disasters and management

ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS AND MANAGEMENTBy Nancy Schwartz

1. DEFINITIONS2. TYPES AND

FACTORS3. DISASTER CYCLE4. FOUR-STAGE

MODEL5. SIX-STAGE MODEL6. ORGANIZATION7. SOCIAL MEDIA8. DISASTER SCALE9. STATISTICS

AGENDAEnvironmental Disasters and Management

This is defined as any catastrophic situation in which usual patterns of life or ecosystems are disturbed, and extraordinary emergency measures become necessary to save and preserve human life or the environment.

DISASTERDefinition

DISASTERUnited Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction's Definition

“A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.”

DISASTER MANAGEMENTInternational Federation of Red Cross andRed Crescent Society's Definition

"The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters."

DISASTERKey Factors

UNPREDICTABILITY

UNCERTAINTY

UNFAMILIARITY

SPEED URGENCY VULNERABILITY

TYPES AND FACTORS

DISASTER TYPESEnvironmental Disasters and Management

CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON CAUSE Natural hazards Man-made hazards

CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON SPEED Sudden onset hazards Slow onset hazards

DISASTER TYPESEnvironmental Disaster and Management

BY NATURAL CAUSES

BY HUMAN CAUSES

SUDDEN OCCURRENCE

Monocausal

SUDDEN OCCURRENCE

Monocausal

PROGRESSIVE OCCURRENCE

Multicausal

PROGRESSIVE OCCURRENCE

Multicausal

Storm

Heat wave

Freeze

Earthquake

Volcanic eruption

DISASTER

INSUFFICIENT CAPACITY OF RESPONSE

Landslide

Drought

Flood

Epidemic

Test

Collision

ShipwreckEnvironmental

pollution

Collision

Shipwreck

Structural collapse

War

Economic crisis

NATURAL DISASTERSSerious Destruction Caused by a Natural Hazard

HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL

natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or

oceanographic nature

GEOLOGICALnatural earth processes or

phenomena often caused by shifts in tectonic plates and

seismic activity

BIOLOGICALprocesses of organic components

or those transmitted by biological vectors

NATURAL DISASTERSChain Reaction

INTENSE THUNDER-STORM

Lightning

High WindsShort-Term

Heavy Precipitatio

n

Street Flooding

Increased

Streamflow

Increased Stream Depth

INCREASED STREAM VELOCITY

Increased Debris Flow

Streambank Erosion

Channel Redefined

Increased Debris

Capacity

Roadways Undermine

d

Power Poles

Undermined

UNDERGROUND

UTILITIES EXPOSED

Severed Electrical

Lines

Ruptured Pipeline

Exposed Live Power

Lines

Power Outage

Severed Telephone Cables

Communications Failure

Fire

Environmental

Contamination

Water Supply Contaminate

d

Water Service

Disrupted

ElectrocutionFire

Ruptured Natural Gas

Lines

Ruptured Petroleum

Lines

Ruptured Water Mains

MAN-MADE DISASTERSSerious Destruction Caused by a Man-made Hazard

TECHNOLOGYHazards caused by technical or industrial accidents, infrastructure failure or human activities can lead to the loss of life, destruction of property, social or economic disruption or environmental damage.

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION NUCLEAR SPREAD AND

RADIOACTIVITY TOXIC WASTE DAM BREACHES INDUSTRIAL AND

TECHNOLOGICAL ACCIDENTS FIRES EXPLOSIONS LEAKS

MAN-MADE DISASTERSSerious Destruction Caused by a Man-made Hazard

ENVIRONMENTHuman behavior-induced processes can destroy the natural resource base and change natural processes or ecosystems in a negative way. Potential effects vary and may contribute to increased vulnerability, frequency and intensity of natural hazards.

LAND DEGRADATION DEFORESTATION DESERTIFICATION WILD FIRE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY LAND WATER AND AIR POLLUTION, CLIMATE CHANGE SEA-LEVEL RISE AND OZONE

DEPLETION

MAN-MADE DISASTERSChain Reaction

Release of Toxic Cloud

Sabotage Human Error Valve Failure

RELEASE OF CHEMICALS THROUGH RELIEF VALVE BREACH IN CONTAINMENT VESSEL

Sabotage Vessel FailureStructural Damage of External Source

DISASTER FACTORSEnvironmental Disasters and Management

Disasters result from a combination of hazards, vulnerable conditions and insufficient capacity or insufficient measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.

