DISASTER MANAGEMENT

• DISASTER

• ANY OCCURRENCE THAT CAUSES

DAMAGE , ECOLOGIAL DISRUPTION ,

LOSS OF HUMAN LIFE OR

DETERIORATION OF HEALTH AND HEALTH

SERVICES ON A SCALE SUFFICIENT TO

WARRANT AN EXTRAORDINARY

RESPONSE FROM OUTSIDE THE

AFFECTED COMMUNITY OR AREA

• HAZARD

• ANY PHENOMENON THAT HAS THE

POTENTIAL TO CAUSE DISRUPTION OR

DAMAGE TO PEOPLE AND THEIR

ENVIRONMENT

• They affect health of people , large no. of people are

displaced , killed or injured, and are subjected to

greater risk of epidemics

•Cyclones

•Tidal waves

•Hurricanes

•Tornadoes

•Floods

•Land slides

• Volcanic eruptions

• Earthquake

• Fires

• Snow storms

• Heat waves

• Famine

• Epidemics

• Building collapse

• Toxicological accidents

• Nuclear accidents

• Warfare

• Morbidity which results from a disaster

can be classified into 4 types

• injuries

• emotional stress

• epidemic of disease

• increase in indigenous diseases

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

• DISASTER RESPONSE

• DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

• DISASTER MITIGATION

• These 3 aspects of disaster management correspond

to diff phases of DISASTER CYCLE

DISASTER IMPACT

RESPONSE

REHABILITATION

RECONSTRUCTION

MITIGATION

PREPAREDNESS

Risk reduction phase

before a disaster

Recovery phase after a disaster

DISASTER IMPACT & RESPONSE

• search , rescue & 1st aid

• triage & stabilization of victims

• hospital treatment

• redistribution of patient to other hospital if necessary

• Search, rescue & first aid-

• after a major disaster need for search rescue & 1st aid

is likely to be very great

• organized relief services will be able to meet only a

small fraction of demand

• most help comes from uninjured survivors

• Field care-

• most injured persons converge

spontaneously to health facilities using

whatever transport is available

• health services resources should be directed

to this new priority

• bed availability & surgical services should be

maximized

• provision should be made for food and

shelter

• Triage• No “1st come 1st treated”

• Triage consist of rapidly classifying the injured on

the basis of

- The severity of their injuries &

- Likelihood of their survival with prompt medical

treatment

• high priority - immediate or long term prognosis can

be dramatically affected by simple intensive care

• lowest priority - moribund patient with questionable

benefit on treatment

• most commonly 4 colour code system is

• red -indicates high priority Rx or transfer

• yellow - medium priority

• green - ambulatory patients

• black- dead or moribund patients

• Tagging

• -all patients should be identified with tags

stating their name , age , place of origin, triage

category , diagnosis & initial treatment

• Identification of dead

• large no. of dead can impede the efficiency of

rescue activities at disaster site.

• So dead bodies should be removed from the

site, shifted to mortuary ,identified & given to

relatives

RELIEF PHASE

• This phase begin when assistance from outside starts to

reach the disaster area

• Humanitarian relief supplies depend on

• type of disaster

• type and quantity of supplies available locally

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLENCE &

DISEASE CONTROL

• Overcrowding & poor sanitation in temporary

settlements

• Intro of diseases due to population displacement

• Contamination of water supply

• Ecological changes (may favor breeding of vectors)

• Displacement of domestic & wild animals

• Provision of emergency water & food may itself be a

source or infection

Preventing & controlling diseases

• Implement as soon as possible all public

health measures to reduce the risk of

disease transmission

• Organize a reliable disease reporting

system to identify outbreaks & to promptly

initiate control measures

• Investigate all reports of disease

outbreaks

NUTRITION

• A disaster may affect the nutritional status of

population especially infants , children ,

pregnant women , nursing mothers & sick

persons

• Immediate steps

• assessing food supplies after the disaster

• calculating daily food ration & need for large

population group

• monitoring the nutritional status of affected

population

REHABILITATION

• Final phase in a disaster should lead to

restoration of pre disaster conditions

• In 1st weeks after disaster , pattern of health

needs will change rapidly moving from

casualty treatment to more routine primary

health care

• priorities will shift from health care towards

environmental health measures

• WATER SUPPLY

• a survey of all public water supplies should be

made

• it is important to ensure good

• physical integrity of distribution system of

water

• bacteriological quality of water

• chemical quality of water

• FOOD SAFETY

• BASIC SANITATION & PERSONAL HYGIENE

• VECTOR CONTROL

DISASTER MITIGATION IN HEALTH

SECTOR

• Mitigation means to make something less harmful

• Measures designed either to prevent hazards from

causing emergency or to lessen the likely effects of

emergencies

• These measures include flood mitigation works ,

appropriate land use planning , improved building

codes , reduction or protection of vulnerable

population & structures

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

• Emergency preparedness is “a program of

long term development whose goals are to

strengthen the overall capacity & capability of

a country to manage efficiently all types of

emergency”

