dimensions of articulation january 20, 2014 this week have a go at: chapter 1, exercise d chapter 1,...
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Dimensions of Articulation
January 20, 2014
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This Week• Have a go at:
• Chapter 1, Exercise D
• Chapter 1, Exercise E
• Chapter 1, Exercise F
• Note: this is a graded homework exercise.
•Also: I will be here on Friday;
•Jacqueline will lead you through some practice transcriptions on Monday of next week.
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Vowel Systems before , part 1 Rhotic dialects vary in the number of vowel distinctions
that can be made before .
• System 1: five vowels
fear Coors weary
fare four wary lorry
far sorry
No distinctions between:
Also: no or
‘fur’
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Vowel Systems before , part 2 System 2: four vowels
fear weary
fare four, Coors wary lorry
far sorry
• Also missing distinction:
• Only four vowel phonemes:
• /i/ /o/
• /e/ /a/
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Vowel Systems before , part 3 (Canadian) System 3: five (?) + three vowels
fear Coors weary
fare four wary lorry, sorry
far
(Canadian) System 4: five (?) + two (?) vowels
fear Coors weary, wary
fare four lorry, sorry
far
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Vowel Systems before , part 4 System 5: lots of vowels before
fear Coors weary lurid
fare four Mary lorry
far merry Murray
marry sorry
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Canadian Raising• Another characteristic of Canadian English is the “raising” of the first part of the diphthongs and .
• In both cases, [a]
•
•
• “Raising” because low mid
• This happens only in certain sound environments:
• “out” “loud”
• “write” “ride”
• “pipe” “bribe”
• “like”
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Canadian Raising(Canadian) Jon (American) Steve
“house”
“howl”
“bike”
“bile”
• For fun: switch Jon’s vowels in “bike” and “bile”
• Also compare:
• (Canadian) Aaron:
• (American) Steve:
• And, lastly, (Canadian?) Amber:
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Consonants• To understand the Canadian Raising pattern, it helps to
know more about the way consonants are produced.
• Consonants productions may be characterized along a series of articulatory dimensions.
• The first dimension to consider is: airstream mechanism.
• Most speech sounds use a pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism.
• = air is pushed out of the lungs
• it’s possible to produce pulmonic ingressive sounds; give it a try.
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Mid-Sagittal Diagram
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Dimension 2: Phonation• On the way out of the lungs
• Air passes through the trachea
• Reaches the larynx
• The larynx consists of two “vocal folds” which may be opened and closed. If the vocal folds are:
1. open: air passes cleanly through (voiceless sound)
2. closed: air does not pass through (no sound)
3. lightly brought together: vocal folds vibrate in passing air
(= voiced sound)
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Voicing, Schematized
Voiceless (folds open) Voiced (folds together)
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Laryngoscopy
Source: http://homepage.mac.com/changcy/endo.htm
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Voicing, in Reality
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Some Voicing Distinctions• Among English consonants:
Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced
[f] [v] [p] [b]
[t] [d]
[s] [z] [k] [g]
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Voicing Allophony Vowels are longer before voiced consonants than voiceless consonants.
Length is denoted with the [:] diacritic.
‘feed’ [fi:d] vs. ‘feet’ [fit]
Note that Canadian Raising occurs before voiceless consonants.
voiceless: ‘out’ ‘write’
voiced: ‘bribe’ ‘ride’
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Layers• Canadian Raising occurs when and are followed by a voiceless consonant.
• The voiceless consonant does not need to be at the end of a word.
• Interesting examples:
• ‘rider’
• ‘writer’
• Note: flap is voiced.
• The voiceless consonant which induces Canadian Raising does not need to be voiceless on the phonetic “surface”!
• The technical term for this is phonological opacity.
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More Voicing Allophony• Consonants at the ends of words are sometimes devoiced.
• Voicelessness is denoted with the [ ] diacritic.
• ‘lose’ ‘peas’
• Also: ‘languages’ example from homework #1.
• You can sometimes get contrasts in English like:
• ‘peace’ ‘peas’
• /l/ and can be (partially) voiceless in English when they follow an aspirated consonant:
• ‘play’
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Aspiration Allophony /p/, /t/, and /k/ are aspirated if:
1. They are at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
2. They are not preceded by /s/.
• Ex: