1

Disaster Risk Assessment and Preparedness Plan for Ward No. 18

Of

Lalitpur Sub- Metropolitan City

1. INTRODUCTION

1. Background

Nepal is a landlocked country characterized by a rugged topography, very high relief,

variable climatic conditions, complex geological structure with active tectonic process

and continued seismic activities. It is situated in central part of the Himalayan belt.

The elevation of the country rises from 60m Terai (Kechanakalan, Jhapa) to 8,848 m

Mount Everest in the north within a short horizontal distance of 90 to 120 sq.miles.

Such a sharp vertically renders the country highly vulnerable to potential water

induced disasters like landslide, slope failure, soil erosion and debris flow etc. The

mountains and hills of the country occupy about 83% of the total area whereas

remaining 17% is covered by low and flat land stretching in the southern part of the

country up to the Indian border.

Flood, landslide, fire are the most frequent natural disaster in Nepal and epidemic like

diarrhea have also affected the country. These disasters occur almost every year in

one part of the country or the other causing loss of life and heavy damage to physical

properties. Nepal has unfavorable natural conditions like fragile geology and steep

topography make as one of the most disaster prone country in the world. It faces high

magnitudes and intensities of a multitude of natural hazards such as flood, landslide,

earthquake, fire, hailstone, windstorm, avalanches, thunderbolt, and Glacier lake

outburst flood (GLOF), cloudburst, drought and epidemics.

The identification of disaster prone areas and making the information available to the

inhabitants of the city should be a priority to raise awareness and to conduct

preparedness and mitigation programs which can help to reduce the loss of lives and

properties due to the earthquake. It can also help to make arrangements for security,

relief, rehabilitation and temporary settlement of the disaster victims. Hence this study

has been proposed and conducted to evaluate the disaster scenario of ward no. 18 of

LSMC.

1.2 Terms related to Disaster

1.2.1 Hazard: ISDR defines hazard as “A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or

human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and

economic disruption or environmental degradation.”

1.2.2 Risk: ISDR defines risk as “The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses

(deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment

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damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and

vulnerable conditions.”

Conventionally risk is expressed by the notation

Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability. Some disciplines also include the concept of

exposure to refer particularly to the physical aspects of vulnerability.

1.2.3 Vulnerability Vulnerability is the characteristics of any community or object which determines the

level of risk due to any hazard. ISDR defines vulnerability as “The conditions

determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes,

which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.”

1.2.4 Disaster: ISDR defines disaster as “A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a

society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which

exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own

resources.”

1.2.5 Preparedness: ISDR defines preparedness as “Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure

effective response to the impact of hazards, including the issuance of timely and

effective early warnings and the temporary evacuation of people and property from

threatened locations.”

1.2.6 Human Development Index (HDI) The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy,

education, and income indices to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

According to the UNDP Human Development Report 2011, Nepal's HDI now stands

at 0.458 points, which is still below the regional average of 0. 0.548.

1.3 Disaster in World.

In the period 1970-2010, the world population increased by 87 per cent. During the

same period, the population growth in flood-prone river basins increased by 114 per

cent, and in cyclone-prone coastlines by 195 per cent. Hence, economic and

productive assets are accumulating in the most hazard-exposed areas, particularly in

low- and lower-middle-income countries. To reverse these trends, development plans

and investment choices must be informed by risk information and addressed through

an applied disaster risk reduction framework.

The floods in Australia, the earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand, and the

earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disasters wreaking havoc in north-eastern Japan are

stark reminders that developed countries and their economies are also exposed and

cities are at risk. Hundreds of smaller disasters associated with climate variability

have caused enormous damage in many countries, revealing how risk is linked to

unsound development practices and growth in economic and population exposure.

Economic risk related to floods and tropical cyclones is indeed increasing faster than

GDP per capita in many countries, meaning that the risk of losing wealth in a disaster

is increasing faster than wealth is being created. Low-income countries have less

capacity to absorb and recover from economic losses owing to disasters. In general,

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larger economies are more able to absorb losses than smaller ones, such as small

island developing States, because they tend to be more geographically and

economically diverse.

Drought leads to stress and insecurity for rural and pastoralist populations. Disaster

data reported nationally and internationally fail to capture the extent of drought

impacts. For example, only four drought-related deaths were reported globally

between July 2010 and June 2011, while 32,482,102 people were reported affected by

droughts, more than by any other hazard.2

Natural hazards, as illustrated by the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami, can

have devastating sequential and collateral impact — not only for nuclear facilities, but

also for infrastructural complexes such as hydropower dams, industry, bridges and

highways. These considerations must motivate new efforts for integrated, over-the-

horizon thinking and planning for design standards, preparedness, early warning and

response.

1.4 Disaster in Nepal

Some of the most common and frequent natural hazards that occur in Nepal are:

1.4.1 Landslides: Among the natural hazards that occur regularly in Nepal, floods and landslides are by

far the most serious ones. They claim many human lives every year and cause other

damages such as destruction and blockages of highways, losses of livestock, crops,

and agricultural land.

