diploma 222123

8/8/2019 Diploma 222123

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2010

8/8/2019 Diploma 222123


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IP - , -

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3

1.

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:

y ;

y ;

y ;

y .

1.2.1 :

, , , -

.

[3]:

y (LAN);

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4

y (MAN);

y (WAN).

,

( LAN - o MAN,

- WAN). ( WAN -

LAN), - ,

[3].

1.2.2 :

.

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, [3].

- [3]:

;

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;

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.

1.2.3 :

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, .

8/8/2019 Diploma 222123


5

. - LAN

Ethernet Token Ring. LAN AppleTalk ARCnet.

1.2.4 : ,

. ,

. - LAN NetBEUI, 1PX/SPX /I .

LAN AppleTalk OSI [3].

1.3 IP

, IP

IP . , IP , IP .

,

.

- VoIP .

VoIP ,

. -

VoIP, -

. , ,

. VoIP IP ,

Ethernet , .

IP

, IP

, [7].

IP

. ,

, .

, ,

. IP

8/8/2019 Diploma 222123


6

.

,

IP

[7].

1.3.1 VoIP VoIP :

; .

, (ITU)

(IETF).

,

.

1.3.1.1 :

. -

IP : H.323 (peer-to-peer ); Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) ;

Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) ; Megaco/ H.248 ( / ); Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP).

1.3.1.2 : ,

.

RTP(cRTP)/RTCP/IP/UDP:

- Real-time Transport Protocol

RTP OSI , UDP

.

, . RTP

,

.

- Real Time Control Protocol

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7

Real Time Control Protocol ,

RTP.

, RTP.

- Compressed RTP

Compressed RTP (cRTP) RTP,

IP .

IP/UDP/RTP, 40 . cRTP

2 4 ,

.

1.3.2 ,

.

-

, . ,

, -

(PCM). ,

.

VoIP . ,

.

. LAN

, ,

G.711. ,

, ,

- . LAN ,

WAN - ,

.

, .

[10]:

y G.711 - 64 Kbps

y G.729 - 8 Kbps

y G.723 - 6.3 5.3 Kbps

y G.722 - 64 Kbps.

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8

1.3.3 , VoIP - IP - .

- ± 99.999% IP

.

,

, ,

± . . ,

± ..

-

o <150ms

o <50ms

. ,

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1.3.4 QoS

. :

y ;

y ;

y ;

y ;

y .

, ,

:

y ;

y .

/ .

1.4 IP ( , ,

.) TCP/IP IP . ,

, IP .

,

, ,

8/8/2019 Diploma 222123


9

.

IP . , IP ,

.

IP 32- .

- (doted-decimal) .

, .

, 8 . ,

0 255.

w.x.y.z. IP

11001001.10101100.01010001.01100111 -

201.172.81.103. IP ,

32 232 4 294 967 296.

IP , . IP

, . ( )

,

.

TCP/IP IP ±

(classful addressing) (classless addressing).

-

. IP 3 . ,

(netblocks).

.

( IP ).

.

. - -

( IP ) - .

IANA (Internet Assigned

Numbers Authority).

,

IANA.

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10

1.1

A 0 0 ± 127 8

B 10 128 ± 191 16

C 110 192 ± 223 24

126 ( ), 16

IP .

. ,

65635 IP . 2 , 254 .

IP ,

0.

, ± 10. 182.34.123.5

, 182, 128 ± 191.

182, , 10110110.

10, ,

. , , C .

, IP ±

. ,

. -

, 7 ,

128 - 0 127.

127 , IP 0.0.0.0

IP , 126.

(16

).

, 14 ,

214 = 16384 .

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11

(24

).

, 21 ,

221 = 2097152 .

.

, 1000 .

,

254.

65000 , , 64000 .

.

(CIDR - classless interdomain routing). , CIDR

, IP , 175.234.45.0/20. 20 - ,

. 12 IP

. IP

, CIDR ³slash x´

( ) . CIDR /8 ,

/16 , /24 .

CIDR - IP ,

, , /5, /12, /21 . .

1.5 , , /

. ±

.

, .

(100%- ) .

, , .

. -

, . -

.

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12

,

, .

. ,

, .

,

.

1.5.1 ,

.

.

.

.

1.5.1.1

, . :

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y . , ,

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, .

,

.

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13

y .

, .

Ä ´ ,

.

, , .

