ByMunawarX-B

WHAT IS DISASTER MANAGEMENT?Disaster management (or emergency management) is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding both natural and manmade disasters. It involves preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. It may also involve preparedness training by private citizens, as by FEMA in the United States. All aspects of disaster management deal with the processes used to protect populations or organizations from the consequences of disasters, wars and acts of terrorism. Disaster management does not necessarily avert or eliminate the threats themselves, although the study and prediction of the threats is an important part of the field. The basic level of emergency management are the various kinds of search and rescue activity.1986 Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine and 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan were the most large-scale and cost-intense single instances of emergency management in history.

NATURAL DISASTERS :A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples include floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes. A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population's resilience, or ability to recover. An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population. In a vulnerable area, however, such as San Francisco, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage, requiring years to repair.In 2012, there were 905 natural catastrophes worldwide, 93% of which were weather-related disasters. Overall costs were US$170 billion and insured losses $70 billion. 2012 was a moderate year. 45% were meteorological (storms), 36% were hydrological (floods),12% were climatological (heat waves, cold waves, droughts, wildfires) and 7 % were geophysical events (earthquakes and volcanic eruptions). Between 1980 and 2011 geophysical events accounted for 14% of all natural catastrophes

PICTURES ON NATURAL DISASTERS :

MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL DISASTERS :Personal mitigation is a key to national preparedness. Individuals and families train to avoid unnecessary risks. This includes an assessment of possible risks to personal/family health and to personal property. For instance, in aflood plain, home owners might not be aware of a property being exposed to a hazard until trouble strikes. Specialists can be hired to conduct risk identification and assessment surveys. Professionals in risk management typically recommend that residents hold insurance to protect them against consequences of hazards.In earthquake prone areas, people might also make structural changes such as the installation of anEarthquake Valveto instantly shut off the natural gas supply,seismic retrofitsof property, and the securing of items inside a building to enhancehousehold seismic safety. The latter may include the mounting of furniture,refrigerators,water heatersand breakables to the walls, and the addition of cabinet latches.In flood prone areas, houses can be built on poles/stilts. In areas prone to prolonged electricityblack-outsinstallation of ageneratorwould be an example of an optimal structural mitigation measure. The construction ofstorm cellarsandfallout sheltersare further examples of personal mitigate actions.Mitigation involves Structural and Non-structural measures taken to limit the impact of disasters. Structural mitigation are actions that change the characteristics of a building or its surrounding, examples include shelters, window shutters, clearing forest around the house. Non-structural mitigation on personal level mainly takes the form of insurance or simply moving house to a safer area.

WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE ?An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of October 2012), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Marcella scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.

REASONS FOR EARTHQUAKES :Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly; the rocks catch on each other. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs. During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus (on top of the ground) is called the epicenter of the earthquake.

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES :DAMAGE TO HUMAN STRUCTURES-Earthquakes cause great damage to human structures such as buildings, roads, rails, factories, dams, bridges etc , and thus cause heavy damage to human property.LANDSLIDES-The shocks produced by earthquakes particularly in hilly areas and mountains which are tectonically sensitive causes landslides and debris fall on human settlements and transport system on the lower slope segments, inflicting damage to them.FIRES-The strong vibrations caused by severe earthquakes strongly shake the buildings and thus causing severe fires in houses, mines and factories because of overturning of cooking gas, contact ofliveelectric wires, churning of blast furnaces, displacement of other fire related and electric appliances.FLASH FLOODS-Strong seismic waves cause damage to dams thereby causing severe flash floods. Severe floods are also caused because of blocking of water flow of rivers due to rock blocks and debris produced by severe tremors in the hill slopes facing the river valleys. Sometimes the blockage is so severe that rivers change their main course.DEFORMATION OF GROUND SURFACE- severe tremors and resultant vibrations caused by earthquakes result in the deformation of ground surface because of rise and subsidence of ground surface and faulting activity( formation of faults).TSUNAMIS-The seismic waves caused by earthquake( measuring more than 7 on richter scale) travelling through sea water generate high sea waves and cause great loss of life and property.

PICTURES ON EARTHQUAKE :

MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR EARTHQUAKE :Emergency management is greatly helpful especially at bad time. The generic purpose ofmitigation strategies is to take preemptive measures, and activity base costing and on spot management skills. However, there are threelevels of mitigation strategies such aspreemptive measures, response and reaction. Onother hand, mitigation strategies are the suitable in offering the ideal solution to balancingthe needs of maintaining the integrity , economic development. Mitigation strategies are as such mandate conservation and efficiency. In earthquake case, thegeneric roles of mitigation strategies are to practice Mitigation of Earthquake.