Based on a reconnaissance study, Laban (1979) estimated that at least 75 percent of

all landslides in Nepal were natural, Brundsen et al. (1981).

1.4.2 Earthquakes: Geologically, Nepal is considered to lie on a seismic zone which experiences frequent

earthquakes. As a result, earthquakes of various magnitudes occur almost every year

and have caused heavy losses of lives on several occasions. Based on the data

available from the Department of Mines and Geology, CBS (1998) concludes that

earthquakes of more than or equal to 5.0 on the Richter scale have occurred at least

once every year in Nepal since 1987, with the exception of 1989 and 1992 when no

such events were recorded. Scientists attribute the occurrence of frequent earthquakes

in Nepal to the disturbances occurring due to the continuous encroachment of the

Indian sub continental plate into the main Asian plate. At the same time, two major

parallel fault systems called the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Central Boundary

Thrust (CBT) cross Nepal longitudinally. Constant adjustments and readjustments

taking place in these fault systems are known to trigger earthquakes in the country as

well.

1.4.3 Windstorms, hailstorms, thunderbolts: Windstorms, hailstorms and thunderbolts (lightning strikes) also occur frequently in

Nepal and affect many areas of the country on a regular Disaster Hazards in Nepal

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basis. Although not as serious as floods, landslides, and earthquakes these events,

nevertheless, cause loss of human lives and damages to properties. Analyzing the

available data (DPTC, 1997), CBS (1998) concludes that in 1995, forty-five districts

of Nepal were affected by hailstorms, windstorms and thunderbolts. These events,

particularly the hailstorms, cause considerable damages to the standing crops in the

fields.

1.4.4 Forest Fire Every year forest fires occur in many places of the country and cause heavy loss of

property as well as loss of many species of wildlife. Nepal has no statistics on the

occurrence of forest fires, and no assessment of impact on the economy or on the

environment of the country is available. There is no record of forest fires caused by

natural events like thunderbolts. About 45 percent of forest fires with known causes

are due to burning for new grass to graze cattle and to smokers. About 64 percent of

forest fires are set intentionally by local people. The share of accidental cause of

forest fire is only 32 percent. The Department of Forest is the main responsible

government organization to control forest fire. But progress on this field is yet to be

achieved due because of lack of resources, lack of specific fire control rules and

regulations, etc. (Source: CBS, 1998).

1.4.5 Glacial lake outburst flood events: Apart from landslides and river erosion, the high mountains or Himalayas of Nepal,

covering about 15 percent of the country, are quite susceptible to land degradation

caused by glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF). The moraine dams are not

geologically consolidated enough and a slight disturbance can break the balance of the

structure, resulting in an abrupt release of a great amount of water and generating

floods. These floods can cause serious damage to infrastructure, houses, and the

environment along the flood path downstream. This phenomenon is called a glacial

lake outburst flood (GLOF).

In Nepal, GLOF events have been occurring for many decades, but this catastrophic

glacier phenomenon came into the limelight only after 1985, when the Dig Tsho

glacier outburst took place. In 1996, the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat

(WECS) of Nepal reported that five lakes were potentially dangerous, namely, Dig

Tsho, Imja, Lower Barun, Tsho Rolpa, and Thulagi, all lying above 4100m. Their

extent ranges from 0.6 to 1.39 sq. km. The maximum depth ranges from 81 to 131m,

with ages above 30 years. A recent study done by ICIMOD and UNEP (UNEP, 2001)

reported 27 potentially dangerous lakes in Nepal.

1.5 Legislations: In 1982 A.D, the first disaster management policy was developed, Natural Disaster

Relief Act, in 1982 A.D. It has already been amended twice in 1989 A.D. and 1992

A.D. Natural Disaster Relief Act, 1982 A.D. defines Natural Disaster Relief Work as

any relief work to be carried out in the area affected or likely to be affected by the

natural disaster in order to remove the grief and inconvenience caused to the people,

to rehabilitate the victims of the natural disaster, to protect the public property and life

and property of the people, to control and prevent the natural disaster and to make

advance preparation thereof.

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The Ministry of Home Affairs is the key agency for immediate response during

disasters and has to play a leading role in managing the natural disasters in the

country.

At present, only CNDRC and DNDRC are very active. Besides, as the NDRA, 1982

does not describe the functions and duties of all district management related agencies.

The following legislation provides the legal framework that assigns roles and

responsibilities to different disaster management entities:

• Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1990

• Natural Calamity Relief Act, 1982

• Local Administration Act, 1971

• HMG Rules for allocation of functions, second amendment, 1996

• Local Self Governance Act, 1999

• Kathmandu Valley Town Development Act, 2000

• Building Act, 1998 or Draft building Council Act, 1994

1.6 Disaster in LSMC

Lalitpur District has observed different disasters relating to flood, landslide,

earthquake, fire, epidemic to Windstorms, hailstorms, thunderbolts: and suffered loss

of life and property at great extent. According to the data from DesInventar(Annex II)

highest loss of property have caused due to fire and highest recorded affected

populations have been due to flood while till date highest number of recorded houses

have been damaged due to the earthquake.

