f general i n fo rma t i on requirements f o r assessment o f environmental

e f f e c t s o f magnetic f i e l d s was presented i n t he document " I n fo rma t i on Require-

ments f o r C o n t r o l l e d ~he rmonuc lea r ~ n v i r o n m e n t a l Statements" (Young, e t a l . ,

1975) and i s reproduced i n Table 1. . .

TABLE I. Informat ion Requirements f o r t h e Assessment o f Environmental E f fec t s of Magnetic ~ i e l d s ( a )

' 1. The magnetic f i e l d pa t te rns f o r t h e several r e a c t o r concepts.

2. Behavioral , p h y s i o l o g i c a l and morphologica l consequences o f exposure o f mammals t o 1 t o 500 gauss f i e l d s , p a r t i c u l a r l y prolonged exposures.

3 . Behavioral , phys io log i ca l and morphologica l consequences o f exposure o f av ian species t o 1 t o 200 gauss f i e l d s .

4. Consequences o f combined exposure o f mammals t o magnetic f i e l d s up t o 500 gauss and t o severa l rad ionuc l ides , p a r t i c u l a r l y - ., t r i t i u m , l i k e l y t o be encountered i n f u s i o n r e a c t o r p lan ts .

5. Consequences o f .exposure o f people w i t h implanted e l e c t r o n i c .medical dev ices t o magnetic f i e l d s o f 0.1 t o 500 gauss.

6. S e n s i t i v i t y of people w i t h e x t a n t medical problems, recognized o r s u b c l i n i c a l , t o exposure t o magnetic f i e l d s , a lone o r i n combinat ion w i t h rad ionuc l i des o r o the r s t resses.

7.. E f f e c t s on p l a n t systems.

8. E f f e c t s o f magnetic f i e l d g rad ien ts versus cons tan t f i e l d .

9 . Ef fec ts of magnetic f i e l d s on d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and on t h e devel opmet~ 1 o f err~bryos and fetuses.

10. Development o f acceptable and t e s t a b l e hypothesis f o r i n t e r a c - t i o n o f magnetic energy w i t h b i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l .

a. Source: J. R. Young, B. F. Gore, D. D. -Mahlum, J . A. Strand, R. C. Thompson, and J. K. Soldat . I n fo rma t i on Requirements f o r Cont ro l 1 ed Thermonuclear Environmental Statements. BNWL-1.883 B a t t e l l e , P a c i f i c Northwest Laborator ies, Richland, WA, 1975.

The i tems l i s t e d seem t o be v a l i d f o r cons idera t ion o f research needs i n

t h e biomagnetic f i e l d , except f o r t h e i t em on e f f e c t s on p l a n t systems; s ince

t h e magnetic f i e l d s w i l l n o t extend beyond the f u s i o n power p l a n t perimeters,

p l a n t species w i l l n o t be a f fec ted .

The f o l l o w i n g areas would appear t o warrant the g rea tes t a t t e n t i o n ;

Neurologic f u n c t i o n and behavior

~ ~ i d e m i o l o ~ i c a l s tud ies and l abo ra to ry i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t behav-

i o r and o ther neu ro log i ca l f unc t i ons are a f f e c t e d by magnetic f i e l d s . One

study suggests t h a t preexisting les lons of t h e b r a i r ~ ar-e exdcer lated by

.magnetic f i e l d s . Th is area o f neuro log ic f u n c t i o n and behavior warrants

a d d i t i o n a l a t t e n t i o n t o c a r e f u l l y d e f i n e changes 1 i k e l y t o occur.

E f f e c t s of long-term exposures

The e f f e c t o f long-term exposures t o magnetic f i e l d s has n o t been s u f f i -

c i e n t l y s tudied. Resu l ts o f s tud ies which have been repo r ted are i n con-

f l i c t . Proper ly designed and c a r e f u l l y executed long-term experiments are

needed f o r b e t t e r eva lua t i on o f t he long-term e f f e c t s .