DOS AND DONTS OF EARTHQUAKE : DOS:The main and first condition of earthquake is to be calm.Keep yourself away from doors, windows, cupboard, mirror etc. made of glass.Stay under table or bed so that you can remain safe from falling heavy things on you.If possible then go to an open place as soon you can.If you are outside then stay away from high-rise buildings.Do not run on the road, hoarding or lamp-post could, hit you.If the earthquake hits a little, then keep yourself prepared for a bigger one. Because sometimes a little one carries the sign of a big one.DONTS:Do not make crowd on the way of door or stairs, it could be jammed or broken.Do not make crowd around damaged area or building.If you find anyone injured, try to provide first-aid. Do not be restless to take him/her in the hospital.Do not try to move a person who is seriously injured.Do not spread rumor during earthquake. It could raise up the fear and worse down the situation.

WHAT IS TSUNAMI ?A tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, generally an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calving's, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Tsunami waves do not resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "wave train". Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events

REASONS FOR TSUNAMIS : Tsunamis, also called seismic sea waves or, incorrectly, tidal waves, generally are caused by earthquakes, less commonly by submarine landslides, infrequently by submarine volcanic eruptions and very rarely by a large meteorite impact in the ocean. Submarine volcanic eruptions have the potential to produce truly awesome tsunami waves. The Great Krakatau Volcanic Eruption of 1883 generated giant waves reaching heights of 125 feet above sea-level, killing thousands of people and wiping out numerous coastal villages. The 1992 Nicaragua tsunami may have been the result of a "slow" earthquake comprised of very long-period movement occurring beneath the sea floor. This earthquake generated a devastating tsunami with localized damage to coastal communities in Nicaragua. Not all earthquakes generate tsunamis. To generate tsunamis, earthquakes must occur underneath or near the ocean, be large and create movements in the sea floor. All oceanic regions of the world can experience tsunamis, but in the Pacific Ocean there is a much more frequent occurrence of large, destructive tsunamis because of the many large earthquakes along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

EFFECTS OF TSUNAMIS : Tsunamis are some of the most devastating natural disasters known to man. Think of a flood with its source being an ocean and you can grasp a little of how much devastation tsunamis can create. For most people who live in land the greatest threat is from overflowing rivers and creeks. Normally extraordinarily heavy rainfall causes rivers and and other waterways to overflow. The excess water creates deadly currents and sweep away people, causing them to drown. It also does a lot of damage in the initial surge and then with standing water. A tsunami has all of these detrimental effects plus the added destructive power crashing waves. As you many know a tsunami is caused by a strong earthquake on the ocean bed. The vibrations travel through the water traveling sometimes thousands of kilometers. If you were on the water or deep sea diving in SCUBA gear you would not notice much probably just rough waves or a momentarily strong downward pull if you were underwater. However, a tsunami gains its true destructive power as it approaches land. The water level becomes shallower causing the waves caused by the earthquake to compress and combine. This is what creates the massive and destructive waves that cause so much destruction.

PICTURES ON TSUNAMIS :

DO'S AND DONT'S OF TSUNAMI :WHAT TO DO BEFORE AND DURING A TSUNAMI :The Following Are Guidelines For What You Should Do If A Tsunami Is Likely In Your Area:Turn on your radio to learn if there is a tsunami warning if an earthquake occurs and you are in a coastal area.Be alert for Early WarningsLearn to understand and notice the sea. If there is noticeable recession in water away from the shoreline become cautious and move away immediately.Move inland to higher ground immediately and stay there.Stay away from the beach.Never go down to the beach to watch a tsunami come in. If you can see the wave you are too close to escape it.WHAT TO DO AFTER A TSUNAMI :The Following Are Guidelines For The Period Following A Tsunami:Stay away from flooded and damaged areas until officials say it is safe to return.Stay away from debris in the water; it may pose a safety hazard to boats and people.Save yourself - not your possessions

MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR TSUNAMI : In some tsunami-prone countries earthquake engineering measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused onshore. Japan, where tsunami science and response measures first began following a disaster in 1896, has produced ever-more elaborate countermeasures and response plans. That country has built many tsunami walls of up to 12 metres (39 ft) high to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have built floodgates of up to 15.5 metres (51 ft) high and channels to redirect the water from incoming tsunami.

BY : MUNAWARFOR WATCHING

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