direct and indirect narration مکلاسطہالوابسطہاوبلا

Direct and Indirect Narration | مبلاواسطہ ب الواسطہ کلا

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DIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech is exactly what it sounds like "Direct". It means the actual words of

speaker are quoted or reported. It is often enclosed in quotation marks so that the

reader understands that the quoted text is the speaker's original statement. As it uses

the exact words of the speaker so Direct Speech is also called a quoted speech.

کہنے والے کے الفاظ کو جوں کا توں لکھ

تت

ا اردو کے کسی فقرے کو لکھتے وق زی ب

ہم انگری

تو اسے کلام لاتے دیتے ہیں اور الفاظ میں کوئی تبدیلی عمل میں نہیںج

ا کہتے ہیں۔ Direct Speechبلاواسطہ ب

مثلاً

Hania said "I am not free".

‘‘میں فارغ نہیں ہوں’’ہانیہ نےکہا



INDIRECT SPEECH

Indirect speech is also known as indirect narration, reported speech, or indirect

discourse. In grammar when you communicate someone else statement in your own

words, without changing the meaning of statement is called indirect speech. In this

form, the actual words of speaker are converted and said/written in a simple manner.

ا اگر ہم کسی شخص کے الفاظ کو ہوبہو بیان نہیں کریں بلکہ تھوڑی سا بدل کر اسکا مطلب بیان کر کہتے Indirect Speechیں تو اکو ہم ب الواسطہ کلام ب

ہیں۔

مثلاً

Hania said that she was not free".

ہانیہ نےکہاکہ وہ فارغ نہیں تھی



BASIC RULE OF DIRECT / INDIRECT SPEECH

In direct speech is always a comma or colon after said (,) and other part of sentence

(spoken words) are written in inverted or quotation marks (" ").

In indirect speech, the comma replaced with (that) and spoken words are not written

in inverted commas nor quoted.

Direct: He says, "I want to adopt a cat."

Indirect: He says that he wants to adopt a cat.



DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Direct speech reports or quote the exact words of

speaker.

In direct speech conveys the message of speaker

in simple words without changing the meaning or

context of message.

its purpose is to quote what was said by someone

using quotation marks.

Its purpose is to convey what is said by someone

in past.

It uses reporting verb, single phrase or quotative

frame.

It uses reporting verb such as tell, say, said, talk

and speak

Verb tense remains the same Verb tense changed using indirect speech

She says, "I am not going to school" She says that she is not going to school.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIRECT / INDIRECT SPEECH



CONVERSION OF DIRECT SPEECH INTO INDIRECT SPEECH

Before conversion rules, you must memorize the different parts of direct speech.

Example: Shazi said, "I am little confuse."

In the above example:

1. Shazi is known as Reporter,

2. said is known as Reporting verb and

3. “I am little confuse.” is known as Reported Speech.

There are five basic rules to convert any direct sentence into indirect sentence.

Direct: Hania said, "I am very busy now."

Indirect: Hania told me that she is very busy then



Rule No 1 : Speaker words are not written in inverted commas.

(Hania told me that she is very busy then.)

Rule No 2: Use of conjunction: Remove the inverted comma from direct speech into proper

conjunction e.g., that. (Hania told me that she is very busy then)

Examples:

1. Jam said, “I am ill.”

Jam said that he was ill.

2. Isha says, “I am pretty.”

Isha says that she is pretty.



Rule No 3: Change of pronouns is important. Lets learn how to change pronouns.

1st Person Pronouns

All the first person pronouns (I, my, mine, myself, we, our, us, ours, ourselves) are changed

according to the subject reporting speech.

Example:

She said, “I sold my car myself”

She said that she sold her car herself.

2nd Person Pronouns

All the second person pronouns (you, your, yours, yourself) are changed according to the

subject of reporting speech.

Example:

She said to me, “You wasted your precious time yourself”

She told me that I wasted my time myself



Rule No 3: Change of pronouns is important. Lets learn how to change pronouns.

3rd Person Pronouns

Al the third person pronouns will remain unchanged.

Example:

He said, “She is busy with her toys”

He said that she was busy with her toys.

Direct IndirectI He/she

You He/she/they

We They

They They

He He

She She

Direct IndirectIt It

Us Them

Our Their

His His

Her Her

Its Its



Rule No 4: Change in Tense: While converting a Direct sentence into Indirect, we need to

take care of the Tense used in Reporting and Reported Speech. Change in tense is given in

following.

Tense Changes toPresent indefinite Past Indefinite

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Past indefinite Past Perfect

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous Past perfect continuous

In all future tenses “will” Changes into “Would”



Rule No 5: Change in Adverbs

Direct IndirectToday That day

Yesterday The day before

Tomorrow Following day

Is, am Was

Was, were Had been

Did Had

Will, shall Would

Can Could

Must Had to

Ago Before

This That

These Those

Last The previous

Are Where

May Might

Now Then

Today That day

It That

Next The following



EXERCISE EXAMPLES:

• Ramesh said, “I will go to Sri Lanka.”

Ramesh said that he would go to Sri Lanka.

• Ravi said, “What is Heena doing?”

Ravi asked me what Heena was doing.

• Iffa said, "I like your home".

Iffa told me that she likes my home.

• She said to me, “You should obey your elders.”

She told me that I should obey my elders.

• He said, "I eat two apples".

He said the he ate two apples.



CONVERT FOLLOWING EXAMPLES BY YOUR OWN

• He said, “She is in Lahore.”

• The boy asked, “Where do you stay?”

• Ahmad Said, “They will be watering plants.”

• She says, “I am in tenth class.”

• I say, “I am an honest man.”• I say to them, “You have done your work.”

direct and indirect narration مکلاسطہالوابسطہاوبلا

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