S e n s i t i v i t y o f immature organisms

There i s evidence de r i ved f rom nonmammal i a n s tud ies t h a t developing orga-

nisms a r e more s e n s i t i v e t o magnetic f i e l d s than a re t h e mature organisms.

Since the immature organism i s more s e n s i t i v e t o many k inds o f i n s u l t s , i t

i s impera t ive t h a t a d d i t i o n a l a t t e n t i o n be g iven t o t h i s area.

Populat ions w i t h enhanced s e n s i t i v i t i e s . .

A1 though developing organisms represent one popu la t ion whi ch may be poten-

t i a l l y s e n s i t i v e t o t h e e f f e c t s o f magnetic f i e l d s , t h e r e are o ther popu-

1,ations which may have enhanced s e n s i t i v i t y , f o r example: persons w i t h

e x i s t i n g psychological o r medical problems and those w i t h implanted medic'al

devices such as pacemakers . o r metal p r o s t h e t i c devices.

I n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h noxious agents

Since we do n o t l i v e i n an i s o l a t e d environnlent, i t i s important t o know

whether magnetic f i e l d s can a c t i n con junc t ion w i t h o ther noxious agents t o

produce an e f f e c t d i f f e r e n t from e i t h e r agent alone. From t h e l i t e r a t u r e

a v a i l a b l e e f f e c t s cou ld be pos tu la ted which might be a d d i t i v e , , s y n e r g i s t i c

o r an tagon is t i c . Rad ia t ion i s such an agent; t he re a re others i n c l u d i n g

c i g a r e t t e smoke, and exposure t o known chemical carcinogens.

Personal dosimetery

A1 though adequate ins t rumenta t ion i s a v a i l a b l e f o r measurement and 'charac-

t e r i z a t i o n o f f i e l d s used f o r experimental s tud ies , a personal dosimeter i s

needed t o prov ide support ing data f o r epidemiological s tud ies . The i n s t r u -

ment should be compact enough to 'be e a s i l y car r ied ' by personnel working i n

occupational s i t u a t i o n s and y e t capable o f p rov id ing i n t e g r a t e d doses under

a v a r i e t y o f exposure cond i t ions .

E f f e c t s on b i r d nav iga t i on

It i s conceivable t h a t av ian species cou ld encounter s i g n i f i c a n t f i e l d s

and s ince the re i s good evidence showing t h e in f luence o f magnetic f i e l d s

on b i r d nav iga t ion , f u r t h e r study w i l l be necessary t o determine if the

presence o f t h e magnetic f i e l d from a fus ion r e a c t o r w i l l a f f e c t b i r d

behavior.

Mechanisms

More conf idence can be placed I n experimental data i f t h e mechanism o f

a c t i o n can be ascertained. A t l eas t , i t i s desirable t o have a working

hypothesis which can account f o r t he data obtained. I t seems necessary,

. therefore, t o have a d d i t i o n a l work t o de r i ve a theory which cou'ld' account

f o r t he i n t e r a c t i o n o f magnetic' f i e l d s and b i o l o g i c a l systems.

A systematic study o f t h e i n f l uence o f f i e l d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s on b i o l o g i c a l

e f f e c t s i s needed because the quest ion remains: Are the re major d i f ferences

i n t he b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s produced by s t a t i c , a l t e r n a t i n g , homogenous, and

g rad ien t f i e l d s and i s t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t he organism i n the f i e l d important?

As t h e general areas a r e considered f u r t h e r , f o rmu la t i on o f a program i n

somewhat g rea te r d e t a i 1 seems necessary t o f a c i 1 i t a t e the o r d e r l y a c q u i s i t i o n

o f app l i cab le in format ion. An out1 i n e o f s p e c i f i c approaches t o these problems

i s presented i n Appendix A. I n these studies, i t seems reasonable t o emphasize

t h e use o f f i e l d s l e s s than 750 gauss a l though i t w i l l be des i rab le t o u t i l i z e

h igher f i e l d s t o f u l l y de f i ne the experimental system.

