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DIGITAL SIMULATION AS AN APPROACHTO ESM SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Robert Daniel Stanga
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DIGITAL SIMULATION AS AN APPROACHTO ESM SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
by
Robert Daniel Stanga, Jr
March 1975
i Thesis Advisor: S. Jauregui JApproved for public release; distribution, unlimited.
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4. Tl TLE (end Subtitle)
Digital Simulation as an Approachto ESM Software Development
7. AUTHORf*;
Robert Daniel Stanga, Jr
READ INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1
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Master's Thesis;.2
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Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
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Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
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March 19 7513. NUMBER OF PAGES
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20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reveree tide II necessary end Identity by block number)
Selective problem areas relating to computer based ESMsystem software development are discussed. Digital simulationis presented as a practical approach to solving softwaredevelopment problems. An algorithm to simulate a hard-v.TiredEW signal preprocessor is developed. An application orientedhigh level language version of the algorithm is presented.
A FORTRAN program which generates realistic data for signal
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analysis is described. Using the simulated data, aninstruction level simulation program, and a language compiler,the algorithm is tested using an IBM 360 computer.
j
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Digital Simulation as an Approach
to ESM Software Development
by
Robert Daniel Stanga, Jr.Lieutenant, United States Navy
B.S.A.E., Auburn University, 1968
Submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
from the
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMarch 19 7 5
DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARYNAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMONTEREY. CAUFORNIA 93340
ABSTRACT
Selective problem areas relating to computer based ESM
system software development are discussed. Digital simula-
tion is presented as a practical approach to solving software
development problems. An algorithm to simulate a hard-wired
EW signal preprocessor is developed. An application oriented
high level language version of the algorithm is presented.
A FORTRAN program which generates realistic data for
signal analysis is described. Using the simulated data, an
instruction level simulation program, and a language compiler,
the algorithm is tested using an IBM 360 computer.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 8
A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 8
1. ESM Hardware/System Description 9
2 . Man-Machine Interface 1 1
3. ESM Software 12
B. SCOPE OF THE THESIS 12
II. COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR ESM SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT - 15
A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION • 15
B. APSS --- ~ ~- ~ 16
C. PL/ATAC ~~— 17
III. ESM ENVIRONMENT/IFM SIMULATION — -
—
19
IV. THE PULSE TRAIN SEPARATOR — 2 7
A. CONCEPT OF OPERATION 2 7
B. PTS SIMULATION PROGRAM 2 8
V. DISCUSSION OF SIMULATION RESULTS — 34
A. SUMMARY OF RESULTS 34
B. CONCLUSIONS — 35
C. RECOMMENDATIONS — 3 6
APPENDIX A. Instruction for installation and useof the ATAC Programming Support System(APSS) on the IBM 360/67 operating systemat the Naval Postgraduate School — -- 3 7
APPENDIX B. Data Simulation ProgramFORTRAN Listing and Output — 43
APPENDIX C. Pulse Train Separator ProgramPL/ATAC Listing — 62
APPENDIX D. Pulse Train Separator Program 68
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE LISTING AND OUTPUT 91
BIBLIOGRAPHY 94
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST — 95
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am deeply grateful to Applied Technology Division,
Itek Corporation, Sunnyvale, California for the use of their
facilities and the generous assistance and experience of
their personnel, particularly the ATAC Support Software
Group. I am particularly indebted to my wife, Phyllis,
whose faith and devotion made this work possible and to whom
it is dedicated.
1 • INTRODUCTION
A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Electronic Warfare Support Measures (ESM) is that
division of Electronic Warfare (EW) concerned with exploita-
tion of enemy use of the electromagnet:? c spectrum. ESM
includes actions taken to search for, intercept, locate, and
analyze electromagnetic radiations to support tactical
military operations.
The continuously increasing density and complexity of
today's electromagnetic environment, created by friendly as
well as hostile forces, has fostered the requirement for more
effective performance and greater sophistication in operational
ESM systems. Current receiver technology has kept pace with
this escalation, and signal intercept is virtually assured.
However, the resulting increased data rates, existing and
forecast manpower limitations, and limited reaction time
available to the operational commander have imposed a require-
ment for faster and mere accurate signal analysis, classifica-
tion, and interpretation. Currently, major efforts are being
put forth to achieve an effective ESM system design incorpo-
rating high speed digital computers for the purposes of
automatic signal analysis and system control.
To perform effectively in present and future environments,
an automated ESM system should exhibit the following
characteristics
:
1
.
Broad frequency range
.
2. Simultaneous coverage of entire frequency range.
3. High probability of intercept.
4. Low false alarm rate.
5. Capability to recognize pulse or radar-like signals.
6. Capability to determine parameters associated withradar pulse trains.
7. Capability to classify signals according to type andsource
.
8. Direction finding capability.
9. Capability to handle data rates.
10. Capability to detect signals at ranges to radar horizon
The successful design and development of a system exhibiting
these characteristics rest upon three equally important
elements: system hardware, system software, and the man-
machine interface.
-1- * ESM Hardware/Sys tem De scription
A discussion of ESM hardware as a specific problem
area is beyond the scope of the thesis. A system concept
compatible with the state of the art approach is presented
here as a basic foundation for this study and future efforts
in the ESM arena
.
Conceptually, an airborne ESM system with the charac-
teristics previously described could be implemented utilizing
a combination of Instantaneous Frequency Measurement (IFM)
and Superhet receivers. The IFM 'receivers , operating in
conjunction with a high-gain pencil beam antenna, would cover
the frequency bands of interest and function as the primary
acquisition receivers of the system. In addition to contrib-
uting to increased system sensitivity, the high-gain pencil
beam antenna functions to reduce the instantaneous data rate
and, in conjunction with azimuth centroiding, provides an
accurate means of determining signal direction of arrival.
Additional data rate reduction is accomplished by
routing each IFM output through a Pulse Train Separator (PTS)
,
which functions as a signal preprocessor to separate stable
pulse trains from the received data. Parameter measurements
are performed on those stable trains separated and a computer
word is generated to tag the associated emitter. The required
capacity of the PTS in number of pulse trains separated is
considered paramount to system operational effectiveness.
A computer word is generated for each pulse associated
with non-stable pulse trains and those stable pulse trains
exceeding the capacity of the PTS. These data are routed
through a residual channel of the PTS to a high-speed digital
computer for deinterleaving and parameter measurement. The
parameters associated with each signal are then passed to a
main frame computer for classification, threat analysis, and
tactical environment update.