According to the report obtained from the 41 VDCs within Lalitpur district, District

preparedness plan of Lalitpur has categorized the VDCs into High Risk, Medium Risk

and Low Risk on the basis of its population and the total loss of life to date due to

different disasters.

Among which LSMC and Chapagaun have been categorized as having the highest

vulnerability to earthquake and fire hazards. The detail data is given in appendix III.

According to the present norms specified by the Central Committee, Rs.10,000/- shall

be provided as relief assistance to the family of a dead victim. Injured persons shall be

provided the facility of treatment in the nearest governmental hospital or health post.

Provision of a Central Natural Disaster Aid Fund has been made under the control of

the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

For this project work I have found out some relevant literature and articles. There are

many research have been carried out on this related topics. Some of them are as follows;

In the article, “DISASTER PREPAREDNESS,” Published on The Republica daily on

2013-02-06, by HARI KRISHNA NIBANUPUDI, gives his view in the increasing

magnitude and frequency of natural disasters around the world, there is a need to review

the international humanitarian system designed to respond to these types of events to

ensure it is prepared for future challenges. He claims that, “Regarding assistance, it is

believed that Western countries are driven by geo-politics than by humanitarian needs”.

Another major concern in disaster response is delays in the delivery of assistance. The

current process of issuing humanitarian grants is lengthy, and involves an appeal process

between humanitarian agencies and donors. There is an urgent need for donors and

national governments to understand the compelling need and infallibility of disaster

preparedness and risk reduction as well as efforts to build the resilience of communities at

risk. According to him more attention must be paid to the development of early recovery

systems, infrastructure rehabilitation, and ensuring the basic services.

On the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, 2008,

Beijing, China, a paper on “SEISMIC VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY

ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY OF LALITPUR SUB-METROPOLITAN CITY,

NEPAL”, was presented by G.K. Jimee, C.J. van Westen, and V. Botero. They put their,

efforts to identify an appropriate method for assessment of seismic vulnerability and

capacity to cope with earthquake disasters, which can be easily adopted by municipal

authorities. They made estimation of building collapse probability and casualties due to

different scenario earthquakes, and measuring the capacity of local people to cope with

the earthquake disaster in Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (LSMC), Nepal. Building

damage and collapse probabilities are estimated for individual buildings considering their

conditions in addition to height, construction types and earthquake intensity using an

existing damage matrix. They also accessed the level of public awareness; preparedness

and capacity are analyzed from the information received by interviewing local people.

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“Disaster Preparedness for Natural Hazards: Current Status in Nepal.” A book

published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development is very useful in

context of Nepal .This book gives the detail scenario about the disaster risk management

in Nepal. Since it covers almost all the terminology, plans, preparedness, and every

aspects of disaster risk management so it could be helpful for all level of disaster risk

management from preparedness plan to the post disaster activities like recoveries and

rehabilitations.

In a Research published on GISdevelopment.net ---> Application ---> Natural Hazard

Management “Seismic loss estimation for Lalitpur, Nepal” Cees J. van Westen used

the RADIUS tool to calculate loss estimation for the city of Lalitpur in Nepal, for

buildings and for population losses. The results from the earthquake loss estimation for

Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City in Nepal illustrates the urgent need to support local

authorities in developing countries with methods to collect and manage information used

for risk assessment in order to be able to implement strategies for vulnerability reduction

and disaster preparedness. He had pointed out one of the priority areas for the application

of the municipal GIS in the framework of vulnerability reduction is the development of a

building permit issuing and control system. There are some similar research work found

and other related project works has been done by individual as well as by institutions in

Nepal. Articles available in Internet are the main source towards completion of this small

project work.

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3 Historical profile of Disaster in LSMC

Lalitpur sub-metropolitan city, popularly known as Patan is currently one of the most

vibrant cities of the kingdom of Nepal. It is located in about 5 kilometers south-east of

Kathmandu. With its urban history dating back to as far as 2300 years, Lalitpur sub

metropolitian city is one of the three major cities located inside the Kathmandu valley,

besides Kathmandu and Bhaktapur. Among the fifty-eight municipalities of Nepal,

Lalitpur is the third largest city. The city is highly influenced by Rich historic past,

centuries old living culture of the people and thriving city development. Lalitpur is

extremely rich in its arts and architecture and boasts on the largest community of artisans,

especially metal and wood workers. In fact, the literary meaning of Lalitpur means the

city of fine arts. It nurtures a large number of sacred buildings, temples, pagodas, Stupas

and Shikharas, monasteries, math and Chaitya. The city is renowned the world over for

its art and craftsmanship and has produced number of famous artists and master

craftsmen, the most famous being Arniko, who spread the legacy of this city far and wide.