1.5.1.2 :

y ;

y DoS ;

y IP ;

y ;

y .

1.5.2

1.5.2.1 -

.

.

y ,

, , ,

. .

y ,

, .

y ,

.

y , ,

, .

y - , - ,

- .

y , ,

.

,

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14

( ,

) (

).

. ,

.

,

, ,

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1.5.2.2

, .

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.

, .

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) .

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± , ,

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,

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,

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.

1.5.2.3 , .

.

,

.

, .

/ .

,

.

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16

2.

,

. ,

,

,

.

,

. .

.

2.1

2.1

- , LAN. ,

Shared Medium LAN (SM-LAN),

, ,

, ,

.

, .

15 km

15 km

15 km

O 1 2

3

4

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, .

.

LAN N WAN

[1].

2.1.1 LAN - :

LAN -

. -

[1]:

> -

.

> -

.

.

> -

.

.

> -

.

> -

-

,

, .

> -

,

.

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18

> -

,

.

LAN,

.

LAN ,

, , . LAN

,

. ,

EN 50 173, .

o ,

, "" .

- .

.

, -

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.

[1].

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19

,

.

. -

.

LAN, (Campus-Backbone).

e

- LAN .

,

, .

,

± ISDN, 3 4,

. ,

± . ,

.

,

ISDN [1].

- LAN

, N 50 173, LAN

, 1 000 000 m2, -

3 000 m 50 50000 [1].

,

, .

.

,

,

.

.

.

, ,

.

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21

,

1 500 m. -

. ,

, 2 000 m

.

, .

, , ,

, .

220 V

0.5 m . 220 V

0.2 m [1].

- LAN -

.

150

( ISDN , .). LAN , ,

100 120 .

UTP S .

10 m .

, LAN

,

,

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.

A D, e .

- , ,

. ,

. ,

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22

, ,

100 k Hz. 1

Hz, 16 z.

10 s . D

, .

100 z 1 GHz.

- ,

o,

NEXT(Near End Crosstalk) R (Attentuation to Crosstalk Ratio)

NEXT o, d . ,

1

2

=10log (P1/P2) , dB 0 ,

, [1]:

2.1

z 0.1 1 4 10 16 20 62.5 100

16

5.5 15

0, 3.7 6.6 10.7 14

dB D 2.5 4.8 7.5 9.4 10.5 18.4 23.2 0

,

,

, .

, ,

.

- , ,

, .

.

NEXT

. NEXT

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23

, ,

[1]:

2.2

z 0.1 1 4 10 16 20 62.5 100

Ma 27

48 11

39 29 23 19

NEXT dB D 54 45 39 36 34.5 27 24

R :

R (d ) = N X (d ) - 0 (d ).

N , , R

.

. ,

- 10-10 R - .

R, ,

[1]:

2.3

z 0.1 1 4 10 16 20 62.5 100

CR

K 11

K B 42.5 4

K C 35.3 22.4 12.2 5

dB K D 40 35 30 28 13 4

R

ISO/IEC 11 801, N 50 173

100

. 1 5,

, . :

1 - ,

2 - , 1 z,

3 - , 16 z,

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4 - , 20 z,

5 - , 100 z,

6 - , 600 z,

K 7 - , 1000 Hz.

~ ,

. -

0, NEXT

R.

3, 4 5,

100 ,

NEXT, 100 m [1].

2.4 MHz 1 4 10 16 20 31.25 62.5 100

. 3 2.6 5.6 9.8 13.1

dB . 4 2.1 4.3 7.2 8.9 10.2

. 5 2.1 4.3 6.6 8.2 9.2 11.8 17.1 22

x- . 3 41 32 26 23

- . 4 56 47 41 38 36

NEXT dB . 5 62 53 47 44 42 40 35 32

120 150.

- , LAN

LAN

, RJ 45.

, .

[1]:

b - 4 5.

b - 3 6.

b - 1 2.

b - 7 8.

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26

ISO 8802.

LAN

.

LLC

,

- 802.3, 802.4, 802.5, 802.11 ., LAN,

802.6, N.

, .

,

- .

, ,

[1].

I 802 [1] :

2.2 I 802

2.2.1 L A

Ethernet/I 802.3 10 s , 10 seF, 10 s 2,

10 5, 10 it/ s.

. Et erne t vMet L,

v , Met . - (B seband)

(Broadband). Base ,

(Baseband). L

(5 = 500 m)

(F - , - ) .