The IFM system employs an omni antenna for side lobe
suppression to prevent signal poke-through in the receiving
antenna minor lobes. The IFM sensitivity and antenna gain
provide a capability for radar detection cut to the radar
horizon for aircraft altitudes in the neighborhood of
30,000 feet.
Priority signals, unclassifiable signals, and signals
too complex for automatic analysis are automatically assigned
10
to digitally controlled superhet receivers for refined
analysis. The superhet receivers cover the frequency bands
of interest and operate in conjunction with an omni or low-
gain broad beam antenna.
2 . Man-Machine Interface
The human operator element of an automated ESM system/
though normally an area addressed by human factors engineers,
impacts heavily on the software requirements and will be
discussed here in that regard.
Automation does not eliminate the requirement for
human operators, but it does significantly affect the role
the operator plays in the ESM system and it nay seriously
retard the operator's proficiency and ability to function
efficiently as a back up in the event of a system failure.
Thus , in deciding which system functions should be automated
and which should be assigned to the human operator, it is
imperative that the operator be assigned those functions that
maximize the use of his capability to exercise judgment,
improvise, reason inductively, and profit from experience.
The human operator must be able to control and direct
the operation of the system. To do so, he must be provided
relevant information by the system at the proper time, in the
proper format, and on the proper displays. To obtain efficient
and reliable software, these requirements must be clearly and
accurately defined in the planning stage of the ESM system
development.
11
3. ESM Software
It is felt that software represents the most trouble-
some problem in the design and development of an automatic
ESM system. Assuming cost and risk vary directly with
complexity, ESM software will account for a substantial
percentage of total system costs and be the riskiest part of
the system development. Since system performance hinges on
software performance, implementation of an effective software
test plan would serve a threefold purpose of cost reduction,
risk reduction, and increased system performance.
The ability to successfully implement such a test
plan requires a detailed description of the systems functions
and a software modular building process. Each software
module or set of modules is then integrated into the system
and tested against sets or subsets of system functions
according to prescribed test plans.
B. SCOPE OF THE THESIS
Simulation, via computer software, is one technique that
is useful in software development and verification cr testing.
Realistic data, created by successful simulation of the ESM
system hardware operating in a dynamic environment, utilized
as inputs to a high-speed digital computer would provide the
framework for implementation, testing, and optimization of
ESM signal processing algorithms. The inherent ability to
control the density of the electromagnetic environment through
simulation would provide the capability to analyze worst case
12
situations, thereby enabling system designers to estimate
computer capacity and reserve capacity requirements as well
as data rate reduction requirements.
Given these simulation capabilities, an instruction-level
simulation of the target computer provides a powerful means
of debugging software and algorithm testing for accuracy and
speed of operation. Applied Technology Division of Itek
Corporation, Sunnyvale, California, has provided the Naval
Postgraduate School with the programming support system for
their ATAC computer. Instruction level simulation is only
a part of this software package which includes the compiler
programs for Programming Language for ATAC (PL/ATAC) , a high
level language developed for ATAC applications programming.
Acquisition of the ATAC Programming Support System (APSS)
gives impetus to the utilization of simulation as a technique
for ESM software development and testing at the Naval Post-
graduate School.
Total hardware simulation of the ESM system previously
described is beyond the scope of the thesis. Total system
simulation does, however, lend itself to a software "build 1'
process and as a first effort of the process, three specific
objectives of this work are as follows:
1. Provide a digital simulation of an IFM receiver operatingin conjunction with a high-gain, pencil beam DF antennain a dynamic radar environment.
2. Provide a digital simulation of a hard-wired pulse traindeinterleaver fed by an IFM receiver.
3. Describe and demonstrate the capabilities of APSS,parti.cu3.arly, the PL/ATAC programming language.
13
The overall objective of this work is to provide a building
block as a basis for follow on study of ESM system software
at the Naval Postgraduate School.
14
I I . COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR ESM SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
APSS was written for Applied Technology's Airborne
Computer (ATAC) . ATAC, specifically designed for Electronic
Warfare applications, is well suited for ESM software design,
development and testing. A number of features of this 16-bit,
fixed point, two's complement computer permit the establishment
of a meaningful baseline for determining the relative merit of
algorithms applicable to computer based ESM systems. Special
features of interest are:
/ 1. 437 nanosecond major cycle time.
2. Sixteen general registers which may be used asaccumulators or as index registers.
3. Microprogrammable processor, permitting optimization ofthe instruction set for specific applications.
4. Memory types can be mixed in any combination of low powerRead Only Memory (ROM) , fast bipolar Random AccessMemory (RAM), and slov;er core memory devices.
5. Memory expandable to 6 5K words.
6. Four basic instruction addressing modes:register, immediate , direct, and direct indexed.
7. Three supplemental addressing modes:register indexed, immediate short, and direct register.
8. Provisions for up to 16 Direct Memory Access (DMA)channels
.
Y 9. Provisions for up to four simultaneously active DMAchannels
.
10. Twelve hardware priority interrupts.
11. Modular, compact: construction.
Additional detailed information, including the instruction
set, may be obtained from ATAC, Applied Technology Airborne
Computer, Vol. I, Principles of Operation.
15
B. ATAC PROGRAMMING SUPPORT SYSTEM (APSS)
This software support system allows for the preparation
and debugging of programs via an IBM 360/370 computer system.
APSS, through simulation of the ATAC computer and associated
peripheral devices, permits the applications programmer to
optimize programs for execution speed and memory utilization.
The APSS system is written in a combination of PL/1, FORTRAN
IV, and IBM assembler language and includes the programs
listed below
.
APSS Monitor
ATAC Instruction Assembler
ATAC Instruction-Level Simulator
Relocating and Linking Loader
Microcode Assembler
Microcode-Level Simulator
PL/ATAC Compiler
Library Control System
Subroutine Library
Arrangements were made with Applied Technology to use portions
of APSS and consequently, the ATAC Instruction-Level Simulation
Program and the PL/ATAC Compiler are currently operational on
the IBM 360/67 at the Naval Postgraduate School. Information
concerning the implementation of these programs and instruc-
tions pertaining to the use of the programs are contained
in Appendix A. Additional APSS information is available in
ATAC, Applied Technology Airborne Computer, Volume 2, AThC
Programming Support System (APSS) . The documents in this
volume provide a detailed description of how to set up and use
the APSS system. Those documents applicable to this work are:
16
1. Simulation of instruction execution.
2. Tracing option of the 16 general registers. The contentsof each register can be printed after the execution ofan instruction.
3. Accumulated program execution time printed with eachline of trace.
4
.