3.1 Earthquake History

Kathmandu valley, with an area of 667 km2 and population of about 2 million, is the

exclusive center of politics, economy, education and administration of Nepal. Three cities

in valley viz., Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan (lalitpur) were old city-states and

presently they house world heritage sites in the city cores. Due to increased population,

poor subsoil condition and haphazard development, seismic vulnerability of the valley has

been increasing.

The major historical earthquakes recorded in Kathmandu valley include 1255, 1408,

1681, 1810, 1833, 1866, and 1934 A.D. During the 1255 earthquake, one-third of people

including reigning King Abhaya Malla died. Many palaces, temples and dwellings were

badly damaged. It is said that aftershocks continued for three years (Bilham 1995). The

1934 earthquake, magnitude of 8.4 in Richter scale with an epicenter some 10 kilometers

south of Mt. Everest, claimed 16,875 lives and destroyed 3,18,139 houses. Kathmandu

valley was severely affected with 4,296 deaths and 55,793houses damaged. Many

heritage monuments were damaged or destroyed during the earthquake .The analysis of

historical data suggests that a great earthquake in the Himalayan region generally occurs

in an interval of 80 to 100 years. The 1934 earthquake is the largest disaster event in

terms of death toll and property loss (serious damages to 60% of the buildings in the

Kathmandu Valley) in 20th century.

Seismologists are predicting a severe earthquake in the near future If a major earthquake

occurs similar to that of the 1934 (magnitude 8.4 Richter scale), the situation is likely be

very catastrophic. An estimate by National Society of Earthquake Technology (NSET)

has predicted about 40,000 deaths with a hundreds of thousands people rendering

homeless if earthquake similar to the 1934 Nepal earthquake occurs in the Kathmandu

valley (NSET 1998). This will severely imperil the ability of the nation to operate

effectively following the disaster.Most of the buildings in the cities were built before the

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application of the building codes was enforced by the state they are supposed to be of

high vulnerability.

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4 STUDY METHODOLOGY

4.1 Methodology

To obtain the objectives determined, We have applied the following methodology.

4.2 Survey Methods

Data were collected from a sample population of ward no. 18, LSMC and a cross-

sectional sample of communities through a two-pronged study approach utilizing the

Questionnaire Approach (QA) for both the people and the buildings. This is aimed at

addressing causes losses issues at both people and properties in the community levels.

This approach has been necessitated by the understanding that some causes losses are

human induced and as such require concerted efforts by both the government and the

community for their remedial actions. To achieve this, the survey will employ 2 survey

instruments for data collection namely, the personal questionnaire and household

infrastructure checklist.

4.3 Process of data collection

To collect primary data, we have used the following procedure:

i. We went to field and visualize physical condition of the house and their location.

ii. We have taken information from the local administration.

iii. We went to Ward no-18 of LSMC for observation and analyzed the condition of

vulnerability.

iv. We have prepared questionnaire about building vulnerability and distributed to the

owners to fill up that form.

v. After collecting the sufficient information about the vulnerability, we have

interpreted the data by using RADIUS Tool and calculated the risks.

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5 ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA

5.1 Analysis and Interpretation of Data

The collected data was analyzed and interpreted comparatively with the help of tables and

charts etc. The collected information will be entered into the computer and analysis of it will

be done with graphic, tabular and explanatory form. Similarly, the qualitative data will also

be analyzed and interpreted descriptively. The results obtained from the survey is presented

in the annex.

5.2 HAZARD ASSESSMENT

Hazard

Ranking

Hazard Fire

Urban

Flood Epedimic Earthquake

Fire x Fire Fire Earthquake

Urban Flood x x Urban Flood Earthquake

Epedimic x x x Earthquake

Earthquake x x x x

Ranking 2 1 0 3

Historical Record

Disaster History (1971-2011) of Ward No. 18 Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City

Event Date Location Deaths

Injured

Houses

Destroyed

Houses

Damaged

Property

Loss (Rs) Comments

STRUCTU

RE

COLLAPS

E 09/08/1973 Ward 18 1 - - - -

FIRE 29/10/1973 Jhatapole - - 1 - - NRs 1000 loss

EPIDEMIC 03/04/1976 Bubahal 6 - - - -

Children below 12 were mostly

affected.

FIRE 27/03/1986 Gabahal - - 3 - - Loss value was not mentioned

STRUCTU

RE

COLLAPS

E 27/05/1989

Swatha

Narayan - 2 - 1 -

Second storey of Krishna Mandir

was collapsed due to heavy rainfall

FIRE 16/03/2009

Bangalamukhi

temple - - - 1 -

FIRE 27/09/2010 Mangalbazar - - - 1 100000

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Source: http://www.desinventar.net/DesInventar/results.jsp (accessed on 4 March 2013)

The historical data presented above depicts fire as most frequently occurring hazard. At least one case of fire is recorded

every year.