These recommendations should serve as a bas is f o r d iscussion among sc ien-

t i s t s a c t i v e i n biomagnetic research. It i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t these . d iscussions .

w i l l he lp t o r e f i n e these concepts and approaches and lead t o a d e f i n i t i v e pro-

gram o f research t o p rov ide t h e in fo rmat ion essen t i a l t o f u s i o n needs.

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Amer, N. M. "Mod i f i ca t i on of Rad ia t ion I n j u r y w i t h Magnetic F i e l d s . " . Rad. Res. 19: 215,' 1963.

Amer, N. M. and C. A. Tobias. " ~ n a l ~ s i s o f t h e Combined E f f e c t o f Magnetic F ie lds , Temperature, and Rad ia t ion on Development." Rad. Res. 25: 172-173, 1965.

Amer, N. M. and C. A. Tobias. "A Poss ib le Exp lanat ion f o r t h e E f f e c t s o f Mag- n e t i c F i e l d s upon B i o l o g i c a l Systems." Rad. Res. 31 : 644, 1967.

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Barnothy, J , M. "Growth-Rate o f Mice i n s t a t i c Magnet'ic F ie lds . " Nature 200: 86-87, 1963.

Barnothy, M. F. (ed), B i o l o g i c a l E f fec t s o f Magnetic F i e l d s . Vol . 1, Plenum Press, New York, NY. 324 pp. 1964.

Barnothy, M. F. (ed) . B i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s o f Magnetic Fields.. Val.. 2, Plenum Press, New York, NY. 314 pp. 1969.

Barnothy,.M. F., and J. M. Barnothy. " B i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t o f a Magnetic F i e l d and t h e Rad ia t ion Syndrome." Nature 181: 1785-1786, 1958.

Barnothy, M. F., and I . Sumegi. "Abnormal i t ies i n Organs of Mice Induced by a Magnetic F i e l d . " Nature 221: 270-271, 1969.

Barnwel l , F. H., and F. A. Brown, J r . "Responses o f P lanar ians and Sna i l s . " B i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s of Magnetic F ie lds , M. F. Barnothy (ed) . Vol . I, pp. 263-278. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 1964.

Becker, R. 0. "The E f f e c t of Magnetic Fie1,ds Upon the Centra l Nervous System." B i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s o f Magnetic F ie lds . M. F. Barnothy (ed). Vol. 2, pp. 207-214. Plenum Press, New Yor,k, NY. 1969.

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D u l l , T. and' B. DO1 1 . "Cor re la t i ons Between Disturbances i n T e r r e s t r i a l Magne- t i s m and Frequency o f Deaths. Deutsch Mediz in ische Wochenschri f t 61 : 95, 1935.

E i s e l e i n , J. E., H. M. Boutel ' l , and M. W. Biggs. " B i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s o f Magne- t i c F ie lds--Negat ive Resul ts . " Aerospace Med. 32: 383.-386, 1961.

Friedman,.H. and R. J. Carey. "The E f f e c t s o f Magnetic F i e l d s Upon Rabbi t Bra ins." Phys io l . Behavior 4: 539-541, 1969.

Friedman, H., K. 0. Becker, and C. H. Bachman." E f f e c t o f Magnetic F i e l d s on React ion Time Performance." Nature 213: 949-950, 1967.

Friedman, H., R. 0. Becker, and C. H. Bachman." Geomagnetic Parameters and P s y c h i a t r i c Hosp i ta l s Admissions." Nature 200: 626-628, 1963.

REFERENCES (Cont I d )

Friedman, He, R . , O . Becker, and C. H. Bachman. " P s y c h i a t r i c Ward Behaviour and Geophysical Parameters. ' I Nature 205: 1050-1052, 1965.

Forssberg, A. "Some Experiments i n I r r a d i a t i n g Drosoph i la Eggs w i t h Roentgen- Rays and y-Rays i n a Magnet ic F i e l d . " Acta Rad io log ica 21: 213-220, 1.940.

G o t t l i e b , N. D. and W. E. Ca ldwe l l . "Magnetic F i e l d E f f ec t s on t h e Compass Mechanism and A c t i v i t y Leve l o f t h e Snai 1 He1 isoma d u r y i endiscus. " J. Genet ic Psychol. 111: 85-102, 1967.