Instruction execution histograms by frequency ofexecution or time of execution can be created and printed
5. Partial and total simulated memory dump options.
6. Initialization of program data arrays allowing data tobe read into virtual program memory prior to programsimulation
.
The APSS Instruction-Level simulator program includes a large
repertoire of error messages to assist the applications
programmer in debugging job management and ATAC instruction
usage errors.
C . PL/ATAC
PL/ATAC , Programming Language for ATAC , is a high level,
bloclc structured language designed specifically for the ATAC
computer. The programming structure and numerous capabilities
of the language are demonstrated in Appendix C via the Pulse
Train Separator simulation program written in PL/ATAC < In
addition to hardware simulation, a specific objective in
writing this program was to prcv.ide programming examples of
the PL/ATAC language to assist the interested programmer in
learning PL/ATAC. The PL/ATAC manual (Volume 2, Section II,
ATAC) is an excellent reference but may present some difficulty
if used as a learning text.
PL/ATAC is a powerful language providing the programmer
with programming control approaching that of assembly language
17
without compromising the high level of the compiler language.
Additionally, ATAC assembly language may be intermixed with
PL/ATAC increasing programming flexibility and control with
no serious degradation of program readability.
An analysis to determine the effectiveness of applications
programming in the PL/ATAC language versus ATAC assembly
language was conducted by the author utilizing an assembler
optimized ATAC benchmark program. The results of this analysis
indicated a memory utilization increase by a factor of
approximately 2.3 times the ATAC assembly language requirement
and an execution time increase by approximately 2.4 times the
ATAC assembly language, execution time.
The PL/ATAC programmer loses some flexibility, as compared
to the assembly language programmer, due to the limitation in
the number of registers available (a maximum of five) to him.
Also, the PL/ATAC compiler currently installed at the Naval
Postgraduate School does not have a double precision capability.
Double precision calculations, if required, must be accomplished
in assembly language resulting in increased core space and
execution time required.
III. ESM ENVIRONMENT/IFM SIMULATION
Investigation revealed the existence of a computer program
[Ref. 1] designed to simulate an IFM receiver operating in
conjunction with an omni antenna in a dynamic radar environ-
ment. This program was modified to incorporate a rotating
DF antenna system. Routines were added to generate unstable
pulse trains in the form of pulse 'jitter' and/or f stagger'.
Documentation! was added to facilitate program readability
.
The DATA Simulation Program generates simulated pulsed
radar signal level data arriving at an IFM receiver via a
rotating antenna system. Current capacity allows for simula-
tion of up to ten emitter platforms with up to five emitters
per platform. This capacity may be increased by increasing
the array dimensions of the parameters associated with each
emitter-platform combination. Emitter platform and IFM
platform initial position information in X~Y grid coordinates,-
course in degrees clockwise from North, and speed in knots
are set by the program input data.
Emitter characteristics, set by the program input data,
consist of transmitter frequency in MHz, pulse repetition
interval (PRI) in milliseconds, pulse width (PW) in micro-
seconds, transmitter power in kilowatts, antenna gain in db,
antenna beamwidth in degrees, antenna scan rate in seconds
per revolution, and pulse jitter and/or stagger characteristics.
A sin(x)/x antenna radiation pattern is assumed for all emitters
19
IFM receiver characteristics, set by the program input
data, consist of receiver threshold sensitivity in dbm, upper
and lower frequency limits of the passband in MHz, minimum
time measurement capability in microseconds, antenna gain in
db, antenna scan rate in seconds per revolution, and antenna
beamwidth in degrees.
Additional program inputs include simulation start and
stop times in seconds, frequency bin size of the IFM digital
processor, and random number generator calling arguments.
Complete input data description is depicted in the program
listing following the description of the program variables.
A complete program listing is contained in Appendix B.
Utilizing the input data described, the Data Simulation
Program computes the position, course, speed, and range of
each emitter platform relative to the IFM platform. The
closest point of approach (CPA) and distance to the CPA is
computed for each emitter platform to determine if and when
a platform will be within the range of detection of the IFM.
Those emitters out of the detection range during the simulation
are listed as such. The IFM antenna's and all emitter
antennas' intial pointing directions are set by a random
process utilizing a uniform random number generator. The time
at which each emitter platform enters the capture area of the
IFM antenna's main beam is calculated and used as a basis for
computing a random transmit time for the emitters associated
with that platform.
20
Emitter maximum effective radiated power (P^) is thenE
computed utilizing the mathematical model given by
PE
= Pt
Gt
x2/ 167T'
where
P. - Transmitted Power,t '
G, = Emitter Antenna Gain,
and A = Wavelength of Signals.
Emitter maximum range of detection (R ) is computed by
Rm= (PE W*
where
G = IFM Antenna Gain,
and T, = IFM Receiver Threshold Sensitivity.
For each emitter within detection range, the minimum antenna
gain (S . ) required to break the IP'M threshold sensitivitymin
is then computed by
S • = T. /G_ P r2
mm h / r r
where
r = Distance to the Emitter.
21
Using the value of emitter transmit time previously calculated,
the emitter antenna pointing direction is calculated. Emitter
antenna gain as a function of the relative angle between the
emitter antenna and the IFM antenna is then calculated and
compared with the minimum antenna gain required to break the
IFM threshold sensitivity. If the signal level is sufficient
to break the IFM threshold, the time of arrival (TOA) of the
pulse at the IFM receiver is calculated.
If the pulse does not break the IFM threshold, the emitter
transmit time is incremented by the emitter PRI , the antenna
position is updated, and the antenna gain calculation process
is repeated until a signal level of sufficient strength is
transmitted. Should no pulse be received in the scan time
of one beamwidth of the IFM antenna, the subsequent scan of
the receiver antenna is checked and the process continues
until a pulse is received or until simulation stop time.
The time of arrival of the first pulse from each emitter
is stored in an array and, upon completion of this process
for all emitters, the array is searched for the lowest time
of arrival. The receiver antenna bearing at this TOA is
calculated and provided as output data along with the parameters
of the associated emitter. The emitter platform position is
updated and the time of arrival of the next pulse from this
emitter is calculated and stored in the array. The array is
then searched for the next lowest time of arrival and the
process repeated until simulation stop time.
22
The output of the Data Simulation Program consists of
parameters associated with each pulse received by the IFM
receiver in the proper time sequence. These parameters
include the frequency, pulse width, bearing and time of
arrival.
This data, as prepared for the ATAC simulation programs,
consists of five integers for each pulse. These integers
represent the following:
1. Emitter bearing. An integer in the range of 0-3 59.
This word represents the IFM antenna bearing at the
time of arrival of the pulse.