5.3 TOOL FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT

SCORE CRITERIA

Potential Damage: Range 1 - 5

1 = No damage or surface damage.

2 = Minor damage. Won't disrupt day-to-day operations.

3 = Moderate damage. Causes some disruption.

4 = Significant damage. Buildings not usable.

5 = Destroyed or nearly destroyed. Must find a new long-term or permanent location.

Frequency: Range 1 - 5

1 = Has not occurred in last 100 years.

2 = Happens at least once every fifty years.

3 = Happens at least once every ten years.

4 = Happens at least once every five years.

5 = Annual event, or more often.

Secondary Problems: Range 1 – 5

Secondary effects include loss of services such as power and phone services. It may affect roadways and access

to other areas of the city. Secondary effects may interfere with food and medical supplies being delivered to the

area.

HAZARD POTENTIAL

DAMAGE FREQUENCY

SECONDARY

PROBLEMS

TOTAL

SCORE

REMARKS

Earthquake 5 3 5 75 Serious

Fire 5 5 4 100 Serious

Flood 1 2 2 4 Low

Epidemic 3 1 2 6 Low

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1 = No secondary effects or problems likely.

2 = At least one secondary effect, short-term in nature.

3 = Multiple secondary effects. May last 2 or 3 days. (Begins to be a problem.)

4 = Significant secondary effect(s). May last a week. (Is a problem.)

5 = Significant secondary effects last more than a week. (Long-term and/or big problem.)

From the above table, it is clear that fire and earthquake has the most potential

for damage.

5.4 EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT

Significance – Potential to occur large damage exceeding the recovering capacity of the

community or even the nation

History – The last major earthquake occurred in 1988 of magnitude 6.4 Richter scale with

721 deaths nationwide. Earthquake of 2011 had an insignificant damage.

Frequency – Medium earthquakes every 8-10 years. Major earthquakes every 70-80 years

Severity – Impacts include loss of life, property. Utilities and services are also severely

damaged.

Duration – Few seconds

Signs – Reliable early warning is not available. Change in animal behavior is often accepted

as a sign.

5.5 FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT

Significance – Most frequently occurring. Resources to mitigate the hazard is extremely

insufficient.

Frequency – At least one incident every year.

Severity – Potential to fully damage a building and spread to neighboring buildings. Huge

financial loss.

Duration – Few hours to few days.

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5.6 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT

Hazard – Earthquake

Element At

Risk

Impact on Element at

Risk

Possible vulnerabilities which allow this impact

Houses Damage to Houses Unreinforced brick masonry buildings

Greater height to width ratio

Old buildings

Utilities Severe disruption Water lines, sewage lines close to fault

line

Old and rusted pipelines

Hazard – Fire

Element At

Risk

Impact on Element at

Risk

Possible vulnerabilities which allow this impact

Houses Damage to Houses Location of building out of reach of fire

brigade

Old houses with wooden members

Utilities Severe disruption Electric poles and lines close to impact

zone

5.7 CAPACITY ASSESSMENT

SN ENTITY AVAILABILITY STATE SOURCE

1 Fire Brigade Yes Insufficient Municipality

2 Dozer Yes Sufficient

3 Excavator Yes Insufficient

4 Medical personnel Yes Sufficient

5 Engineer Yes Sufficient

6 Volunteer Yes Sufficient

7 Emergency driver Yes Sufficient

8 Emergency supply store Yes Insufficient DDC,

Redcross

9 Transportation facility Yes Sufficient Private sector

10 Rescue personnel Yes Insufficient DDRC,

I/NGO

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11 Hospitals and Health

center

Yes Unavailability of emergency

medicine

MoH

12 Schools Yes Vulnerable in themself DEO

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6 Preparedness Plan

Each and every community should be aware and prepared for the upcoming disasters which

has no certainty in date and magnitude .The residents of these communities should gain

information about the past disaster at present for the future instant of occurrence. We have

identified earthquake and fire as two major hazards. So our preparedness plan is focused for

these two hazards.

The identification of open spaces in very significant in development of preparedness plan.

There are open spaces for just only gathering of people in less number and local level only

such as courtyards, road junctions, etc. But there are two major open spaces identified nearby

Ward-18 where many people can gather. They are Pulchowk Campus Boundary and Bagmati

River Corridor with approximated area of 91000 sq m and 288000 square m respectively.We

prefer for Pulchowk Campus because in Bagmati River there is cultivated land and also a

Sewage treatment Plan.

6.1)Individual/Family Level Preparedness

SN Activity Responsibility

1 Raise awareness about the disasters among

individuals

LSM/TSS

2 Communication & co-ordination among Family

Members

Individual

3 Idantification of safe place Within the Home

Boundary

Individual/Family

4 Identify and improve feasible water sources (wells, public

taps, dhungedhara).