Hematologic S tud ies

Barnothy, J. M., M. F. Barnothy, and I . Boszormenyi-Nagy. " In f luence o f a Magnet ic F i e l d Upon t h e Leucocytes o f t h e Mouse. " Nature 177: 577-578, 1956.

Barnothy, M. J. Hematological Changes i n Mice. B i o l o g i c a l Ef fects of Magnet ic F i e l d s . 'M. F. Barnothy (ed). Vol . I, pp. 109-126. Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1964.

Hackel, E. "Magnetic F i e l d E f f e c t s on E r y t h r o c y t e A g g l u t i n a t i o n . " Vex Sang. 9: 60-64, 1964;

Murayama, M. " O r i e n t a t i o n o f S i c k l e d E ry th rocy tes i n a Magnet ic F i e l d . " Nature 206: 420-422, 1965.

Keeton, W. T. "The Mystery o f Pigeon Homing." S c i e n t i f i c American 231 : 96-107, 1974. . .

Kholodov, Y. A., M. M. Alexandrovskaya, S. N. Lukanova, and R. A. Chizhenkova. " E f f e c t s o f a Canstant Magnet ic F i e l d on t h e Nervous T issue S t ruc tu res . " I n : T h i r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Biomagnetic Symposium, ( a b s t r a c t ) , pp. 37-39, 1966.

Levengood, W. C. "A New Teratogenic Agent App l ied t o Amphibian Embryos." J. Embryo1 . Exp. Morphol . 21 : 23-31, 1969.

Levengood, .W. C. "Cytogenet ic V a r i a t i o n s Induced Wi th a Magnet ic Probe." Nature 209: 1009-1013, 1966.

Levengood, W. C. "Morphogenesis as I n f l uenced by L o c a l l y Admin is te red Magnet ic F i e l d s . " Biophys. J. 7: 297-307, 1967.

Manganell i , L. A. ~ i o m a ~ n e t i s m : An Annotated B i b l ioqraphy. he George Washing- t o n U n i v e r s i t y Medical Center, B i o l o g i c a l Sciences Communication P r o j e c t , Washington, DC, 187 pp. 1972.

REFERENCES (Cont' d )

Mulay, I. L. and L. N. Mulay. " E f f e c t on Drosph i l a Melanogaster and S-37 Tumor C e l l s ; Pos tu la tes f o r Magnetic F i e l d I n t e r a c t i o n s . " B i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s of Magnetic F ie lds , M. F. Barnothy (ed). Vol. 1, pp. 146-169. Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1964.

Neurath, P. W. "High Grad-ient Magnetic F i e l d I n h i b i t s Embryonic Development o f Frogs. " Nature 219: 1358-1359, 1968.

Neurath, P. W. "The E f f e c t o f High-Gradient, High-st rength Magnetic F i e l d s on t h e E a r l y Embryonic Development o f Frogs. " B i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s o f Magnetic F i e l d s . . M. F. Barnothy (ed). Vol 2, pp. 177-187, ,Plennum Press, New York, NY, 1969.

Ossenkopp, K. P., W. T. ~ o l tek , and M. A. Pers inger . "Prenata l Exposure t o an Extremely Low Frequency--Low I n t e n s i t y Ro ta t l ng Magnetic F i e l d and Increases i n Thy ro id and T e s t i c l e Weight i n Rats." Developmental Psychobiol . 5: 275-285, 1972.

Other Studies

~ e c k e r , G. "On t h e O r i e n t a t i o n o f D ip te ra According t o t h e Geomagnetic F i e l d . " I n : T h i r d I n t e r n a t l o n a l Biomagnetic Symposium, ( a b s t r a c t ) , pp. 9-11, 1966.

Kogan, A. B., I. N. Goltseva, L. I. Doro jk ina , and T. S. Sachava. "Changes i n t h e Motion P a t t e r n o f Paramecium caudatum Under t h e In f luence o f a S t a t i c Ma n e t i c F ie ld . " I n : T h i r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Biomagnetic Symposium, (abs t rac te , p. 12, 1966.

