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10/12/2016 1 Disaster Risk Management: Linking Science to Policy and Practice Susan L. Cutter Hazards & Vulnerability Research Institute Department of Geography EDEN Conference October 12, 2016 Ithaca, New York Hazards science requires understanding of the physical processes of the event AND its impact on people and the things they value, as well as antecedent conditions contributing to such impacts. “Hazard always arises from the interplay of social and biological and physical systems; disasters are generated as much or more by human actions as by physical events.” Human Ecology, 1978 “Hazard always arises from the interplay of social and biological and physical systems; disasters are generated as much or more by human actions as by physical events.” Human Ecology, 1978 Hazards are social constructions and do not exist independent of human activity.

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Page 1: Disaster Risk Management: Linking Science to Policy and ...eden.cce.cornell.edu/Documents/EDEN_oct 2016.pdf · Disaster Risk Management: Linking Science to Policy and ... any monetary

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Disaster Risk Management: Linking Science to Policy and Practice

Susan L. Cutter

Hazards & Vulnerability Research Institute

Department of GeographyEDEN ConferenceOctober 12, 2016Ithaca, New York

Hazards science requires understanding of the physical processes of the event AND its impact on people and the things they value, as well as antecedent conditions contributing to such impacts.

“Hazard always arises from the interplay of social and biological and physical systems; disasters are 

generated as much or more by human actions as by 

physical events.” Human Ecology, 1978

“Hazard always arises from the interplay of social and biological and physical systems; disasters are 

generated as much or more by human actions as by 

physical events.” Human Ecology, 1978

Hazards are social constructions and do not exist independent of human activity. 

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Disasters are complex problems

• Threats to local communities,  national security

• Dynamic and shift in time and space

• Consequences amplified by unsustainable development

• Variability in exposure and vulnerability of communities and assets

SocialSystems

Natural Systems

Built Environment

andEngineered

Systems

Requires integrated knowledge and understanding and links to policy and practice

Improve evidence‐based appraisals

Improve integrated knowledge

Apply science to practice and public policy

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The Singularity Issue

“the flooding event and impacts”

• Excessive rainfall and runoff• Infrastructure failures (dams & 

levees) cascading impacts• Historic development in flood prone 

areas• Lack of awareness of location vis‐à‐

vis dams & levees• Lack of flood insurance & other 

mitigation • Requires knowledge from social 

sciences, hydrology, meteorology, and civil engineering

October 2015 South Carolina Floods

Improve integrated knowledge

Spatial variability  (land cover/land use, proximity, topography)

Improve integrated knowledge

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Hydrology and Meteorology: Temporal variability

October 4, 2015 (5am‐11 am)

Gage 5: October 5Gage 6: October 6Gage 4: October 8Gage 8: October 11

http://www.cisa.sc.edu/PDFs/October%202015%20Flood%20Event%204%20Pager.pdfImprove integrated knowledge

Social Sciences: Social vulnerability

Improve integrated knowledge

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Engineering: Cascading impacts of infrastructure failures

Dam failures

Roads and bridges

Improve integrated knowledge

Interdependent infrastructure systems

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Health Sciences:Public water supply system

375,000 customers without waterBoil water emergency 7‐10 days

Differential impacts

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Improve evidence‐based appraisals

Improve integrated knowledge

General findings on what reduces disaster risk and losses

Understand your risk and vulnerabilities

Build well (follow building codes) to save lives and property

Invest in pre‐disaster mitigation and risk reduction

Be prepared and practice warning systems and messages

Improve risk management governance

Columbia, SC USA

Kathmandu, Nepal

Bangladesh

A. Ismail‐Zadeh and S. Cutter (eds.), 2015.  Disaster Risks Research and Assessment to Promote Risk Reduction and Management, Paris: ICSU‐ISSC Ad‐Hoc Group on Disaster Risk Assessment. 

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Example: The problem in documenting loss

• Temporal and spatial coverage  varies

• Lack consistency and standardization of data among collectors 

• Purpose of data collection varies by agency, data collector

• Not all perils /hazards are classified in the same way, nor are all human impacts measured in the same way

• Attribution of losses

• Not all countries compile loss statistics

This result in gaps in the data, inconsistent overlaps, and biases that ultimately affect the quality of research conducted and policies made based on the data.