2. Frequency bin. The bins are numbered in ascending
order of frequency from 1-128. This range may be
altered as desired by the programmer.
3. Pulse width. The pulse width word is an integer
in the range 0-65.535. The time scaling factor is
arbitrary. Current convention is that the least
significant bit of the pulse width word corresponds
to .1 microseconds. This allows for representation
of pulse widths from 0-6.5 milliseconds to within
0.0 5 microseconds.
4. Time of arrival. Time of arrival is expressed as
a double precision (32 bit) integer. Word 4 is
the least significant half of this integer and holds
time values up to 0.84 seconds with the least signi-
ficant bit corresponding to 25.6 microseconds.
23
5. Time of arrival. The upper half of the time word
holds time values up to 15.3 hours.
The Data Simulation Program produces these outputs in
printed format and in a punched card format suitable for
acceptance by the ATAC simulation program. A sample of
the program output is contained in Appendix B following the
program listing. The program flow chart is illustrated in
Figures 1 and la.
2 4
c START
INITIALIZE CONSTANTS AND SCALE FACTORS
READ CALLING ARGUMENTS FOR RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS,SIMULATION START AND STOP TIME, IFM CHARACTERISTICS,AND IFM PLATFORM COURSE, SPEED, AND POSITION.
IINITIALIZE IFM ANTENNA POINTING DIRECTION
. _ ^ _ .
OUTPUT IFM CHARACTERISTICS
-£- READ EMITTER PLATFORM INFORMATION
f~ OUTPUT EMITTER PLATFORM INFORMATION
^PLATFORM ALTITUDE LT ZERO
No
COMPUTE EMITTER PLATFORM COURSE, SPEED,AND RANGE RELATIVE TO IFM PLATFORM
±__„COMPUTE BEARING, CPA, AND DISTANCE TO
CFA OF EMITTER PLATFORM
i
COMPUTE TIME WINDOW IN WHICH THIS PLATFORMWILL BE IN RECEIVER ANTENNA BEAMUIDTH
±READ EMITTER CHARACTERISTICS, CONVERT TO INTERNALFORM, AND COMPUTE MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER
1 "
cz OUTPUT EMITTER CHARACTERISTICS
COMPUTE MAXIMUM RANGE AT WHICH IFM CAN DETECT EMITTER—
T
"COMPUTE TIME OF ARRIVAL OF FIRST PULSE FROM EMITTER
Yes I^ IS THIS ™ E LAST EMI TTER ON T l-i IS PLATFORM^—
No
FIGURE 1. Data Simulation Program (Simplified Flowchart)
2b
r{±FIND LOWEST TOA AND OUTPUT PULSE DATA FOR THIS EMITTER
COMPUTE TOA OF NEXT PULSE FROM THIS EMITTERAND UPDATE EMITTER PLATFORM POSITION
No
<SIMULATION STOP TIMi>Yes
(ST0P
)
FIGURE la. Data Simulation Program (Simplified Flowchart)
26
IV . THE PUL5E TRAIN SEPARATOR
A. CONCEPT OF OPERATION
Data received by the IFM are routed to the Pulse Train
Separator (PTS) . If a pulse train has a stable pulse repe-
tition frequency (PRE) the PTS locks on the train and tracks
the train for a period of time determined by the receiver
antenna scan rate and beamwidth. The signal's pulse width
(PS) and pulse repetition interval (PRI) are measured and
digitized along with azimuth, time first seen and frequency.
These five parameters are used to tag the associated emitter
and are routed to the main frame computer for emitter classi-
fication. Direction of arrival is computed by azimuth cen-
troiding based on the receiver antenna bearing at the time
of arrival of the first and last pulse of the signal. The
possibility exists that, due to sin(x)/x characteristics
of emitter antennas, centroiding will be performed on ragged
signal inputs. This is not considered degrading to system
performance as meaningful direction of arrival information
will still result.
An inherent characteristic of the Pulse Train Separator
is that those stable trains with the lower values of PRI will
be separated first. This feature of the PTS is also desirable
as the data rate reduction role of the device is enhanced.
The required capacity of the device in this role of data rate
reduction has not been established and is considered a most
27
important factor in the overall ESM system design. Failure
to provide the proper level of preprocessing could result
in system software and hardware overloading and, consequently,
degraded system performance.
Those stable signals exceeding the capacity of the Pulse
Train Separator and non-stable signals such as frequency
agile signals, jittered pulse trains, staggered pulse trains,
and other exotic signals are routed through a residual signal
channel of the pulse train separator to the high speed mini
computer for parameter measurement. For each of these pulses
received, a computer word will be generated for frequency,
time of arrival, pulse width, and direction of arrival. Pulse
deinterleaving and such parameter measurements as pulse
repetition interval and pulse jitter and stagger character-
istics will be performed by the mini computer for emitter
classification
.
B. PTS SIMULATION PROGRAM
The Pulse Train Separator Simulation Program is designed
to simulate a hardware preprocessing system with a capability
of separating up to a maximum of ten stable pulse trains from
the output of an IFM receiver.
Input data to the program consist of a series of five
integer words for each pulse generated by the Data Simulation
Program; direction of arrival in degrees clockwise from North,
frequency by bin number, double precision time of arrival
(two words) in seconds with the least significant bit
28
corresponding to 2 5.G microseconds and pulse width in seconds
with the least significant bit corresponding to .1 microseconds.
These data are loaded into a large input buffer prior to the
start of the program simulation.
Each pulse within the buffer is compared in frequency
with previously received pulses within the same receiver
antenna beamwidth. If no match in frequency occurs the pulse
is considered a new signal and a pointer address is stored
in a New Signal Pointer File. If a frequency match occurs,
the pulse width of the signals are compared. Upon obtaining
a match in pulse width the matched pulse's pointer address
is stored in a five element array within the New Signal
Pointer File. Upon receipt of five pulses of a pulse train,
the program calls a local re-entrant procedure (PRICOMP)
wherein the stability of the pulse train is determined. For
purposes of this simulation a pulse train is considered
unstable if the variation in time interval between pulses
is greater than 51.2 microseconds and/or three or more
missing pulses are encountered in ragged signals. Upon
determining a pulse train to be stable, the pulse repetition
interval of the signal is calculated and the signal is
flagged as a stable train. The number of available channels
in the Pulse Train Separator is then reduced by one and the
signal is zeroed in the input buffer as each additional pulse
is received. Parameters associated with this pulse train
are stored and the signal bearing is updated as each pulse
is received through incrementation of the input buffer.