Wehner, I?. and Th, Labhart , "Percept ion o f t h e Geomagnetic F i e l d i n t h e F l y Drosophi la mclanogastcr." Expcrcn t ia 26: 967-968, 1970.

Werber, M., K. M. Sparks, and A. C. Goetz. ''The Behavior o f Weakly Elec- t r i c F i s h (s ternarchus a l b i f r o n s ) i n Magnetic F i e l d s . " J. Gen. ~ h i y c h o l . 86: 3-1'3,. 1972.

P a u t r i z e l , R., A. P r i o r e , F. Berlureau, and A. N. P a u t r i z e l . "St imu la t ion , by Phys ica l Means, o f t h e Defenses i n t h e Mouse and i n t h e Rat Against Experimental Trypano.somiasis." Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci., Ser. D. 268: 1889-1892, 1969.

Perak is , N. "On t h e Physica l Chemistry o f t h e Sea Urch in Egg and I t s Develop- ment i n a Magnetic F i e l d . " B u l l . d l H i s t o l o g i c Appl iquee 18: 115-132, 1941.

Pers inger , M. A. "Open-Field' Behavior i n Rats Exposed P r e n a t a l l y t o a Low In tens i ty -Low Frequency, Ro ta t i ng Magnetic F i e l d . " Develop. Psychobiol . 2: 168-1 71 , 19G9.

REFERENCES (Cont ' d )

Persinger, M. A. and J. J. .Pear. "Prenatal Exposure t o an ELF-Rotating Magne- t i c Fie1 d and Subsequent Increase i n Condit ioned Suppression. " Develop. Psychobiol . 5: 269-274, 1972.

Peterson; F. and A. E. Kennel ly. "Some Phys io log i ca l Experiments w i t h Magnets a t . t h e Edison Laboratory. " New York Med. J. 56: 729-732, 1892.

Poumail loux, M. Repercussions Humaines de l ' a c t i v i t 6 S o l a i r e I n te rne . Cah C a l l . Med. Hosp. Pa r i s 10: 1201-1214, 1969.

Presman, A. S. Electromagnet ic F i e l d s and L i f e . Plenum Press, New York, NY, 366 pp. Trans la ted f rom Russian by F. L. S i n c l a i r and F. A. Brown, J r . 1970.

Russel l , D. R. and H. G. Hendrick. "Preference o f Mice t o Consume Food and Water i n an Environment o f High Magnetic F ie ld . " B i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s o f Magnetic F ie lds ,

' M. F. Barnothy (ed). Vol. 11, pp. 233-239. Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1969.

Sikov, M. R. Simultaneous In f l uence o f Magnetic F i e l d s and I o n i z i n g Rad ia t ion Upon Mammals o r Mammalian Systems. F i n a l Technical Report t o t he A i r Force + .

(Contract . No. F41609-67-C-0014), May 1968. . .. . .. ..): . 1-. '.. .e

S i l v e r , I. L., and C. A. Tobias. "Magnetic F i e l d s and The i r B i o l o g i c a l E f fec t s ; " . . :,.it -7.. .

Space Rad ia t ion B io logy and Related ~ o ~ i c s . pp. 257-31-2. ~ c a d e m i c Press, Inc., New York and London, 1974.

Tegenkamp, T. R. "Mutagenic E f fec t s of..Magnetic F i e l d s on Drosophi la Melano- .- ., 4 . . . p

gaster . " B i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s o f Manetic Fields, M. F. Barnothy (ed) . Vol . 2, , :tt: ' , , " . .

pp. 189-206. Plenum Press, New York-, NY, 1969. . , 2:

, *

Windle, B. C. A. "On the ,Effects of E l e c t r i c i t y and Magnetism on Development." , , ,,,!,,' r . . .; <,l,.!'

s , . .. , J. Anat. Phys io l . 29: 346-351, 1895.