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I 802.3 -

HDLC. MAC :

2.3 MAC

- LLC- ,

D. [1]:

> re ( mbl ), , ,

10101010.

,

- .

> SFD (Start Frame Delimiter), ,

10101011.

> D (Destination Address), ,

, -

. ,

. (Multicast Address)

, .

, ,

.

> SA (Source Address), ,

.

.

> L/ (Length/Type), .

. - 0600,

1536,

, . 0600

. ,

46 .

,

.

> PAD (Padding Byte), 0 46 . -

46 .

7 1 6 6 2 46-1500bytes 4 Pre SFD DA SA Length/Type Data unit + pad FCS

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,

.

-

( ) .

, SFD.

Ethernet 10Bas e5

" " ( US)

50.

. .

500 m.

( ) .

Manchester, .

2 165 S.

U (Medium Attachment Unit),

2.5 m UI- (Attachment Unit Interface)

( ) 50 m. ( nsceiver)

, .

, , S/ D

(Carrier Sence Multiple Access with Collision Detection). ( ri S ns ) .

,

(Multiply Access).

, .

(Collision Detection)

( Jam) . ,

,

.

-

64 .

- , " ", 57.6 µS.

, 28.8

µS, 10 bit/s.

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,

SMA/CD.

Ethernet 10 s 2, Thin Ethernet

Cheaper net, " "

50 BNC ,

LAN- . 185 m

.

S / D. 950 S,

, 30,

- 0.5 m.

Ethernet 10Bas eT ,

UTP (Unshielded Twisted

Pair) STP (Shielded Twisted Pair). 10 seT-Repeater 10 -Hub.

(Client - Server) 100 m.

.

100 m,

UTP .

Ethernet 10Bas eF ,

50/125 µm 62/125 µm,

. .

10BaseT-Repeater, 10 s 5 10 2.

2.1.2 LAN t ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¢ t/ I 802.3 10 Mbit/s

.

I 802.3

LAN, Fast Ethernet 100BaseT.

100 bit/s

, Ethernet.

CSMA/CD

.

100BaseT [1].

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Fast Ethernet 100 s Ethenter 10 s

,

. LAN Fast Ethernet 100 s

,

. - , Fast Ethernet 100 s

.

, .

Fast Ethernet 100 s

UTP STP

. Fast

Ethernet 100 s , LAN,

Ethernet10 s 10 bit/s,

, .

- , .

[1]:

> Fast Ethernet 100 s 4.

UTP, , . -

LAN UTP STP 5.

> Fast Ethernet 100 s X. UTP STP ,

5, IBM-S 1 .

> Fast Ethernet 100 s FX. ,

ISO 9314 FDDI (Fiber Data Distributed

Interface).

62.5/125µm.

I 802.3 1998 1999 .

LAN, Ethernet 1000BaseT

Gigabit Ethernet. 1 Gbit/s.

STP, UTP . 5, .

25 m m.

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32

R .

. ,

, -

. -

[1].

[1]:

2.4 ©

,

,

.

, . . .

. ,

[1]:

y Store and Forward Sw it ing

y C t-Throu th Sw it hing

y Near Cut-Throu th Sw it hing

Store and Forward

Sit hing

- . , ,

CRC , .

. , .

.

, 1,3 ms - - .

, Cut-Throu th Sw it hing

-

. -

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2.2 LAN

,

, ,

.

-

(WAN) .

:

> LAN;

> LAN WAN,

;

> LAN ,

( kbone).- LAN

, .

- LAN

, .

( ). I

802.3/ thernet. ,

. . ,

.

.

2.2.1 LAN ( ), , ,

(LAN), ,

- WAN.

. - ,

,

, .

I (I ) ,

. ,

,

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. , , -

.

I .

, ,

. ,

,

,

.

I

(Route).

,

R , . ,

, - .

,

,

.

, , ,

.

, . .

D ,

. ,

, NID

, . , .

.

LAN .

LAN LAN WAN

,

.

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.

, .

, ,

,

RI. , ,

.

. -

,

,

.

,

. RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

OSPF ( n Shortest Path First)

/I .

I , PROTOCOL I

.

.

I , . ,

, . ,

I

.

I a

.

LAN

, .

.

. I 802.3 n Ring,

- . -

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,

.

2.6 LA N

, I

.

.

LLC . ,

, ,

,

.

