directions for flame retardant research and product development environmental summit new orleans,...
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Directions for Flame Retardant Directions for Flame Retardant Research and Product Research and Product
DevelopmentDevelopment
Environmental SummitEnvironmental Summit
New Orleans, May 2007New Orleans, May 2007
Ray DawsonAlbemarle Corporation
How do Flame Retardants work?How do Flame Retardants work?
Three components are necessary for fire:Three components are necessary for fire:– FuelFuel– HeatHeat– OxygenOxygen
Flame retardants interfere with the Flame retardants interfere with the availability of one or more of these factors availability of one or more of these factors in the generation of fire.in the generation of fire.
FR MechanismsFR Mechanisms
Physical and Chemical EffectsPhysical and Chemical Effects– Vapor phase active FRSVapor phase active FRS– Condensed phase active FRSCondensed phase active FRS– Combination of bothCombination of both
FR action is not an instantaneous single event, buta combination of events over a wide range of temperature
Types of FR AdditivesTypes of FR Additives
Halogenated FRs.Halogenated FRs.– Mainly bromine containing, some chlorine.Mainly bromine containing, some chlorine.
Phosphorus containing FRs.Phosphorus containing FRs.– Mainly phosphatesMainly phosphates
Inorganic Materials.Inorganic Materials.– Primary FRs and SynergistsPrimary FRs and Synergists
Other additives.Other additives.– Nitrogen, boron based & others.Nitrogen, boron based & others.
Criteria for FR selectionCriteria for FR selection
For a given resin FR criteria :For a given resin FR criteria :– Provide adequate flame-retardancyProvide adequate flame-retardancy
– Thermal stability relative to polymer stabilityThermal stability relative to polymer stability
– Maintain physical characteristics to acceptable level in Maintain physical characteristics to acceptable level in use & over timeuse & over time
– Cost effectivenessCost effectiveness
– Ease of useEase of use
– Environmental impactEnvironmental impact
– Human Health impactHuman Health impact
– End of Life issuesEnd of Life issues
Environmental & Health ImpactEnvironmental & Health Impact
Need broad considerationNeed broad consideration– Basic evaluation of the candidate itselfBasic evaluation of the candidate itself
» Testing & modelingTesting & modeling
» Product formProduct form
– Raw material & manufacturing implicationsRaw material & manufacturing implications– Breakdown productsBreakdown products– Down stream useDown stream use– End of lifeEnd of life
Environmental & Health ImpactEnvironmental & Health Impact
Atom efficiencyAtom efficiency Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency Minimize emissions potentialMinimize emissions potential
– Product formProduct form– Reactive candidatesReactive candidates– VECAPVECAP
RecyclabilityRecyclability– Resin Resin – Chemical recoveryChemical recovery– Energy recoveryEnergy recovery