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DigitalTransformationofPowerDelivery

IEEMA Engineer Infinite Conference, Delhi NCR, India, 14 March 2018

KeynoteSpeechProfessor Saifur Rahman,PhDVirginiaTech,USA

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TraditionalElectricityDeliverySystem

Source: Chapter 3, Quadrennial Technology Review 2015, Dept. of Energy

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EvolutionoftheElectricPowerGrid

Source: Chapter 3, Quadrennial Technology Review 2015, Dept. of Energy

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AModernElectricPowerGridMustbe

DesiredAttributesoftheModernElectricGridResilient

Reliable

Secure

Flexible

Sustainable & Affordable

Affordable

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KeyAreasofDigitalTransformation

ØTransmission System Monitoring and Control

ØDistribution System Automation

ØAdvanced Metering Infrastructure

ØDemand Response

ØUtility Customer Service

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Ø Thedevelopmentgridinfrastructurehaslaggedthegrowthindemandinmanypartsoftheworld

Ø Consequently,transmissionlinesanddistributionsystemsarebeingoperatedatorclosetotheirmaximum/criticalloadings

Ø Makingthemsensitivetosystem perturbances andvulnerabletoman-madeandnaturalhazards

Ø Resultinginblackoutsandcascadingfailuresacrosswideareas…

Thus making it necessary for the deployment of a tool enabling rapid situational awareness and system analysis as well as measurement and control over a wide-area, i.e., the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)

PhasorMeasurementUnit

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Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)

PDC

PMU-2

DA – Distribution Automation (Relays, Re-closers, Meters, etc.)PMU – Phasor Measurement UnitPDC – Phasor Data Concentrator

PMU-1

PMU-3

GPS Satellite

GPS link for precis ion time synchronizationCommunication network (SONET Fiber, Wireless, etc.)Distribution Automation link (Fiber, Ethernet, Serial, etc.)

Wide Area Management SystemControl Center

Data visualization

DA

Typical PMU Implementation in a Grid(IEEE 14-bus test system)

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Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)Some Advantages of PMUs

PMU

Enhance Observability of the Grid

Facilitate Model

Validation

Add Robustness

to State Estimation

Facilitate Congestion Management

Speed up system

recovery during outage

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PhasorMeasurementUnit(PMU)PMU Implementation

USA and India

Source: POSOCO India

1380 networked PMUs installed between 2007 and 2015 under the Smart Grid Investment Grant (SGIG) program, a 10-fold increase in PMUs

•Currently over 2500 networked PMUs and over 100 PDCs nationwide

60 PMUs and 10 PDCs were installed in the first PMU pilot project and operational by 2011. Operated by POSOCO

•1672 PMUs and 60 PDCs planned for installation under the Unified Real time Dynamic State Measurement (URTDSM) Project is underway

Source: NASPI

Source: SGIG Report

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PhasorMeasurementUnit(PMU)PMU Implementation USA and India

Source: Synchrophasors-Initiative in India, Power System Operation Corporation, June 2012

Source: North American Synchrophasor Initiative, 2017

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SupervisoryControlandDataAcquisition(SCADA)

SCADA Ø Human-Machine Interface

(HMI) for monitoring and controlling a power system in real time as well for collecting and processing data from sensors (RTUs) placed throughout the system.

Ø Serves as platform for generation dispatch and transmission system management

Ø Mostly limited to the specific power system or control area

Image Source: SAS System Automation Service http://sas-ics.com/services/plc-hmi-scada/

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SupervisoryControlandDataAcquisitionSCADA Systems are Evolving!

SCADA capability is being greatly enhanced as most of the devices connecting to it, such as remote terminal units, sensor instrumentation and protection gear, are now PMU-enabled.

Ø SCADA are able to display PMU data from neighboring control areas effectively becoming Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS)

Ø SCADA are now able to observe system conditions such as voltage and frequency oscillations

Ø SCADA state estimation is more robust and actually becoming state measurements as synchrophasors are readily available.