SHELDUS www.sheldus.org

Version 15.01960 through 2015Nearly 900,000 records

US county‐level hazard datasetDirect property and crop losses, Injuries and fatalitiesInflation‐ and population‐adjustedThreshold: any monetary loss and/or deadly natural hazard event18 different hazard typesExcludes Puerto Rico, Guam, and other U.S. territories

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Examples of broad concepts:Special Needs populations

difficult to identify (infirm, transient) let alone measure; invariably left out of recovery efforts; often invisible in communities

Age (elderly and children)affect mobility out of harm’s way; need special care; more susceptible to harm

Socioeconomic status (rich; poor)ability to absorb losses and recover (insurance, social safety nets), but more material goods to lose

Race and ethnicity (non‐white; non‐Anglo)impose language and cultural barriers; affect access to post‐disaster recovery funding; tend to occupy high hazard zones

Gender (women)gender‐specific employment, lower wages, care‐

giving roleFamily structure

female‐headed households, people per household

Measuring Social Vulnerability

Identification of population characteristics that influence the social burdens of risk

How those factors affect the distribution of risks and losses

Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI)® Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI®) 2010‐14

Comparative metric using 29 variables 

Measured from block to county levels

Identify multi‐dimensional drivers 

7 variables explain 72% variance in data

Amenable to cross cultural comparisons: Norway, Brazil, Indonesia, Lisbon, China

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Improve evidence‐based appraisals

Improve integrated knowledge

Apply science to practice and public policy 

• 1450 users

• 120 local, state, and federal account holders including USACE, CDC, NWS, FEMA, USGS, NIST, NOAA, VA, EPA, GAO, NASA, OMB, USFS

• More than 60 counties and 16 states use SHELDUS in updating hazard mitigation plans

• More than 100 peer‐reviewed publications, theses, and dissertations utilize the data

• Global leadership in loss database  through IRDR DATA working group and ICoE‐VaRM)

Translating Science to Practice:

SHELDUS

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HAZARD PROFILING USING SHELDUS

Overviews

Hazard and Loss Breakdown

Translating Science to Practice:

Other

• Surging Seas (Climate Central) http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/)

• NOAA’s Digital Coast  (https://coast.noaa.gov/dataregistry/search/collection)

• Spatial product in FEMA’s Geospatial Framework (section 3A Population Impacts)

• 13 State hazard mitigation plans (AR, CA, GA, ID, IL, KS, MS, MO, NM,               ND, SC, SD)

• 9 County mitigation plans in five states (CO, SC, CA, MO, GA)

• 7 Regional mitigation plans in three states (SC, KS, VA)

• City mitigation plan (Galveston, TX)• Florida Department of Health

SoVI® Empirically measure social disparities in disaster impacts, preparedness, response,  and recovery (social 

vulnerability)

Empirically measure social disparities in disaster impacts, preparedness, response,  and recovery (social 

vulnerability)

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Social vulnerability and climate‐sensitive hazards:Drought, hurricane wind, flooding, sea level rise 

Source:  C. T. Emrich and S. L. Cutter, 2011.  Social vulnerability to climate‐sensitive hazards in the Southern United States, Weather, Climate & Society 3:193‐208.

Regional Applications

Downscaling to more localized levels

Florida Department of Emergency Management, Hazards Events and Locations Prognosticator for Florida (HELPFI)

+ =

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http://ss2.climatecentral.org/#10/33.8140/‐78.7404?show=sovi&projections=0‐RCP85‐SLR&level=5&unit=feet&pois=hide

Future Projections

Projected 1.5 meter (5 feet) SLR and current Social Vulnerability

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SoVI® in Operation: South Carolina October 2015 Flooding 

SoVI® coupled with FEMA verified loss counts tells the story of where resources are needed to support recovery.

Why isn’t there more translation of disaster science into practice?

1.Scientists not good at translating findings into action; practitioners and policy makers not always understand the nuances of science

2.Limited engagement with non‐academic stakeholders

3.Lack trust and social networks between all stakeholders

4. Problem sets are different

5.Funding cycles are too short

http://www.engineering.com/Education/EducationArticles/ArticleID/6543/Theory‐vs‐Practice‐How‐should‐engineering‐education‐be‐studied.aspx

Improve application to policy

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Policy Makers and Practitioners: Fundamental cultural shift in 

emergency management (from reactive to proactive)

Evidence‐based public policy (not expedient politics)

Think long‐term for community betterment (not just election cycle)

Engage hazards scientists (they are your friends)

Science funding for longer durations

Require integration rather than collaboration for merit and broader impacts criteria

What can be done?

Hazard Researchers: Make research results more 

accessible (not only refereed journal articles but policy briefs, etc.)

Help solve practical problem (engage with practice and co‐produce knowledge)

Get over finding perfect solution with clearly defined certainty bands (think what is good enough to address the policy problem)

Make the results useful and used

Solve the integration problem from the bottom up

Improve application to policy

HVRI Alumni, faculty and students

College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina

Vice‐President for Research, University of South Carolina  

Contact:  [email protected]

http://artsandsciences.sc.edu/geog/hvri/