HAZARDSEnvironmental Disasters and ManagementPhenomena that pose a danger to people, structures or assets can cause a disaster. They can be influenced by humans as well as occur naturally in the environment.

Hazards are potentially destructive physical events or human activities that can lead to the loss of life, destruction of property, social or economic disruption or environmental damage.

VULERABILITYEnvironmental Disasters and Management

Vulnerability refers to a situation of physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes that increase the susceptibility of a community from the impact of a hazard.

CAPACITYEnvironmental Disasters and Management

Capacity is the combination of all forces and resources that are available within the community, society or organization which can reduce the level of risk or the consequences of the disaster. This includes physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled employees or common characteristics such as leadership and management. Endurance can also be described as capability.

RISKEnvironmental Disasters and ManagementRisk is the probability of harmful consequences or expected losses (death, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disturbances or environmental damage) resulting from the interaction between natural or man-made hazards and vulnerable conditions.The load capacity is identified as an element which can reduce the consequences of hazards and vulnerabilities at a dramatic rate so that the risk is minimized. For example, a hazard caused by an intense earthquake would vary in degrees of destruction of human life, property and economic activity in a sparsely populated village compared to a densely populated city.

RISK FORMULAEnvironmental Disasters and Management

Natural causes Human causesNATURAL HAZARDS TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS

VULNERABILITY(physical, economic, environmental, and social factors)

Disaster risk on…Humans Fauna and Flora Soil Water Climate Cultural Goods

RISK CONDITIONSEnvironmental Disasters and Management

UNDERLYING CAUSES Poverty Limited access to

power structures and resources

Economic systems Ideologies Age Gender Illness and

disabilities

DYNAMIC PRESSURESLack of:

Training Education Appropriate skills Local investments Local markets Services Population

expansion Urbanization Environment

degradation

UNSAFE CONDITIONS Fragile physical

environment Dangerous locations Dangerous buildings Fragile local

economy Low levels of income Livelihoods at risk Public actions

TRIGGER EVENT Earthquake High winds, storm Floods Landslide Volcanic eruption Drought War, civil strife Economic crisis Technological

accident

VULNERABILITY HAZARDDISASTER

DISASTER LEVELEnvironmental Disasters and Management

DISASTERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY SIZE ACCORDING TO THEIR ASSETS ORCOMMUNITY'S COPING CAPABILITIES. DISASTERS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWED:

LEVEL1The organization, institution or community is able to contain the incident using its own resources and can respond effectively.

LEVEL 2Assistance can be required by external resources, however it can be obtained from nearby authorities.

LEVEL 3The magnitude of the disaster exceeds the capacity of the local community or region and support is needed at the district or provincial level.

MOST COMMON CATASTROPHESEnvironmental Disasters and Management

EXPLOTION

HURRICANE TORNADO STORMTSUNAMI FIRE FLOOD

DISASTER CYCLE

DISASTER CYCLESimplified Flowchart

IMMEDIATELATENCY EMERGENCY

LEVEL OF SUFFERING

POLITICAL AWARENESS

the length of the latency

will be a function of

preparedness and readiness

recovery and resumption of development

death extinction disintegration

disappearance of the community

PRE-DISASTER POST-DISASTERDISASTERDISTANT IMMEDIATE

POPULATION

ENVIRONMENT

HAZARDS

IMPACT

DISTANT

DISASTER CYCLEInteraction

1 Reconstruction (i.e. land use panning) can be influenced by risk assessment and vice versa.

2Pre-impact scenario analysis is often conducted based on previously constructed emergency planning scenarios.

3Lessons learned from emergency experience feeds back into pre-impact planning as well as perhaps exploiting existing communication strategies.

4Emergency management can prioritize the restoration of services during the response. Service restoration can support the management of the current emergency situation.

5After temporary restoration of the most relevant services, reconstruction might be necessary to guarantee a better quality of the service or to recover all non functional services.