Young, J. R., B. F. Gore, D. D. Mahlum, 3 . A. Strand, R. C. Thompson, and J. K. Soldat . I n fo rma t i on Requirements f o r Contro l 1 ed Thermonuclear Envi ronmen- t a l Statements. BNWL-1883. B a t t e l l e, P a c i f i c Northwest Laborator ies, Richland, WAY 1975.

WAS INTENTIONALLY

LEFT BLANK

APPENDIX.

RESEARCH AREAS FOR EXAMINATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL

EFFECTS 'OF MAGNETIC FIELDS

I. ~ e h a v i o r a l Studies

A. Animals w i t h normal behavior pa t te rns ( rodents .and pr imates)

1. Va r ie t y o f t e s t s f o r neuro log ic and behaviora l e f f e c t s .

2. Condit ions o f exposure t o magnetic f i e l d s .

a. S t a t i c F ie lds

1 ) .Vary ing f i e l d s t rengths

2) Uniform versus grad ien t f i e l d s

3) Animal p o s i t i o n va r ied r e l a t i v e t o o r i e n t a t i o n o f f i e l d

4) Varying exposure ti'mes

b. A1 t e r n a t i ng F i e l ds

1 ) Wide range o f frequencies ,

2) V a r i a t i o n .o f cond i t ions as f o r s t a t i c f i e l d s

B. Animals w i t h abnormal behavior pa t te rns

1. Employment o f models used f o r o the r behaviora l s tud ies such as

I f o r psychosis o r neurosis.

2. S i m i l a r exposure cond i t ions as f o r normal animals. . .

11. Moderate and Long-term Studies ( rodents) . . .

' A. Use 3 month exposure under wide range o f f i e l d cond i t ions

1, Hematologic and c l i n i c a l chemistry s tud ies

2. Growth

3. Pathologic changes i n v a r i e t y o f organs

.4. Funct ional changes

a. - El ec t rophys io log ic measures

1 ) E l ec l r~rscar 'd logra~~i (ECG)

2) El ectroen'cephal ogram (EEG)

b. L i v e r func t ion

c. Measures o f c i r c a d i a n rhythm

d. Simple behaviora l t e s t s

5. Response t o s t ress (co ld , heat, e l e c t r i c a l shock, o r swimming

performance)

B. L i f e span s tud ies

1. Selected f i e l d cond i t i ons

. 2 . Most measures used under s.hort term study (11-1 )

3. Spontaneous tumor inc idence

111. E f f e c t s on Development

A . Lower organisms ( t o ob ta in l a r g e numbers o f t e s t animals f o r s ta -

t i s t i c a l purposes, f i s h may be an e x c e l l e n t system)

1 : S t a t i c and a1 t e r n a t i n g f i e l d s

' 2. Morphol og i c development

3. Behavioral devel U ~ I I I ~ I I L

4 . A b i l i t y t o cope w i t h s t ress

a. Cold

b. Predat ion

B. Rodents

1. Varying f i e l d cond i t i ons ( s t a t i c versus a1 te rna t i ng ;

un i fo rm versus g rad ien t )

2. Reproductive performance o f exposed a d u l t s ) a. F e r t i l i t y

b. L i t t e r s i z e

c. Inc idence o f ma1 formed o f f s p r i n g

d. Sex r a t i o s o f o f f s p r i n g

3 Postnata l performance

a. Growth

b. Surv iva l t o weaning

c. Neurologic and behaviora l development

d. Phys io log ic f i t n e s s

e. Reproductive a b i l i t y

f. Tumor inc idence

g. Other pathology

I V . Combi ned Exposures

A. Rad ia t ion + magnetic f i e l d s '

1. External r a d i a t i o n + magnetic f i e l d

2. I n t e r n a l em i t t e rs + magnetic- f i e 1 ds

a. T r i t i u m

b. Prolonged exposures

B. .Drug and d i e t a r y i n s u l t

1. ' A1 cohol + magnetic f i e l d .