» . LAN

, . LAN ,

LLC ,

- DLPI (Da ta L ink Prov ider In terface), NDIS (Ne twork

Dr iver In terface Spec if ication), DI (Open Da ta L ink In terface) .

. ,

, .

2.2.2 L A

W A

LAN

WAN,

, . WAN -

,

. LAN WAN

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, (Gateway),

LAN WAN,

LAN WAN.

LAN. WAN

,

LAN WAN.

, LAN WAN.

LAN WAN

- LAN,

WAN. WAN

,

. .

.

,

LAN.

LAN WAN

- .

,

WAN, , LAN WAN - ISDN, - .25.

WAN ,

,

. , ,

LAN WAN,

. ,

64 kbit/s,

,

.

,

,

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ISDN. , FR

- -

, , o

.

,

,

WAN. ,

LAN- ,

WAN,

. WAN, -

-

.

.

,

. , - , -

.

2.7

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3. ,

,

.

. ,

- . Cisco Sys tems.

, .

, :

y ;

y ; y ± (PC).

, :

y : Cisco 2811

y : Cisco 1841

- , ,

.

. Cisco 2811.

- Cisco 2811 :

y 64 FLAS ;

y 256 DR AM ;

y 4 WAN ;

y 2 FastEtherne t ;

y 2 ;

y 2 US B ;

y 1500

IPsec VPN , ;

y (IOS) ± 12.2(14)T ;

3.1: Cisco 2811

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-

- ,

,

.

Cisco 1841:

y 64 FLAS H ;

y 256 DRAM ;

y 2 WAN ;

y 2 FastEthernet ;

y 1 ; 3.2: Ci sco 1841

y 1 USB ;y 800 IPsec VPN ;

y (IOS) ± 12.4(21), ±32 FLASH /128 DRAM.

- Cisco 2950, 24

. 24 ,

24 .

Cisco 2950:

y 24 - 10/100 Ethernet ;

y 1 - RS232;

y ±

13.6 Gbps;

y :Half-duplex,

full-duplex;

y ± , 3.3: Ci sco 2950

, .

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:

ASRock G41M-VS Intel G41 Chipset

Intel Celeron 450 2.2 G Hz LGA 775 FSB800M Hz

512KB cache

DDR2 2GB PC2-6400/800MHz Kingston 320GBHitachi Deskstar 7200rpm 16MB SATA II

Integrated Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator 4500

(GMA4500)

DVD-RW LG SATA

Realtek ALC662 6-channel High Definition audio

CODEC

LAN Realtek PCIEx1 LAN 8103EL/8102EL 10/100

Mbps

³Microsoft Windows 7 nterprise dition´.

3.1 .

, .

, .

- :

Cu rrent co nf igu r a t io n : 895 by te s !ver s io n 12.4no ser vic e passwo r d-en c r ypt io n !hos tnam e R1!!ip ss h ver sio n 1

!!interf ac e F as tEthernet 0/0ip a dd re ss 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.224dupl ex a ut o s peed a ut o !interf ac e F as tEthernet 0/1no ip a dd re ss dupl ex a ut o s peed a ut o

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shut d ow n !interf ac e S er ia l0/0/0ip a dd re ss 192.168.10.105 255.255.255.252c l ock r a te 1000000

!interf ac e S er ia l0/0/1ip a dd re ss 77.70.18.4 255.255.0.0

!interf ac e S er ia l0/1/0ip a dd re ss 192.168.10.97 255.255.255.252c l ock r a te 1000000

!interf ac e S er ia l0/1/1ip a dd re ss 192.168.10.101 255.255.255.252c l ock r a te 1000000

!interf ac e Vl a n1no ip a dd re ss shut d ow n !ip c l ass l e ss

ip r o ute 192.168.10.80 255.255.255.240 S er ia l0/1/0ip r o ute 192.168.10.64 255.255.255.240 S er ia l0/1/1ip r o ute 192.168.10.32 255.255.255.224 S er ia l0/0/0ip r o ute 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S er ia l0/0/1!!no c dp r un !line co n 0line vt y 0 4l o gin

!!end

S er ia l0/1/0 , S er ia l0/1/1 , S er ia l0/0/0 .

- :

Cu rrent co nf igu r a t io n : 536 by te s !ver s io n 12.4no ser vic e passwo r d-en c r ypt io n !hos tnam e R4!