AFTER THE EVENT

EVENT IMPACT

BEFO

RE T

HE E

VENT

REHABILITATION MITIGATION

RESPONSE PREPARATION

Emergency

management &

operationsPre-im

pact

activities

Risk

assessment &

planning

Reconstruction

Rest

orati

on o

f in

frast

ruct

ure

&

serv

ices

1

2

3

4

5

DISASTER PHASESAction Examples

PRE-DISASTER PHASE

DESIGN SHELTERS

INFORM THE PUBLIC

ASSESS RISKS

PROTECT CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES

RUN REGULAR DRILLS

DISASTER PHASE

ALARM PRE-PLANNED STRUCTURES

WARN THE PUBLIC

FORM CRISIS TEAMS

CONTROL HAZARDS

PUBLIC RELATIONS

POST-DISASTER PHASE

CLEAR THE DAMAGE

RECONSTRUCT

GATHER PEOPLE AFFECTED IN SOCIAL STRUCTURES

RESTORE SERVICES

RESEARCH SAFETY

FOUR-STAGE MODEL

FOUR-STAGE MODELDefinition

PREVENTIONActions for reducing or avoiding disaster consequences.

RESPONSEImminent disaster repercussions if things do not go as normal.

PREPARATIONPlanning and training for possibilities that cannot be avoided or reduced.

REHABILITATIONLong-term after-effects of a disaster when restoration efforts run parallel to everyday procedures.

FOUR-STAGE MODELProcess

DISASTER MITIGATION AND PREVENTION

Multi-hazard risk assessment and mapping

Manage the hazards, vulnerabilities and risks

Enforce DRR-related laws/ orders/ regulations such as building and structural codes, fire codes, mining laws, etc.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

Capacity building through training orientation, drills and exercises

Establish and operate an end-to-end early warning system;

Conduct of IEC/ Advocacy campaign

Maintain a database of DRRM resources, location of critical infrastructures and their capacities such as hospitals and evacuation centers

Organize, train, equip and supervise local emergency response teams and accredited community volunteers

Promote and raise public awareness of compliance with RA 10121

DISASTER RESPONSE

Continuous disaster monitoring and mobilizing instrument abilities and entities of the LGUs, CSOs, private groups and organized volunteers for response

Respond to and manage the adverse impacts of emergencies;

Provision of emergency relief (food and non-food items, shelter, medical supplies, evacuation camp management, CISD)

Declaration of state of calamity; suspension of classes and work

Conduct of rapid damage needs assessment and incident command system

DISASTER REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY

Food and cash-for-work program

Permanent housing Livelihood Healthcare and wellness

programs

SIX-STAGE MODEL

SIX-STAGE MODELCycle Overview

DISASTER MANAGEMENTRECOVERYPROTECTION

REHABILITATION RECONSTRUCTION

RESPONSE

Disa

ster

MITIGATION

Non-structural measures

Structural measures

PREVENTION

Vulnerability

assessment

Hazard assessmen

t

PREPAREDNESS

Contingency planning

Warning and

evacuation

Search & rescue Security

Medical supplies: food water,

shelter & clothing

PREVENTION AND MITIGATIONPractical Perspective

This stage focuses on long-term actions for

eliminating or reducing risks and includes a risk

analysis.

The objective is to prevent hazards from

developing into disasters, or to reduce their potential effects.

These are steps that are required in order to

weaken the effect of a disaster.

It is about knowing and avoiding unnecessary risks on a basic level.

PREVENTION AND MITIGATIONPractical Perspective

POWER FAILUREEmergency generators can be installed and maintained for the event of a power outage.

FLOODHouses can be built on stilts to avoid a flood.

STORMStorm or fallout shelters can be built to survive in these incidents.

EARTHQUAKEEarthquake-resistant, automatic gas valves can be attached for sealing.

PREPAREDNESSPractical Perspective

This next stage is for developing an action plan to deal with disasters.

Its communication plan has understandable terminology and a clear chain of command.

This also involves coordinating the development and exercise of an interagency task force.

It includes proper handling and training of emergency services as well as stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies and equipment.

Methods are developed and practiced for population alerts, evacuation plans, and emergency shelters.

RESPONSEPractical Perspective

The response stage involves mobilizing necessary emergency services and first responders within the disaster area. This phase is the implementation of the disaster plan.

The best response plans are relatively easy to drill and modify for improvement.

A well-drilled emergency plan enables efficient search and rescue coordination. Drilling is essential for providing optimum performance with limited resources.

Response activities have to be able to adapt according to every situation. In this phase, medical supplies are used according to the priority.