Individual/Family

5 Keep emergency contact numbers in easily available

format

Family Head

6 Keep all vehicles adequately fueled Individual

7 Create and exercise an emergency evacuation plan. Individual/Family

8 Identify community partners and relief organizations.

Individual/Family

9 Keep GO BAG in ready condition at safe place Individual/Family

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6.2 Institutional Preparedness

Necessary action in priority

SN Activities Responsibility Time

1 Formation of different Committes

*Ward Search and Rescue Team/Committee Establishment of

Ward Communication Co ordination Center and allocation of

Contact person

LSM Within 1

month

2 Development and Management of Human Resources –Ward

Level

*Preparation of trained rescuers and paramedic

*Perform necessary action for community based DRM

committies to bring them to meanstream

*Identification and listing of the volunteers

DDRC and

LSM,Ward-18

Within 3

month

3 Implementation of Building Code strictly for those who are

constructing without it and motivation scheme for

construction of EQ resistant building

LSM Within 1

month

4 Establishment of Ward Disaster risk Management Fund and

its Regulation Document

Ward-18 Within 2

month

5 Preparing for organization of Disaster Preparedness

Workshop in the ward for *Identification of emergency safe

open space within the ward and nerby locality

*Preparation of list of NGO/INGOs activate in the ward to

cooperate with them

*Formulation of Plan for development of services and

physical structures in these emergency open spaces

Ward

Chairman

Baisakh of

each year

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6.3 Response plan

Though there may be different types of hazards and risk conditions in a society. But in the

scenario of Lalitpur Submetropolitan,Ward-18, the identified two major two hazards are

earthquake and fire .So. our focused plans are over these two topics.

Space for data analysis

SN Response activities Responsibility Helping agencies Time

1 Assess the situation

- what happened

- how many people need help and

what kind of help

- number of helpers

- available equipment

- the urgency and the need for help

DDRC

LSM,WARD,WS

RT

After just EQ has

stopped

2 2. Rescue

- approach a dangerous target with

caution

-Clear the exit route

- first rescue those whose lives are

in danger

- move patients to the nearest safe

location

- do not endanger your own life or

that of others

Security

Agencies,Red

Cross,

Community, Immeditely

3 Prevent further accidents

- assess the danger of further

accidents (voltages,

concentrations)

DDRC WSRT Immediately

4 4. Administer emergency first aid

- begin emergency first aid

immediately and continue with it

until

professional rescue workers arrive

- take care of other injuries only

after administering emergency first

aid

Red

Cross,Paramedic

s

Community Within 6 hour

5 Shift victims safely to evacuation

places or to the hospital

Security

Agencies

Community Within 12 hour

6 Manage shelter ,food ,clothes and Red Security Agencies Within 18 hour

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other fundamental services(special

priority to

disabled,pregnant,children)

Cross,NGO,ING

O

7 Co ordination and meeting with

humanitarian organizations

DDRC LSM Within 2 days

8 Regular inspection of distribution

of goods and services

CDO DDRC Regular

9 Formation of Camp Management

Committee

DDRC LSM,Helping

Organization

After

establishment of

Camp

10 Preparation of Report and

distribution to all concerned

authorities

DDRC LSM,RedCross weekly

6.4 Rehabilition Plan:An Integrated Programme The Programme will deliver a comprehensive package of combined services, including

shelter-construction combined with income-raising activities; health, nutrition and

psychological maximise stress improvement with education and disaster preparedness.

To the combined resources of these programs and to ensure that they translate into long-

term security, theplan we prepare will work with five principal actors in the region:

Communities partnering in the implementation of the Programme,

Implementing agencies and donor partners,

Private providers who work in the areas,

Other NGOs working in the areas,

Local government agencies.

SPECIAL REHABILITIES ACTION

Housing and Sanitation

Managing Cultural heritages and their reconstruction

Health and Hygiene Promotion

Education

Disaster Preparedness and Management Capabilities related to fire and

earthquake.

20

Lifeline facilities such as, road networks, telecommunication, hospitals, Water

supply, etc.

Objectives

The objectives of the Plan are to:

• provide an overview of the management issues associated with the process of

Post-disaster recovery and rehabilitation for residents who area affected by earthquake and

fire;

• Specifically address immediate and short-term rehabilitation of disturbance resulting from

firefighting operations;

• outline a range of immediate and longer-term measures to upgrade the harmful impacts on

environment and infrastructure

• launch appropriate management and reporting systems.