!!!!ip ss h ver sio n 1!!interf ac e F as tEthernet 0/0ip a dd re ss 192.168.10.81 255.255.255.240dupl ex a ut o s peed a ut o

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!interf ac e F as tEthernet 0/1no ip a dd re ss dupl ex a ut o s peed a ut o shut d ow n !interf ac e S er ia l0/1/0ip a dd re ss 192.168.10.98 255.255.255.252

!interf ac e S er ia l0/1/1no ip a dd re ss shut d ow n !interf ac e Vl a n1no ip a dd re ss shut d ow n !ip c l ass l e ss ip r o ute 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S er ia l0/1/0!!

!!!no c dp r un !line co n 0line vt y 0 4l o gin

!! End

S er ia l0/1/0

.

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. 3 Fa0/0 192.168.10.65 255.255.255.240 N/A

S0/1/0 192.168.10.101 255.255.255.252 N/A

. 4 Fa0/0 192.168.10.81 255.255.255.240 N/A

S0/1/0 192.168.10.98 255.255.255.252 N/A

PC1 NIC 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.224 192.168.10.1PC5 NIC 192.168.10.82 255.255.255.240 192.168.10.81

PC7 NIC 192.168.10.66 255.255.255.240 192.168.10.65

PC9 NIC 192.168.10.34 255.255.255.224 192.168.10.33

- :

- .

:

PC1 PC7:

P C>pi n g 192.168.10.65

P in gin g 192.168.10.65 w ith 32 by te s o f d a t a :

Re ply fr om 192.168.10.65: by te s=32 t im e=13 ms TTL=254




P in g st a t i s t ics f o r 192.168.10.65:

P ack et s: S ent = 4, R ec eived = 4, Los t = 0 (0% l oss ) ,

App r o xima te r o und tr ip t im e s in m illi- seco nd s :

Minim um = 8 ms , M a xim um = 13 ms , Aver a g e = 10 ms

PC5 PC9:

P C>pi n g 192.168.10.34

P in gin g 192.168.10.34 w ith 32 by te s o f d a t a :





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P in g st a t i s t ics f o r 192.168.10.34:

P ack et s: S ent = 4, R ec eived = 4, Los t = 0 (0% l oss ) ,

App r o xima te r o und tr ip t im e s in m illi- seco nd s :

Minim um = 20 ms , M a xim um = 27 ms , Aver a g e = 23 ms

4.2

- :

500 /h, :

:

500.10 6.8/3600 = 1,11 . 10 6 bps = 1,11 bps

, thernet 802.3

:

80 B . 8 . 100 / = 64 bps

:

1,11 . 10 6 + 64.10 3 = 1,174.10 6 bps § 1,2.10 6 bps = 1,2 bps

- :

, -

,

5% .

G.711 , 64kbps

, 20ms,

:

50 / . 220B .8 = 88.103 bps = 88 kbps

5% 4,4 kbps,

: 92,4 kbps § 100 kbps . :

1,2.10 6 bps + 100.10 3 = 1,3.10 6 bps = 1.3 Mbps

-

:

- : 20.1,3 = 26 Mbps

- 15 : 15.1,3 = 19.5 Mbps

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- 10 : 10.1,3 = 13 Mbps

4.1

- :

- 1 : 16 Mbps + 20 Mbps = 36 Mpbs

- 2 : 18 Mbps + 13 Mbps = 31 Mpbs

- 3 : 18 Mbps + 13 Mbps = 31 Mpbs

- : 2,6Mbps + 1,3 Mbps + 1,95 Mbps = 5,85 § 6 Mpbs

.

Fast Ethernet 100 Mpbs

, 15 . 15

,

( 0.2 ± 0.4 db/km,

30 50 ),

45 55

36 Mpbs.

.

----------------- 2

(15)

3

(10)

4

(10)--------------- 30% 30% 30% 10%

2 (15) 30% ------------- 30% 30% 10% 3 (10) 30% 30% ------------- 30% 10% 4 (10) 30% 30% 30% ------------- 10%

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4.3

, .

( ),

.

, , . ..

,

-

36 Mbit/sec.

4.2

(4.2) c

l *P!

, Erl [9]

P - .

l ± .

c ± .

.

I = 1240B

4.3.