29
Upon receipt of the last pulse expected from the pulse
train, the centroid direction of arrival is calculated and
the signal information is zeroed in the New Signal Pointer
File as well as in the first five input buffer lcoations.
The time of arrival of the last pulse expected is computed
utilizing the scan time for one receiver antenna bandwidth.
Non-stable signals are flagged as such and remain in the
input buffer. Upon completion of incrementation through the
input buffer, all stable pulses, except those from trains
that remain due to PTS capacity having been exceeded, have
been zeroed from the input buffer. Parameters associated
with these trains are stored in sequence according to pulse
repetition interval.
The pulse information remaining in the input buffer,
associated with the unstable pulse trains and with pulse
trains exceeding the PTS capacity, is then compressed within
the input buffer, thus allowing for simulation of the mini
computer signal processing algorithm. In the initial design
concept of this simulation program, these remaining data,
representing the Pulse Train Separator residual channel,
would be processed by an ATAC assembly language program
incorporated as a local procedure within the PTS program
using the code selection head as described in the PL/ATAC
manual
.
A complete PL/ATAC program listing of the Pulse Train
Separator is contained in Appendix C. An assembly language
30
program generated by the PL/ATAC compiler is contained in
Appendix D. A program flowchart is illustrated in Figures
2 and 2a.
31
C START \
1
INITIALIZE PROG RAM VARIABLES
READ DATA INTO INPUT BUFFER
•/--
STORE POINTER TO FIRST PULSE IN
IN NEW SIGNAL P CI ITER FILE (NSPF)
[cbTfpuf E TRACK TIME FOR THIS SIGNAL
:
AT END OF BUFFERYeS
JCCMPRESS RESIDUAL
L
GET NEXT PULSE FROM BUFFER
r]C
DATA
STOP
JLCYCLE THROUGH NSPF UNTIL A
SIGNAL POINTER IS FOUND
^TenToF NSPF?Yes
(—JL
10
STORE SIGNALPOINTER IN
—NSPF
TEST TOA OF BUFFER SIGNAL GE
MAX EXPECTED TOA OF NSPF SIGNAL,—,—— ~
Yes
Yes _ Ju , -,
-.———<I S_N S P F SIGNAL CLASSIFIED STABLE >ZERO FIRST nvEPULSES OF THISSIGNAL IN INPUTBUFFER.PERFORM AZIMUTHCENTROIDING
"1 if
»j CLEAR ThTsTTgNaTTrOM NSP?]
FIGURE 2. The Pulse Train Separator Program Flowchart
32
/buffer sig!
\nspf 3ignai
GNAL FREQ EQ
;nal FREQ
/buffer SIG
\ EQ NSPF SI
Yes
GNAL PULSE WIDTHGNAL PW
<SIGNAL CLASSIFIED STABLE
YesYes
STORE DIRECTIONOF ARRIVAL OF THISPULSE AND ZEROPULSE IN INPUT
BUFFER
;;
<glGNAL CLASSIFIED NONSTABLE
No
<!
±IS THIS THE FIFTH PULSeX NoT STORE POINTER IN
FROM THIS TRAIN > ^ NSPF
Yes
CUTEST FOR AVAILABLTTiWiELS^J-o^ SIGNAL
~~^AS NONSTABLEW—H—— jjbw -w.y.nanmm i ! umu iJYes
:i.
TEST PULSE TRAIN FOR
STABILITY. IF STABLE,FLAG AND COMPUTE PRI.
IF NONSTABLE, FLAG
FIGURE 2a. The Pulse Train Separator Program Flowchart
33
V. DISCUSSION OF SIMULATION RESULTS
A. SUMMARY OF RESULTS
The Pulse Train Separator as described in Chapter IV
was simulated utilizing the ATAC Programming Support System
and the PL/ATAC Programming Language. The particular hardware
system simulated was arbitrarily given the capability of
deinterleaving and preprocessing up to nine radar pulse trains
Input data, provided by the Data Simulation Program,
consisted of a mixture of stable and non-stable pulse trains
from eighteen emitters located on six platforms geographically
positioned so as to be intercepted in one receiver antenna
beamwidth. The receiver antenna beamwidth was arbitrarily
set at five degrees,
Using a receiver antenna scan rate of two seconds per
revolution, the Data Simulation Program generated a total of
365 pulses as IFM output during one antenna main beam sweep
of the eighteen emitters. These pulses represent approxi-
mately 2 8 milliseconds of real time data. The Pulse Train
Separator Simulation Program, in processing nine of the pulse
trains, removed 2 77 pulses from the input data and routed
8 8 pulses through the residual channel. These 88 pulses
represent the unstable pulse trains and the lower pulse
repetition frequency (PRF) signals. Accurate pulse repetition
interval calculations as well as accurate azimuth centroiding
was performed en all preprocessed pulse trains.
34
B. CONCLUSIONS
The Data Simulation Program provides realistic data to
the APSS programs. The program produces reasonably complex
data in the form of jittered pulse trains and staggered
pulse trains. Pulse trains transmitted at sufficiently low
power levels are produced with missing pulses due to sin(x)/x
effects
.
The Pulse Train Separator Simulation Program demonstrated
the use of the PL/ATAC language and functions as designed to
preprocess ESM signals. This program is somewhat inefficient
in its present form for two reasons. First, the limitation
of five registers allocated to the programmer by the PL/ATAC
compiler leads to a significant increase in program execution
time as compared to a program written in ATAC assembly language
As the programmer gains experience with the PL/ATAC language,
this limitation of the compiler may be overcome somewhat by
programmer 'tricks 1 to gain use of registers.
The lack of a double precision capability in the current
version of the PL/ATAC compiler installed on the IBM 360/57
at the Naval Postgraduate School created a severe handicap
in writing the Pulse Train Separator Simulation Program and
also contributes to program inefficiency. Each double
precision calculation performed requires a program segment of
assembly language and the housekeeping involved results in
increased program execution time.
Even with these limitations it is felt that the simulation
programs presented in this work provide the framework for ESM
35
software development and applications programming at the
Naval Postgraduate School.
C. RECOMMENDATIONS
Based upon the experience and results obtained from this
study, recommendations for follow-on study in the area of
ESM software development are as follows:
1. Continue study of the Pulse Train Separator Programand optimize the basic algorithm.
2
.
Implement the resulting improved algorithm in ATACassembly language.
3. Use the Data Simulation Program and optimized hardwaresimulation with APSS to develop and optimize ESM signalprocessing algorithms.
4
.