General Principles

In planning for and implementing rehabilitation and protection works the following general

principles will be adopted:

• Priorities for rehabilitation and recovery works are based on an objective assessment of the

values of the areas, the extent and impact of fire suppression and damage due to earthquake

and the risks to the values of the area;

• The requirements of relevant legislation, guidelines and codes of practice that apply to the

management of public land will be addressed. The World Heritage Site guidelines (Patan

Durbar Square) guidelines relating to heritage sites, and existing Temples standards will be

adopted where these are relevant;

• rehabilitation works will not, in themselves, lead to any further loss of values or

significance ;

• relevant local Indigenous communities will be involved in assessments of suppression

works prior to any rehabilitation to prevent any further damage, and in assessments of

damaged or unrecorded sites;

• specialist advice will be sought where necessary with respect to matters involving, cultural

heritage, structure design protection;

• roads will be restored to their previous status consistent with approved management plans;

new roads and other infrastructure will be established

• procedures will be adopted to prevent the introduction of epedemic diseases, and addition

of other hazards.

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22

7 Recommendations:

On the basis of our study we recommended the followings:

Building code should be implemented strongly and strictly.

Old building should be retrofitted.

Building assessment committee should be formed.

Relevant trainings should be given to the public.

Proper coordination between the Government and locals is lacking, there should be

strong coordination between them.

8 Results and Conclusion:

After carring out the survey and analyzing the data (if earthquake of intensity 9 MMI

happen during night) the following results were obtained.

Out of 5681 people approx. 2.5% people die and about 16% people will be

injured.

About 50% buildings will be damage.

On the basis of field suryed data and analysis we conclude that the area Bubhal,Daubhal

and kumbeshor are highly vulnerable to building damage while as Gabahal area is less

vulnerable to building damage. Haugal and kumbeswor area are highly vulnerable to human

loss and Bubhal are is suspected to less vulnerable to the human loss.

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ANNEX I

During the survey the following results were obtained. The actual findings from

household survey are presented below in chart form;

Load bearing structures are obtained

in higher proportion, About 24%

structures using 9*9 column and Very

few structures about 2% consists of

12*12 and 9*12 column respectively.

Very few buildings are found to have

an age more than 100 yrs, 49% of

building have age less than 50 yrs

while as about 40% buildings have

age in between 50 and 100yrs.

People in higher percentage reply that

they hadn’t identified the place , while

about 20% people replied yes and

10% people replied their answer as

they will meet at courtyard.

About 60% of people are replied that

they will run to the safer place, while

about 30% people replied that they

will hide under the table/bed etc and

10% of people have different opinion

about that.

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42% people don’t know the

emergency numbers but 27% of

people knows the number , about 10%

people only knows the number of fire

brigade ,15% of people can call the

police frequently while about 10%

replied that they don’t know now but

they had written the numbers.

risk at In the reply about 40% of

people replied NO they had not

identified Fire the risk.all While 60%

of people had identified

About 30% of people replied that their

members don’t know while 69% of

people replied that yes we know what

to do.

About 65% of people had their

opinion that their Neighbors will come

first to help them, 16% voted for the

police, 12% for tole improvement

committee while 6% replied that they

can’t say.

25

More than 60% of people don’t have

First aid while about 40% people were

prepared for the first aid.

More than 80% of people don’t have

stored the dry food water etc while

About 40% people were prepared with

it.

60% of people replied as yes they had

identified while 40% of people don’t

know about the safe places inside their

houses.

In reply more than 70% reply yes and

about 30% replied no they hadn’t

heard about them.

26

People in higher proportion replied no

risk at all while more than 30% replied

that yes there is risk against

earthquake.

About 30% people gave their opinion

about fire as past disaster while more

than 70% replied for earthquake.

About 70% of people were concerned

to business(handicraft), about 20%

replied that house rent is their

source,8% were involved in

farming,2% were involved in wages

while 5% were involved in other

occupation.

42% of people voted for

earthquake,32% for fire,13% gave

priority for urban flooding while as

rest 13% have no idea about it.

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About 45% of people had passed slc,

27% were literate,15% were

graduate,6% were post graduate while

8% were illiterate.

From survey result it was found that

the area contains male and female in

equal proportion.

More than 15% people had age more

than 65 yrs, 15% were in between 5 to

14 yrs, more than 60% were of mid

age and about 10% were childrens.

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Among the buildings surveyed, 47%

of the buildings showed pounding

possibility showing higher

vulnerability of the earthquake.

Among the surveyed houses 15% of the

buildings did not have access to fire brigade

which were vulnerable to fire hazards. 51% of

the buildings had access to fire brigade and the

34% of the buildings had access to 200m

water hose.

Majority of the buildings were four

storey high (48%), five storey

buildings were 25%, three storey

buildings were 11%, two storey

buildings were 9% and rest were six

storey buildings (7%).

From the surveyed buildings 66% of

the buildings had overhead water

tanks increasing the vulnerability

towards earthquake.

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Only 17% of the buildings had

overhang and cantilever while the rest

of the buildings were regular in

elevation.

The majority of the buildings were

Load Bearing Mud mortar type (58%),

335% were RCC framed structure,

remaining 7% building were Load

bearing mud mortar type.