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DistributionSystemAutomationDistributionAutomationisanintegratedsystemthat“usesdigitalsensorsandswitcheswithadvancedcontrolandcommunicationtechnologiestoautomatefeederswitching;voltageandequipmenthealthmonitoring;andoutage,voltage,andreactivepowermanagement.”(Source: Distribution Automation: Results from the SGIG Program, September 2016)

• Fault Detection• Isolation• Restoration

Substation and Feeder Automation

• Voltage Regulation• Power Factor Correction• Load Balancing

Voltage and Reactive Power Management

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The Smart Grid Investment Grant (SGIG) project of 2009 kick-started the deployment of Distribution Automation systems across utilities in the United States.

DistributionSystemAutomation

Distribution Automation Equipment installed under SGIG

Remote Fault Indicators 13,423Smart Relays 11,033Automated Feeder Switches 9,107Automated Capacitors 13,037Automated Voltage Regulators 10,665Transformer Monitors 20,263Automated Feeder Monitors 4,447

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DistributionSystemAutomation

Remote Fault Indicator

Smart Relay

Automated Feeder SwitchAutomated Capacitors

Automated Voltage RegulatorTransformer Monitor

Typical Distribution Automation Field Devices

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Advanced Metering Infrastructure

• Smart Meters• Communication Network• Meter Data Management Systems

Advanced Metering

Infrastructure(AMI)

“An integrated system of smart meters, communication networks, and data management systems that enables two-way communication between utilities and the customer”(Source: Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Customer Systems: Results from the SGIG Program, September 2016)

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AdvancedMeteringInfrastructure,USA

49 million smart meters installed between 2010-2014:* 16 million through the SGIG Project and * 33 million by utilities

•Over 70 million installed by end of 2016•* Residential: 62.4 million•* commercial: 8.1 million•* Industrial: 343 thousand•* Transportation: 1,345

Source: Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Customer Systems: Results from the SGIG Program, September 2016

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration Independent Statistics and Analysis

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AdvancedMeteringInfrastructure(AMI)Components of AMI

• kWh, kW, kVA, kVAR, Power Quality (sag/swell) • Remote connect/disconnect, Prepay, Outage Reporting,

Voltage Monitoring, Tamper Detection• Real-time Monitoring, Load Profile, Bi-directional Metering

Smart Meters

• Radio, WiMAX, Cellular GPRS, Fiber Optics• Broadband on Power Line (BPL), Power Line Carrier (PLC)• ZigBee, Zwave, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, Modbus, BACnet

Communication Networks/

Protocols

• Collect, Load interval data from smart meters• Validate, estimate, edit (VEE) data• Run daily billing cycle, Forecasts, Analytics• Customer Service (billing, load profile data, website)• Distribution System Planning Support

Meter Data Management

System

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AdvancedMeteringInfrastructureAMIOutageDetectionandManagement

Ø Smart meters transmit a time-stamped “last gasp” notification to the AMI system when power is lost to the meters

Ø The automatic outage notifications enable distribution system operators to identify outage areas accurately dispatch crew quickly

Ø Smart meters also transmit notification when power is restored to the meters

Ø AMI Outage Detection and Restoration Notifications help

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ATypicalElectricityOutageMap

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DemandResponseor

•Demand Response Enabling

Technologies

Distribution Automation

Advanced Metering

Infrastructures

Building Energy

Management Systems

Distributed Energy

Resources

Communication Networks

Load Controllers

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DemandManagementtoDemandResponse

The Smart Grid Investment Grant (SGIG) project of 2009 was instrumental in the deployment of Demand Response enabling technologies.

Demand Response Equipment installed under SGIG

Direct Load Control Devices 413,734Programmable Communicating Thermostats 262,183In-Home Displays 21,228Energy Management Systems 2,379Smart Appliances 368

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DemandResponse

Direct Load Controller

Programmable Communicating Thermostat

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TimelyServiceRestoration

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ThankYou

ProfessorSaifur Rahmanwww.bemcontrols.comwww.saifurrahman.org