Continue use of the PL/ATAC compiler to develop andtest hardware simulation and other programs prior toimplementation in ATAC assembly language.
36
APPENDIX A
INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLATION AND USE OF THE ATACPROGRAMMING SUPPORT SYSTEM (APSS) ON THE IBM 360/67OPERATING SYSTEM AT THE NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
A. INSTALLATION
The ATAC Programming Support System is currently loaded
on the 2 321 Data Cell. Data set names and their locations
are as follows:
1. S1615.RDS.LOADLIB - CEL 007
2. S1616.RDS.APSS ~ CEL 005
3. S1615.RDS.PLATAC - CEL 001
In the event of failure of the Data Cell these data sets may
be reloaded from the APSS source tape stored at the W.R.
Church Computer Center under the name 'ATI. 006'.
File #1 of this tape contains a description of the tape.
File #2 contains examples of the JCL required to create and
run APSS. The instructions contained in this file are super-
seded by the instructions contained here. The following JCL
is required to list these files:
//(STANDARD JOB CARD)//EXEC PGM-IEBGENER//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//SYS IN DD DUMMY//SYSUT2 DD SYSOUT=A, DCE= (LRECL=80 f RECFM=F ,BLKSIZE=80)
LABEL=(1,SL, ,IN),DCB=(BLKSIZE=800,LRECL=80,RECFM=FB) ,VOL=SER=ATI00 6 ,DSN=FILE1
// EXEC PGM=IEBGENER// SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//SYS IN DD DUMMY//SYSUT2 DD SYSOUT=A,DCB=(LRECL=89,RECFM=F,BLKSIZE=80)//SYSUT1 DD UNIT= (2400,, DEFER) ,DISP= (OLD, PASS) ,
LABEL- (1,SL, ,IN) , DCB= (BLKSIZE=800 ,LRECL=80)
,
RECFM=FB,VOL=SER=ATI006,DSN=FILE2
37
File #3 of the source tape contains the object module
library of APSS and is required to build the APSS Instruction
Level Simulator. File #4 contains the PL/ATAC Compiler object
module. The following steps are required to build APSS from
files 3 and 4
.
1. Read files 3 and 4 from tape to disc storage. Special
arrangements should be made to insure that, the disc pack used
has sufficient unallocated space for this step and the
following step of this procedure. SP00L3 has been made
available in the past and is the disc used in the JCL of this
example. The load modules from file 3 are moved into a disc
file named 'S1614 . RDS .LOADLIB' . File 4 is moved into a disc
file named ' S1615 .RDS .PLATAC * . The utility control statements
may be changed to rename the files as they are being loaded
onto the disc. The JCL statements required are as follows:
// (STANDARD JOB CARD)//STEP1 EXEC PGM=IEIIMOVE , REGI0N=100K//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//SYSUT1 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(TRK, (40) ,
,CONTIG)//DAI DD UNIT=2314 ,DSN=S1615. RDS. LOADLIB,//SPACE=(TRK, (50,10,10) , ,CONTIG) ,
//DISP= (NEW, KEEP) ,VOL=SER=SPOOL3//T1TAPE DD UNIT= (2400, , DEFER) ,DISP= (NEW, PASS)
,
LABEL=(3,SL, ,IN)
,
//DCB= (DEN=2,BLKSIZE=800,LRECL=80,RECFM=FB)
,
VOL=SER=ATI006//SYS IN DD *
COPY PDS=ATI. APSS. LOADLIB, TO=2 314=SPOOL3,TODD=DAl,FR0MDD=T1TAPE, *
FROM=2400=(ATI006,3) ,RENAME=S1 6 15 .RDS .LOADLIBCOPY DSNAME=ATI .APSS.PLATAC ,TO«2 314=SPOOL3
,
FR0MDD=T1TAPE , TODD=DA2 , *
FROM=24 00~(ATI00 6,4) ,RENAME=S1615 .RDS . PLATAC//DA2 DD UNIT=2314,DSN=S1615. RDS. PLATAC, SPACE=(TRK,
(20,10) ,RLSE)
,
//DISP= (NEW, KEEP) , VOL=SER=SPOOL3 ,LABEL=RETPD=360/*
38
2. The Library (named ' S1615 .RDS .LOADLIB' ) now on the
disc must be built into an absolute load module of the entire
APSS system. The module thus built (named ' S1615 .RDS . APSS '
)
will be stored permanently on cell 005 of the data cell. This
file may also be renamed as desired. The following JCL state-
ments are required.
//(STANDARD JOB CARD)//BUILD EXEC PGM=IEWL,REGION=150K,//PARM='OVLY,XREF,LET,LIST,SIZE= (256K, 20480)
'
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//LIBRARY DD DSN=S1615 . RDS . LOADLIB ,UNIT=2 314
,
VOL=SER=SPOOL3 , DISP=SHR//SYSLIB DD DSNAME=3YS1.F0RTLIB / DISP=SHR//SYSLMOD DD DSNAME=S1615 . RDS .APSS , UNIT=2 321
,
VOL=SER=CEL00 5,//DISP= (NEW, KEEP) , LABEL=RETPD=360
,
//SPACE=(TRK, (300,20,2) ,RLSE)//SYSUT1 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(TRK, (19,19) , ,CONTIG) ,
SEP=SYSLMOD//SYSLIM DD*INCLUDE LIBRARYEPMUDLNCHANGE MSIMEIHESAPDNINCLUDE LIBRARY (APSSMON)INCLUDE LIBRARY (MSIM4 ,ASEM5 , SIM16A, SIMTRl ,SIMI01 , GUL)INCLUDE LIBRARYEXPLMONNOVERLAY AlINSERT MSIMUL, *MSIMULA, IHENTRY , IHESAPINSERT MINT, IN, OUTINSERT IHEDBN, IHEXIDINSERT IHEBSM, IHECSMINSERT IHEBSK, IHEIOX, IHEIOP, IHEDID, IHEDOBINSERT IHEBIB, IHEDOA, IHEIOBINSERT IHEIOA, IHEOCLINSERT IHEBSD, IHEBSFINSERT IHEJXSINSERT IHEOSD, IHEOST, IHEBSIINSERT IHEVPE, IHEDMA, IHEVFBINSERT IHEDNC, IHEVFD, IHEVFA, IHEVPD, IHEVPB, IHEVSCINSERT IHEVSD, IHEVFE, IHEDCN, IHEUPBINSERT IHEVFC, IHEVPE, IHEVPG, IHEVQB , IHEVQCINSERTIHEABN, IHEIOD, IHEIOF, IHEPRT, IHEVQA, 1HESPRTINSERT IHEBEG, IHEERR, IHESIZINSERT MI SETOVERLAY AlINSERT ASSEM, REWIND, REW72 , DSKOUT, CARDIN, DISKIN,
ERPRT, PRIADD
39
INSERT WRDATfl, PRICOM, PRINOR, WRITEX, REFTIT, PREF,ERTIT
OVERLAY AlINSERT PARMRD, PRESIMOVERLAY AlINSERT SMLTR, NRMTRM, STRTSM, TPAGEINSERT RDCRD, ABNRMT, ARTHFP, TRACE, HGRAM, HGRAMI ,
HGRAMSINSERT IOINIT, ACTIVE, SIMTIMINSERT DEVDTA, ACT, TIME, INT, RAND, DEADT , DEBUGOVERLAY A
2
INSERT LEVEL, DMAIOI , DMAIOA, DMAIOD, RIOIOINSERT REMACT, DMA, DMATM, RIO, RIOTM, RIOINT, INTOLY
,
DMAINTINSERT DTRAN, PUTACT , RANDOMOVERLAY AlINSERT HGPRNTOVERLAY AlINSERT LAODEROVERLAY AlINSERT LINK, ENTEXT, SLLKOVERLAY AlINSERT PLATAC, IOPACKOVERLAY $OBJECTEREGIONNINSERT OBJECT, INIT, LIB, RCALPH , RCHEX, RCINTINSERT MDATEOVERLAY $DUMPEREGIONNINSERT SMDUMP f PAGEENTRY MAINNAME APSS/*
3. The PL/ATAC compiler object module on the disc must
be moved to the data cell.