a. ' Alcohol + magnetic f i e l d

b. Pathologic e f f e c t s o f a lcohol

c. Behavioral consequences associated w i t h a1 cohol i n t a k e

2 . I r o n de f i c i ency + magnetic f i e l d ,

a. ,Hematologic, changes

b. Serum chemistry eva lua t i on

C. smoking

D. Exposure t o carcinogens

V. Survey and Evaluat ion o f People Present ly Exposed t o Magnetic F i e l d s ,

A. Eva1 u a t i o n o f exposure cond i t i ons

B. Routine medical eva lua t i on

C. Behavioral eval ua t i on

V I . E f f e c t s on B i rds

A. Behavioral / 1. Homing behavior

2. M ig ra t i on

B. Funct ional

V I I. Mechanisms o f I n t e r a c t i o n . o f Magnetic Fie1 ds w i t h B i o l o g i c a l Ma te r i a l

A. C e l l u l a r s tud ies

B. .Subcel l u l a r s tud ies

C. Molecular s tud ies

V I I I . Development o f a Personal Dosimeter

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, ERDA D i v i s i o n o f Operat ional sa fe ty Washington, DC 20545

K. R. Baker ERDA D i v i s i o n o f Operat ional Safety Washington, DC 20545

M. A. B e l l ERDA D i v i s i o n o f Operat ional Safety Washington, DC 20545

.O. D.. Mahlum (15) ERDA D i y i s ion : = f Bicredica! and

Environmental Research Washington, DC 20545

D. A. Pinyan Senior Safety O f f i c e r Na t iona l Accelerator Lab. P.O. Box 500 Batavia, I L 60510

R. Huson Acce le ra to r D i v i s i o n Nat ional Acce le ra to r Lab. P.O. Box 500 Batavia, I L 60510

H. W. Flugum D i v i s i o n o f E l e c t r i c Energy Systems ERDA 20 Massachusetts Avenue Washington, DC ,20545

W. E. M o t t Environmental Contro l Technology ERDA Washington, DC 20545

C. A. Tobias . . B io logy & Medicine D i v i s i o n

U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a L BL Berkeley, CA 94720

ONS ITE

ERDA Richland Operat ions O f f i c e

B. M. Mel ton

B a t t e l le-Northwest

0. T. Aase G. S. A l l i s o n ' '

T. W. Ambrose D. G. A t t e r i d g e D. A. Baker J. L. Bates M. A. Bayne E. R. Bradley J . L. B r imha l l R. L. Brodzinsk i L. R. Bunnel l L . L. Burger

5 N . E . C a r t e r , - T. D. C h i k a l l a R. G. C la rk S. D. Dahlgren M. T. Dana D. E. Deonigi R . I.. nillnn P. J. Dionne B. H. Duane J. W. F inn igan

5 J. C. Fox J. J. Fuquay J. E. Garn ier B. F. Gore, W. J. Gray

5 0. K. H a r l i n g 8. J. H a v e r f i e l d U. P. Jenquin A. B. Johnson, J r R.' H. Jones . T. J. Kabele J. D. Kaser W. S. K e l l y H. E. K iss inger R. A. Knt.t.wit.7 N. Laegried B. R. Leonard, J r .

Hanford Engineer ing -- D e v e l o p ~ e n t Labs

' D. L. Lessor H. B. Liemohn R. C.. L i i k a l a R.. F. .Maness,

5 ?.. P. Marshal l R.D. Nelson D. F. Newman

' R. E. N igh t inga le D. E. Olesen

5 L. T. Pedersen. R. T. Per ry D. R. P r a t t L. L. Rader L. A. R a n c i t e l l i J. F. Remark D. S. Renne W. D. Richmond W. F. Sandusky

5 L. C. Schnid N. fl. Shcrcr E. P. Simonen R. I. Sniith J. K. Soldat C. W. Stewart K. 6. Stewart

5 R . W . S t e w a r t J. A. Strand D. L. S t y r i s A. M. Sutey G. L. Tingey M. T. Thomas J. K. Thompson T, J. Trapp

:: I n k s t e m a n L. D. H i l l i a m s ,I. H. Ynung M. G. Zimmetman

1 Technical Pub l i ca t ions 5 Technical In fo rmat ion