(4.3)

!P , /

36Mb. , :

29608*1240

1000000*36124036

!!! B

M bP , /

100Mbit/sec

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50

Er l Mbi t

B A 25.0242.0

10024,24

1000000*1008*1240*2960

sec/1001240sec*/2960

1}!!!!

=0.25 Erl ,

25%. ,

1 Erl,

100%. ,

0 Erl, ,

.

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51

5.

:

y ;

y . :

y ;

y ;

,

,

. , ,

,

.

-

.

: WAN

.

:

- Cisco 2811 ± 1200$;

- Cisco 1841 ± 650$;

- Cisco 2950 ± 250$;

- ± 300$;

- UTP ± 1000 ( 0.3$/ ) ± 300$;

- ± 45 ( 0.5$/ ) ± 22 500$;

- ± 2000$

,

,

50 000$, .

WAN ,

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52

350$, 500$ . 1400$

1500$ .

,

WAN 23 600$, 35 400

.

, ,

. , Cisco

Systems 2295$ .

3 .

. . 2* 2295 =4590$ .

,

,

, , .

. 6250 .

:

y ;

y - - .

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53

6:

( ) .

.

.

.

. .

.

, ,

.

, ,

,

.

,

.

,

.

. ,

, .

,

.

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54

7:

1 , ,

. . ,

.

.

2 ,

,

.

.

, .

,

. ,

.

,

3 , ,

,

, .

4 ,

.

,

.

,

.

5 .

,

.

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. ,

,

.

6 .

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:

ARCnet - Attached Resource Computer NETwork

IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force

IOS - Internetwork Operating System

IP - internet protocol;

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

ITU - International Telecommunication Union

LAN - local area network;

LLC - Logical Link Contro

MAC - Media Access ControlMAN - metropolitan area network

MTU - maximum transmission unit;

QoS - qualiti of service;

OSPF - Open Shortest Path First

PCM - Pulse-code modulation

RIP - Routing Information Protocol

SIP - Session Initiation Protocol

STP - Shielded twisted pairTCP - transmission control protocol;

UDP - User Datagram Protocol

UTP - Unshielded twisted pair

VLAN - virtual LAN

VoIP - voice over ip;

VPN - vitrtual private network;

WAN - wide area network;

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:

[1] . , ± 2, , 2005

[2] ., , IP, , 2006

[3] . . , , , 2002

[4] Ballow S. M., Managing IP Networks with Cisco Routers, O'Reilly, 1999

[5] IP routing fundamentals, Cisco Press, 1999

[6] Parkhurst B., Routing first-step, Cisco Press, 2004

[7] Sean Christensen; Voice over IP Solutions, Juniper Networks Inc. ,2001;

[8] www.cisco.com

[9] www.en.wikipedia.org

[10] http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk652/tk698/technologies_tech_note09186a0080094

ae2.shtml [11] http://www.cypressindustries.com/fiber_optics_cables.html

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. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 2

1. ................................ ............... 3

1.1 ................................ ................................ ............................... 3

1.2 ................................ ................................ ................... 3

1.2.1 : ................................ 3

1.2.2 : ................................ ................... 4

1.2.3 : ................................ ................ 4

1.2.4 : ................................ ..................... 5

1.3 ................................ .................... 5

1.3.1 VoIP ................................ ................................ ................................ 6

1.3.2 ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 7

1.3.3 , VoIP ................ 8

1.3.4 QoS ................................ ................................ ........................... 8

1.4 IP ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 8

1.5 ................................ ................................ .............................. 11

1.5.1 ................................ ................................ .............................. 12

1.5.2 ................................ ................................ ....................... 13

2. ................................ ........ 16

2.1 ................................ ................................ .............. 16

2.1.1 LAN ................................ ................................ . 17

2.2 LAN ................................ ................................ ...... 25 2.2.1 LAN Ethernet/I 802.3 ................................ ............................. 26

2.1.2 LAN thernet/I 802.3 ................................ 29

2.1.3 LAN Ethernet / IEE 802.3 ................................ ........................... 31

2.2 ................................ .......................... 34

2.2.1 LAN ( ) ............................. 34

2.2.2 LAN WAN .............................. 37

3. , ................................ ..................... 40

3.1 ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 42

4. / ................................ ......................... 45

4.1 ................................ ................................ .................. 45

4.2 ................................ .............................. 47

5. ................................ ................................ ...................... 51

6: ................................ ............................. 53

7: ................................ ............... 54

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: ................................ ................................ ................................ 57

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