//(STANDARD JOB CARD)//EXEC PGM=IEBGENER//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//SYSUT1 DD DISP=SHR,UNIT=2 314 ,VOL=SER=SPOOL3
,
//DSN=S 1615. RDS . PLATAC//SYSUT2 DD DISP=(NEV7,KEEP) , UNIT=2 321 , VOL=SER=CEL001
,
//DCB=(RECFM=FT,BLKSIZE=718 8) ,LABEL-RETPD=360
,
//SPACE= (7180, (20,0) ) ,DSN=S1615 . RDS .PLATAC//SYS IN DDGENERATE/*
40
4. The Library ( ' S1615 .RDS.LOADLID' ) must now be moved
from the disc to the data cell for permanent storage. This
library contains modules necessary for successful execution
of the PL/ATAC compiler. The required JCL statements to
accomplish this step are as follows:
//(STANDARD JOB CARD)//EXEC PGM=IEDCOPY//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//SYSUT1 DD DISP=SHR,UNIT=2 314,VOL=SER=SPOOL3,//DSN=S1615.RDS.LOADLIB//SYSUT2 DD DISP= (NEW, KEEP) ,UNIT=2321,VOL=SER=CEL007,//DSW=S1615.RDS.LOADLIB,SPACE=(7294, (61,0,14) ) ,
//DCB=(RECFM=UT / BLKSIZE=7294) ,LABEL=RETPD=360//SYSUT3 DD UNIT=SYSDA ,SPACE= (TRK , (20,5)
)
//SYSUT4 DD UNIT=SYSDA, SPACE= (TRK, (20,5)
)
//SYS IN DD *
COPY OUTDD=SYSUT2,IWDD=SYSUTl/*
B. USER INSTRUCTION
The JCL required to compile and execute PL/ATAC programs
is as follows:
//(STANDARD JOB CARD)//PLATAC EXEC PGM=XPLMON , PARM=' ALTER' , REGION=20 OK//STEPLIB DD DSN=S1615.RDS.L0ADLIB,UNIT=2321,DISP=SHR,
VOL=SER=CEL0 7
//PROGRAM DD DSN=S1615 .RDS .PLATAC,UNIT=2321 ,VOL=SER=CEL001
,
DISP=SHR//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A//FT05F001 DD DDNAME=SYSIN//FT0 6F001 DD SYSOUT=A//FT27F001 DD DSN=&&PLCODE , SPACE= (TRK , (20,10) ,RLSE)
,
// DCB=(BLKSIZE=3520,LRECL=80,RECFM=FB) ,DISP= (NEW , PASS , DELETE)
,
// UNIT=SYSDA//SYSIN DD *
PL/ATAC Program
41
//APSS EXEC PGM=APSS REGION-2 00K//STEPLIB DD DSN=S1615.RDS . APS S,UNIT=2 321, DISP= (OLD, KEEP)
,
// VOL=SER=CEL005,DCB=BLKSIZE=400//FT05F001 DD DDNAME=SYSIN//FTO 6F00 1 DD SYSOUT=A , DCB=- (RECFM=FBA , LRECL= 13 3, BLKSIZE= 3325)//FT08F001 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE= (CYL, 1) ,DCB=BUFNO=l//FT09F001 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE= (CYL, (7 ,2) ) ,
DCB= (RECFM=VBS .. BLKSIZE=7180 ,LRECL=92 ,BUFNO=l)//FT10F001 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(CYL, (7,2) ) ,
DCB=(RECFM=VBS,BLKSIZE=4204 ,LRECL=42 ,BUFNO=l)//FT20F001 DD UNIT=SYSDA, SPACE- (CYL , (7 , 2) ) ,
DCB=(BUFNO=1,RECFM=VBS,BLKSIZE=2 04 ,LRECL=500)//FT27F001 DD DSN=&&PLCODE,UNIT=SYSDA,DISP= (OLD, DELETE)
,
DCB=BUFNO=l//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A ,DCB= (RECFM=FBA,LRECL=13 3 ,BLKSIZE=3325)//SYSIN DD *
$END/*
42
APPENDIX B
DATA SIMULATION PROGRAM FORTRAN LISTING AND OUTPUT
A description of program variables is included in the
Data Simulation Program listing. The input data deck setup
is also included in the listing.
43
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61
APPENDIX C
PULSE TRAIN SEPARATOR SIMULATION PROGRAM PL/ATAC LISTING
Program variables are described as they are declared in
the program.
62
SIMPLE PL/ATAC CUMPlLtR VERSION Of FEBRUARY 1. 19/4. ClOCK TIME
TODAY IS MAR^H 18, 1975. CLOCK TIMt = 22:57:29.51.
9:51 :33. 79.