EVENTThis is a real-time hazard occurrence and its effect on risk elements. The duration of the event depends on the type.

DURATIONEarthquakes can, for example, last for a few seconds, while a flood can take a long time to complete.

REHABILITATIONPractical Perspective

BASIS The objective of rehabilitation is the short-term removal of debris, construction of housing units, and the restoration of livelihoods and infrastructure.

REQUIREMENTS

These are the decisions and issues that are required once immediate needs are met.

MEASURES Implementing preventive measures is an important aspect and begins as soon as the danger to human life has ceased.

RECONSTRUCTIONPractical Perspective

The objective of this stage is to reconstruct the community back to the state before the disaster.

It starts after fundamental rehabilitation when the entire situation is mitigated.

During this phase, the rest of the social infrastructure is restored and the economy is revived.

It can take several years and has the long-term goal of building secure and sustainable livelihoods.

PROCESS SEQUENCEChart

Disaster management

RE-EVALUATION OF MEASURES

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

MITIGATION RESPONSE

HAZARD ANALYSIS

Exposure identification

Process identification

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

PREVENTION

Structural measures

identification

Non-structural measures

identification

PREVENTION ASSESSMENT

PREPAREDNESS

Identification of warning and evacuation structures

Identification of awareness and

information structures

Identification of disaster relief

structures

PREPAREDNESS ASSESSMENT

VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS

RISK MANAGEMENT

RISK ASSESSMENTHAZARD MODIFICATION PREVENTION MODIFICATION PREPAREDNESS MODIFICATION

Humanitarian assistanceRescue and relief

Rehabilitation and reconstruction

RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION MODIFICATION

ORGANIZATION

ORGANIZATIONStaff Organization and Operations

Directors

ADVISORS AND CONTACT REPRESENTATIVES

1 2 3 4 5 6

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS

PRESS AND MEDIA RELATIONSSUPPLIESOPERATIONSLOCATIONSTAFF/ INTERNAL

SERVICES

Disaster Coordinator

ORGANIZATIONCoordinator Supervisors

FOOD COORDINATOR

DATA COLLECTION COORDINATOR

MEDICAL COORDINATOR

TRANSPORT COORDINATOR

CLOTHES COORDINATOR

EDUCATION REHABILITATION COORDINATOR

ORGANIZATIONVehicles

Management Squad Hazmat and Sanitation Squad


Supervision Squad


Technology and Safety SquadFiremen and Medic Squad

SOCIAL MEDIA

SOCIAL MEDIAThe Next Generation of Disaster Management

35%

send a request for help directly on the Facebook profile of the emergency service

25%

send direct Twitter messages

EXPECT HELP TO SHOW UP WITHIN 60 MINUTES OF A POSTING ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS

1/3HAVE USED AN EMERGENCY APP1 in

5

37%

use info on social media to buy supplies and find shelter

18%

retrieve emergency information through Facebook

76%

contact friends to make sure they are safe

24%

let loved ones know they are safe

During disasters,

social networks

often replace 911 as the go-to source for

help.

44%

ask their online friends to contact responders

SURVIVORS CONTACT EMERGENCY RESPONDERS VIA SOCIAL MEDIA, WEBSITES OR EMAIL

1 in 5 8

0%

expect emergency response agencies to monitor and respond to social media platforms

DOWNLOAD DISASTER-RELATED APPS

25%

SOCIAL MEDIATornados in the USA

AN EMPLOYEE OF A HOSPITAL IN JOPLIN USED FACEBOOK TO SUCCESSFULLY LOCATE 1,100 MISSING HOSPITAL WORKERS.

TUSCALOOSA, AL, CREATED "TUSCALOOSA FORWARD" – A SOCIAL MEDIA WEBSITE THAT LET RESIDENTS SHARE IDEAS FOR REBUILDING

300IdeasWERE SHARE

BY 4000 VISITORS80VOLUNTEERS AR

RIVE

D IN

UN

DER

A SCHOOL SYSTEM IN TUSCALOOSA POSTED REQUEST FOR VOLUNTEERS TO HELP WITH SCHOOL CLEANUP EFFORTS ON SOCIAL NETWORKS

30MINUT

ESTHAT RAVAGED THE U.S., MADE 2011 THE DEADLIEST TORNADO YEAR IN THE U.S. EVER

1,665 TORNADOS

THE PAGE MOBILIZED VOLUNTEERS & ASSISTED IN THE SEARCH FOR SURVIVORS.