Yes 17%

No 83%

HEAVY OVERHANG AND CANTILEVER

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36% of the building had satisfactory

visible physical condition, 32%

building had good visible physical

condition and remaining 32% of the

building had poor visible condition.

From the data obtained from the

survey 85% of the building were

rectangular in plan, 11% of the

building were Narrow rectangular in

plan (L>3B) and remaining 4% of the

buildings was equally divided in

Irregular and L- shaped building.

From the data obtained from the

survey 76% of the buildings were

regular in the elevation, other building

were vulnerable to earthquake risk out

of which 11% were narrow tall(H>3B)

and 13% of the building were

Irregular in elevation.

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Annex II:

Table 1: data for loss recorded due to different disaster till 2010 S.N Disaster Huma

n

Death

Injure

d

Affected

Populatio

n

Damage

d Houses

Domesti

c animal

Effect on

educatio

n

Economic

loss

Damaged

land (Ha)

1 Earthquake 1 25 2052 517 20 25 140000 0

2 Flood 100 18 1857 376 62 5555000 131

3 Landslide 21 6 173 1 5 0 2109020

4 Fire 37 34 424 223 180 0 9421524

8

0

5 Epidemic 16 2 752 0 0 0 0 0

6 Windstorms, 1 2 0 1 0 1 100000 0

7 Thunderbolt

s

14 13 0 3 2 0 429000 0

Total 190 100 5358 1121 207 88 1021199

68

131

Source: DesInventar

2 EM-DAT: the OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database.

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Annex III

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34

ANNEX IV BUILDING TYPOLOGY SURVEY

1 Location of the Building

GENERAL BULDINGS

Bldg. Map ID: Street name:

House No. Tole

Ward Municipality/ VDC

2 Category of Building

I. Individual Private Buildings

II. Commercial/ Industrial Buildings

III. Public and community buildings

IV. Historical, Religious or Cultural Buildings

V. Temporary Buildings

3 No. of Floors

4 Building Use (Multiple Possible)

1. Residential

2. Commercial

3. Partly Commercial/Institutional

4. Social/ Community Public/ Government

5. Religious

6. Industrial Institutional (Private)

7. Educational

8. Others, specify ...............................

5 Structure Type

1. RCC Frame Structures

2. Load Bearing Mud Mortar

3. Stone Wall

4. Temporary Structure

5. Load Bearing Cement Mortar

6. Others, specify ..........................

6 Roof Type

1. RCC Slab

2. Steel Truss

3. Wooden Truss

4. Others, specify

7 Shape of Building in Plan

1. Narrow Rectangular (L>3B)

2. Irregular

3. Rectangular

4. Circular

8 Shape in Elevation

1. Regular

2. Setback (inverted pyramid)

3. Narrow tall (H>3B)

4. Irregular

9 Vulnerability Factors

Roof Top Water Tank, heavy machinery or other large mass long susceptible to fail in earthquake

1. Yes 2. No

Heavy Overhangs and Cantilever

1. Yes 2. No

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Poundings Possibility

1. Yes 2. No

10 Housing Type

1. Independent Building 2. Row Housing

11 Front Road ___________m

12 Access to Fire Brigade

1. Yes 2.No 3.Direct access 200m water hose access

13 Visible physical condition of the building

1. Good 2. Satisfactory 3. Poor

14 Specific remarks _______________________________________________________

Name of the Enumerator: Photograph no.

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Vulnerability Assessment in Ward No. 18 of Lalitpur Sub-metropolitan City

Household Survey checklist

Location: Tole:…………………………………. Ward No.:…………

House owner: ……………………………….

1. Demographic Information

Male Female <5 pop 6-14 15-65 >65 Disabled Pregnant

2. Education Status

Iliterate SLC Grad Post grad

3. Source of livelihood

Service Business Farming Wages House rent Others

4. Hazard related

4.1 What disasters your family experienced in previous years?

…………………………………………………….……………………………………………

4.2 What was the damage of these disasters?

…………………………………………………….……………………………………………

4.3 If you are to say any two, which hazards do you think most probable in your area?

…………………………………………………….……………………………………………

4.4 Have you heard anything about earthquake risk in your area?

…………………………………………………….……………………………………………

5. Earthquake preparedness

5.1 What you will do if earthquake happen now?

…………………………………………………….……………………………………………

5.2 Have you heard about duck, cover and hold exercise? ☐Yes ☐No

5.3 Do all your family members know what they have to do at the time of earthquake?

☐Yes ☐No

5.4 Do you have identified safe places inside your home? ☐Yes ☐No

5.5 Do you have identified place to meet your family members incase earthquake during daytime?

☐Yes ☐No

5.6 Do you have placed dry food, water etc. for emergency, in case earthquake happens?

☐Yes ☐No

5.7 First aid? ☐Yes ☐No

5.8 If your family gets into emergency situation due to earthquake, who will come to help you?

…………………………………………………….……………………………………………

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