• OBJECTIVE : to ensure that appropriate

systems , procedures , & resources are in

place

• Disaster preparedness is an ongoing multisectoral

activity requiring 6 sectors for response & recovery

strategies

• Communication

• Health

• social welfare

• police & security

• Search & rescue and

• Transport

• 1. Evaluate the risk of the country or particular

region to disaster

• 2. Adopt standards & regulations

• 3.Organize communication ,information & warning

systems

• 4.Ensure coordination & response mechanisms

• 5.adopt measures to ensure that financial & other

resources are available for increased readiness &

can be mobilized in disaster situation

• 6. Develop public education programme

• 7.Coordinate information session with news media

• 8.Organize disaster simulation exercises that test

response mechanism

PERSONAL PROTECTION IN DIFFERENT

TYPES OF EMERGENCIES• A no of measures must be observed by all in all types

of emergencies-

• don’t use telephone , except to call for

help , so as to leave telephone lines

free for organization of response

• listen to messages broadcast by

various media

• carry out official instructions given over

radio or by loudspeaker

• keep a family emergency kit ready

FLOODS• What to do beforehand

• Individuals should find out risks in the area where

they live• During a flood

• turn off electricity

• Take any vulnerable people to an upper floor

• Beware of water contamination

• Evacuate danger zones as ordered by authorities• After a flood

• wait until water is declared safe before drinking any

that is untreated

• sterilize all kitchen utensils

• disinfect all flooded rooms

• get rid of all consumables that has been in or near

water

STORMS , HURRICANS & TORNADOES

• What to do beforehand

• choose a shelter in advance , before the emergency

occurs - a cellar or a basement

• During an emergency

• Do not go out in a car or a boat

• Tie down the objects liable to be blown away by

wind

• Open the doors & windows slightly on the side

opposite to the direction from which wind is coming

• If caught outside in a storm take refuge in a shelter

;if there is no shelter , lie down flat in a ditch , keep

away from fences & cables

• In a thunderstorm keep away from doors, windows & electrical

conductors, unplug electrical appliances & tv aerials

• donot use any electrical appliances or telephone

• After an emergency

• follow the instructions given by authorities

• give 1st aid to injured

• make sure water is safe to drink

• check the exterior of dwellings & call for assistance if there is a

risk of falling objects

EARTHQUAKES

• Precautions essential for people living in

risk areas are

• Build in accordance with urban planning

regulations

• ensure that all electrical & gas appliances ,

together with all pipes connected to them are

firmly fixed

• avoid storing heavy objects in high position

• During an earthquake

• people who are indoors should move to the

central part of the building

• keep away from stairs , which may collapse

suddenly

• people who are outside , should keep away

from buildings & from electric cables

• After an earthquake

• Do not go back to damaged buildings as

tremors may start again

• give 1st aid to injured

• alert emergency services in case of fire or

burst pipes

MAN MADE DISASTERS

• 1.Sudden disaster like Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984

• 2. Insidious disasters such as insidious chemical &

radiation exposure

• 3. Wars , civil conflicts & terrorist attacks

e.g: 2014 Chennai train bombing on the early hours of

1 May 2014

• The public health response to man made

disaster is primary prevention ,i.e., prevention

of occurrence of the disaster

• Tighter regulation of chemical plants

• Chemical plants be build away from dense populous

areas

• Appropriate engineering & technological measures

like building codes , dam designs , containment of

toxic materials

• People all around the world should together make

effort to stop arms race, and terrorism forgetting their

religion or race

DISASTERS IN INDIA• 8 major natural calamities a year

• Northern mountain regions are prone to snow

storms , land slides , & earthquakes

• Eastern coastal areas are prone to floods,

Bihar , Assam , UP get major floods almost

every year

• Western deserts are prone to draughts

• Deccan famine of 1632-33: Almost 20 lakh people died in

the natural disaster

• Bengal famine of 1770: about 1 crore deaths.

• 1737 Calcutta cyclone: killed nearly 3.2 lakh people and

also destroyed about 25,000 ships and vessels in the

harbour city.

• 1839 Coringa cyclone: Destroyed the entire city, killing at

least 3.2 lakh people & at least 25,000 ships and vessels

• Bengal famine of 1943: The Bengal province of British

India during World War II. Between 1.5 million and 4

million people died of starvation, malnutrition and disease,

out of Bengal's 60.3 million population, half of them dying

from disease after food became available in December

1943.

• 1993 Latur earthquake:(Maharashtra) It was measured

6.4 on the Richter scale. The death toll > 20,000 while

almost 30,000 were injured. 52 villages were devastated.

• Odisha super cyclone 1999: Cyclone 05B, and Paradip

cyclone, caused about 10,000 deaths. Approximately

275,000 homes were destroyed, leaving 1.67 million

people homeless.

• Gujarat earthquake 2001:The 7.6 Richter scale quake,

caused 20,000 deaths while 167,000 were injured. Nearly,

400,000 homes were demolished.

• Tsunami 2004: With the magnitude of 9.1–9.3, it was the

third largest earthquake of the world recorded ever.

Almost 227,898 people died. The huge waves of tsunami

killed lakhs of people in South India, Sri Lanka, Andaman

and Nicobar Islands.

• Uttarakhand floods 2013: 14 June to 17 June. More than

5,700 people were assumed dead. More than 1,00,000

pilgrims were trapped in the valleys leading to Kedarnath

shrine.

• EMERGENCY MEDICAL RELIEF WING

• 2nd Wednesday of october is designated as World

disaster day

• Indian Meteorological Deptt, Insat Disaster Warning

System , Satellite imagery facilities & Cyclone warning

radars play a key role in forwarning the disaster

THANK YOU