123,000

members within days of a

devastating tornado.

A Facebook page dedicated to

tornado recover in Joplin, MO attracted

SOCIAL MEDIAAn Earthquake in Haiti

SURVIVORS TOOK TO SOCIAL MEDIA TO ALERT AID AGENCIES OF THEIR NEED. COUNTLESS LIVES WERE SAVED BY VOLUNTEERS MONITORING SOCIAL NETWORKS

189,024

OF THOSE CONTAINED THE NUMBER

“90999”10,000 Tweets

TEXTING THAT NUMBER SENT A $10 DONATION TO THE RED CROSS

THIS RAISED$3

million THE FIRST 48

HOURS

2.3 Million

of Tweets containing the

words "Haiti" or "Red Cross"

between January 12 and

January 14, 2010:

SOCIAL MEDIAA Tsunami in Japan

ONE HOSPITAL IN JAPAN, LOCATED JUST 27 MILES FROM THE FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR

PLANT, DESPERATELY NEEDED TO MOVE 80 PATIENTS AWAY FROM THE DANGER.1,18

8TSUNAMI-RELATED TWEETS

SENT EACH MINUTE DURING THE TSUNAMI AND

RESULTING NUCLEAR FALLOUT

27MILES

4.5 MILLIO

NSTATUS UPDATES FROM AROUND THE WORLD

CONTAINING THE WORDS

WERE RECORDED BY FACEBOOK ON MARCH 11,

2011

JAPAN

TSUNAMI

EARTHQUAKE

A HOSPITAL STAFFER TOOK TO TWITTER, MESSAGING U.S. AMBASSADOR JOHN ROOS, WHO WAS ABLE TO ALERT THE EMBASSY AND COORDINATE WITH JAPAN'S GROUND SELF-

DEFENSE FORCES WHO EVACUATED THE PATIENTS

SOCIAL MEDIAHurricane in the USA

23 RED CROSS STAFFERSmonitored 2.5 million Sandy-related social media postings

AT ITS PEAK, INSTAGRAM USERS UPLOADED SANDY-

RELATED PHOTOS AT A RATE OF:

Ten every second

FACEBOOK MENTIONS OF "HURRICANE SANDY"

AND "FRANKENSTORM" INCREASED BY

1,000,000 %

TOP 5 SHARED TERMS ON FACEBOOK:

we are ok

power

damage

hope everyone is ok

trees

FEMA TWEETED TO ITS TWITTER FOLLOWERS:"Phone lines may be congested during/ after #Sandy. Let loved ones know you're OK by sending a text or updating your social networks."

They tagged 4,500 of them for officials to follow up on, providing aid for those in need.

From raising money to locating survivors, it's clear that social media is quickly becoming the most efficient outlet for managing disaster response

DISASTER SCALE

EARTHQUAKE RICHTER SCALEDeveloped in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology as a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes.MAGNITUDE STRENGTH FREQUENCY< 2,0 Micro ≈ 8000 times a day (> Magnitude 1.0)

2,0 … < 3,0 Very minor ≈ 1000 times a day

3,0 … < 4,0 Minor ≈ 49,000 times a year (estimated)

4,0 … < 5,0 Light ≈ 6200 times a year (estimated)

5,0 … < 6,0 Moderate ≈ 800 times a year

6,0 … < 7,0* Strong ≈ 120 times a year

7,0* … < 8,0* Major ≈ 18 times a year

8,0* … < 9,0* Great ≈ Once a year

9,0* … < 10,0* Very great ≈ every 1 to 20 years

≥ 10,0* Massive Unknown

STORM SCALEBeaufort Wind Scale was developed in 1805 by Sir Francis Beaufort, U.K. Royal Navy.Herbert Saffir, a civil engineer, and Robert Simpson, a meteorologist, developed the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale in the early 1970’s. There have been several modifications since the original scale was developed.Dr. T. Theodore Fujita first introduced the Fujita Scale in 1971.Beaufort Wind Scale Saffir-Simpson Hurricane

Wind ScaleFujita Scale

LEVEL DESCRIPTION WIND SPEED LEVEL WIND SPEED LEVEL DESCRIPTION WIND SPEED

Km/h

Mi/h Mph Km/h Km/h MI/h

0 Calm 0-1 0-1 Tropical depression < 39 < 63 0 Light 104-137 65-85

1 Light air 1-5 1-3 Tropical storm 39-73 63-118 1 Moderate 139-177 86-110

2 Light breeze 6-11 4-7 Hurricane: category 1 74-95 119-153 2 Considerable 178-217 11-135

3 Gentle breeze 12-19

8-12 Hurricane: category 2 96-110 154 -177 3 Severe 218-265 136-165

4 Moderate breeze 20-28

13-18 Hurricane: category 3 111-129 178-208 4 Devastating 264-322 166-200

5 Fresh breeze 29-38

19-24 Hurricane: category 4 130-156 209-251 5 Incredible >322 >200

6 Strong breeze 39-49

25-31 Hurricane: category 5 > 157 > 252

7 High wind 50-61

32-38

8 Gale 62-74

39-46

9 Strong gale 75-88

47-54

10 Storm 89-102

55-63

11 Violent storm 103-117

64-72

12 Hurricane >117 >72

INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR EVENT SCALEINES was developed in 1990 by international experts convened jointly by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD/NEA).

Major accident

Serious accidentAccident with wider

consequencesAccident with local consequences

Serious incident

Incident

Anomaly

No safety significance

STATISTICS

NATURAL DISASTERSDamaging Events Worldwide in 2014

980 Damaging Events

8%41%42%9%

Total Damages 110 Bil-lion US Dollars

7%46%27%20%

7.700 Fatalities

11%17%66%6%

Insured Damages 31 Bil-lion US dollars

2%69%11%18%

GEOPHYSICAL EVENTS(earthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity)

METEOROLOGICAL EVENTS(tropical storm, extratropical storm, convective storm, local storm)

HYDROLOGICAL EVENTS(flood, mass movement)

CLIMATOLOGICAL EVENTS(extreme temperatures, drought, forest fires)

Source: Munich Re, NatCatSERVICE


980 Damaging Events

20%9%16%10%37%8%

Total Damages 110 Bil-lion US dollars

29%7%16%1%46%1%

7.700 Fatalities

5%5%4%10%75%1%

Insured Damages 31 Bil-lion US dollars

58%1%21%>1%17%3%

NORTH AMERICA, Including Central

America And Caribbean

SOUTH AMERICA EUROPE AFRICA ASIA AUSTRALIA / OCEANIA

Source: Munich Re, NatCatSERVICE

DISASTER STATISTICSTop Ten World's Deadliest Events from 1980 to 2014

DATE EVENT REGION TOTAL DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS

INSURANCE DAMAGES IN US DOLLARS

FATALITIES

Jan. 12, 2010 Earthquake Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Petionville, Jacmel, Carrefour, Leogane, Petit Goave, Gressier 8 Billion 200 Million 222,570

Dec. 26, 2004 Earthquake, tsunami Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Maldives, Malaysia 10 Billion 1 Billion 220,000

May 2–5, 2008Cyclone Nargis, storm surge

Bangladesh: Gulf of Bengal, Cox's Bazar, Chittagong, Bola, Noakhali regions, esp. Kutubdia

4 Billion ---- 140,000

Apr. 29–30, 1991Tropical cyclone,storm surge

Myanmar: Ayeyawaddy, Yangon, Bugalay, Rangun, Irrawaddy, Bago, Karen, Mon, Laputta, Haing Kyi

3 Billion 100 Million 139,000

Oct 8, 2005 Earthquake Pakistan, India, Afghanistan 5.2 Billion 5 Million 88,000

May 12, 2008 EarthquakeChina: Sichuan, Mianyang, Beichuan, Wenchuan, Shifang, Chengdu, Guangyuan, Ngawa, Ya'an


July–Aug. 2003 Heatwave Europe, esp. France, German, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, United Kingdom 13.8 Billion 1.12 Billion 70,000

July–Sep. 2010 Heatwave Russia: Moscow region, Novgorod, Ryazan, Voronezh 400 Million ---- 56,000

June 20, 1990 Earthquake Iran: Caspian Sea, Gilan Province, Manjil, Rudbar, Zanjan, Sefid, Qazvin 7.1 Billion 100 Million 40,000

Dec. 26, 2003 Earthquake Iran: Bam 500 Million 19 Million 26,200

ECONOMIC DAMAGETop Ten Most Expensive Natural Disaster Events from 1980 to 2014



FATALITIES

Mar. 11, 2011 Earthquake, tsunami Japan: Aomori, Chiba, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Iwate, Miyagi, Tochigi, Tokyo, Yamagata 210 Billion 40 Billion 15,880

Aug. 25–30, 2005

Hurricane Katrina, storm surge USA: LA, MS, AL, FL 125 Billion 62.2 Billion 1,322

Jan. 17, 1995 Earthquake Japan: Hyogo, Kobe, Osaka, Kyoto 100 Billion 3 Billion 6,430

May 12, 2008 EarthquakeChina: Sichuan, Mianyang, Beichuan, Wenchuan, Shifang, Chengdu, Guangyuan, Ngawa, Ya'an


Oct. 23–31, 2012 Hurricane Sandy, storm surge

Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, USA, Canada 68.5 Billion 29.5 Billion 210

Jan. 17, 1994 Earthquake USA: CA, Northridge, Los Angeles, San Fernando Valley, Ventura, Orange County 44 Billion 15.3 Billion 61

Aug. 1–Nov. 15, 2011 Floods Thailand: Phichit, Nakhon Sawan, Phra Nakhon

Si Ayuttaya, Pathumthani, Nonthaburi, Bangkok 43 Billion 16 Billion 813

Sep. 6–14, 2008 Hurricane Ike USA, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands, Bahamas 38 Billion 18.5 Billion 170

Feb. 27, 2010 Earthquake, tsunami Chile: Concepción, Metropolitana, Rancagua, Talca, Temuco, Valparaiso 30 Billion 2.8 Billion 520

Oct. 23, 2004 Earthquake Japan: Honshu, Niigata, Ojiya, Tokyo, Nagaoka, Yamakoshi 28 Billion 8 Billion 46


FROST DAMAGE, USA, Canada, Jan. 5-8

FLASH FLOOD, USA, Aug.11-13

FLOODS, United Kingdom, Dec. 2013-

Feb. 2014

FLOODS, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia,

Croatia, RomaniaMay 13-30

TYPHOON, Rammasun, China, Philippines,

Vietnam, July 11-22THUNDERSTORM,

USA, May 18-23

DROUGHT,USA, 2014

HURRICANE ODILE, Mexico, Sep. 11-17

THUNDERSTORM, USA, Apr. 2-4

THUNDERSTORM,USA, Apr. 27-May 1

THUNDERSTORM,USA, June 3-5

DROUGHT, Brazil, 2014

THUNDERSTORM, France, Belgium,

Germany, June 7-10

FLOODS, India, Pakistan, Sep. 3-15

CYCLONE Hudhud, India,

Oct. 11-13

EARTHQUAKE, China, Aug. 3

FROST DAMAGE, Japan, Feb. 7-16

TYPHOON KALMAEGI, China, Philippines,

Vietnam, Sep. 12-20

Damaging event Selected disasters Total damages> $ 1,500 M

GEOPHYSICAL EVENTS (earthquake, tsunami,

volcanic activity)

METEOROLOGICAL EVENTS(tropical storm, extratropical

storm, convective storm, local storm)

HYDROLOGICAL EVENTS (flood, mass movement)

CLIMATOLOGICAL EVENTS(extreme temperatures,

drought, wildfire)

ECONOMIC DAMAGETop Ten Most Expensive Natural Disaster Events in 2014



FATALITIES

Oct. 11–13 Cyclone Hudhud, storm surge India 7 Billion 530 Million 84

Feb. 7–16 Frost damage, blizzard Japan 5.9 Billion 3.1 Billion 37

Sep. 3–15 Floods India, Pakistan 5.1 Billion 300 Million 665

Aug. 3 Earthquake China 5 Billion ---- 617

2014 Drought Brazil 5 Billion ---- -----

July 11–22 Typhoon Rammasun (Glenda) China, Philippines, Vietnam 4.6 Billion 250 Million 195

May 18–23 Thunderstorm, hail storm USA 3.9 Billion 2.9 Billion ----

May 13–30 Floods Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania 3.6 Billion 70 Million 86

June 10 Thunderstorm, hail storm France, Belgium, Germany 3.5 Billion 2.8 Billion 6

Jan. 5–8 Frost damage USA, Canada 2.5 Billion 1.7 Billion ----

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