1
2
456789101112131415161716192021222324252o2726293uJl32333433i63 73639404l424344*546474649505152535455DO57565-si
6061o26364656667c>6
697071727374757o77
TOGGLES: $PUNCH9***11/
/"* PL/ATAl. PULSE TPAiN SEPARATOR
N o f *****
1 HI S VcRSlUN Or PL/ATAC CONTAINS NO DOUBLE PRECISION CAPABILITYNECESSITATING EMPLOYMENT OF THl 'CODE' COLLECTION HEAD WHtREOGJBLt PRECISION CALCOLATIONS ARE PERFORMED.
******»*****;>*********
PROGRAMSYSTEMSTABLERECEIVEANTENNAASSOMuOPUlSl T
lfM RFCCf FIVE
1 .
2.3,4.
I S DWi THPOLStR OPE. FCTO 6
RA I NEIVERWORDLlOAFrtETIM
WAREUPAN
A HiECTIKco
THETED
SIGNAL PREPROCESSINGTO A MAXIMUM OF TENIFM RECEIVtR. THc IFMGH GAIN SCANNINGON OF ARRIVAL (OOA) ISOLVER GATED BY THEOUTPUT PULSES FROM THEBY LOADING A SERIES
UPONCN T
BEAMAZl MPOLSEMITWITHCLAS
THI SBUFFRESIHIGHPkI,AC TlINPUPROG
5. PJLRECEIPT
hE TrainWIDTH.UTH CENTE OF THETeh A S S
U
THE TRASIT I OAT I
1. EMI2. FRE
TIMPULPOL
,4.5.6.OUTPUT
ER.DUAL PULSPEEd MJl TTEk
ON IS siT BUFFERkAM WHIG
ESIGM l^ ATRA
RATER SIE 06SEPEFED
S FO- I
vUcNE OF
SE MOFAND
ThEPCIDTrtA
Oi ATIN,CNiTTERCUENE FISE WSE RIS s
SES PASS THROUGH A SEPARATE CHANNEL OF THE PTS TO AIN! COMPUTER WHERE THEY ARE PROCESSED TO CETERMINEAND STAoGER CHARACTERISTICS IF THEY EXIST. THISMUlAIED 6Y COMPREsSING THE RESIDUAL DATA WITHIN THETO 3E PROCESSED BY AN 4TAC ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
H MAY BE INCORPORATED USING THc CuDE COLLECTION HEAD
I\ED T°AblLINS FS INrtULATIAINERATORTO T
R EACN DEGCY -
ARRI
IDTHIFIVECONTPOLSEING,IN, I
cD WiGUTPUCONS I
BEARCYRST SIDTHEPETIIMUlA
SI1 TYROMCON JIONU FRI PTSHE ?H t>j
REESIN T
VALI
Pw)PULSINUEREP
BAstS EMTH T
T TOSTING
EEN
MULATE AOF SEPARTHE UUTPUNCTIONPURPOSESOM AN AZ1 HARJWATS ARE SLSE RECE
LSB =ERMS OFTut) - D
L- LSB =.ES CF AS TO TRAET IT IOND ON DO APLOYcJ T
HE TRAINA MA INF
F A SERI
HARDAT iNGUT OF«I TH, DIRIMUTHRE.IMJLAIVED.1 DEGFREUUOUBLESB =
1 MIST4BLCK Trl
INTERANDCOMTH
RAMEES OF
ENCYPRE
25.6CROS
TRE TRVALITUAPUTEE PACOMPSIX
BIN OF THE PULSECI SI ON VALUcMICROSECONDS.ECONDAIN, THE PTS LOCKSA IN FOR ONE ANTENNAPRI ) IS COMPUTED ANDOF Trir FIRST AND LASTTHE BEARING CF THE
RAMETERS ASSOCIATEDUTck FOR SIGNALWORDS.
TION INTERVALTED BY STORING THE PARAMETERS IN A MEMORY
/m**** GLOBAL VARIABLES ****"/
/" DESCRIPTION OF GLOBAL VARIABLES
RAM VARIAuLES
BUf 4000 WCRO INPUT SUFFERNS NEW SIGNAL POINTER FILE. HOLDS POINTERS TO A MAXIMUM OF 5
PULSES FOR EACH EMITTER UP TO 40 EMITTERS.TMIN D003LE PRECISION TIME FIRST SEENNC PTS ACTIVE CHANNEL COONTER. INITIAL VALUE DETlkMINES
NUMBER OF CHANNELS OF PTS. MAX NO CHANNELS = 10-NC INITPI TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN PULSESPRI PULSE REPETITION INTERVALCHAN 24o WORD BUFFcR 1^ WHICH STABLE PULSE TRAIN PARAMETERS ARl
STOREDcndx index tc chanc1n.jx index to chandp data pointerssf stable signal foundNSsF ^UN-STAdlE SIGNAL FOUND
1
234567
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63
'•/
REGISTER VAPIAuLES
I , J NS F ILE INDEXESBP bJFFcK CUIMtK
CECLAP.E dUF< r)999)RA,MDECLARE .MSI 199JRAMDEC LAKE TMI N( 7S.) RAMDECLAKEINCPI (5) iPK I < I) .CNOXJRAMDECLARE CHAN* 120 JRAMCECLARE NSSF139IRAMDECLARE SSM39) RAMLECLAKE C INOA ( 3S J •'AMCECLAkc ( BP, i , J) REGISTERDECLARE OP RAM
DEFINE TRUEToL = <f Al.SE.TRUEl
LCCAc PRCCEDURt PR1CCMP
/"
"/
PklLOMP DETERMINES THE STABILITY OF A PULSE TRAIN. IF STABLETHE PRI IS COMPUTED ANu THE MAIN IS FLAGGED AS A STABLE TRAIN.ALL PARAMETERS EXCEPT CF ARE LOADED INTO THE CHANNEL BUFFER.IF THE TRAIN IS NGN STABLE IT IS FLAGbEO AS SUCH.
DESCRIPTION CF VARIABLES
K,KK INDEXlS FOR CALCULATIONSMP MlSSInb PULSE COUNTERPRITE^i CALCULAIICN VALUE OF PRI
DEC I ARE (K,MP,KK,KJ,PRITEM)RAMK=2KK=KJ=1MP=0
'" TEjT PULSE INTERVALS TC DETERMINE STABILITY OF TRAIN. A PULSETRAIN IS CONSIDERED STABLE IP NO MORE THAN TWO MISSING POLSESARE ENCOUNTERED IN INITIAL PULSES AND VARIATIONS IN TIMEINTERVAL dETWEEN PULSES DOES NOT EXCEED «- 51.2 MICROSECONDS. "/
( . (SK-1 ) . )/iKK IN lalPH .£K..)/a!KJ-2) TO ( AlPI ( .3K. ) /3KJ *2 »
LuGPl :
% DOTESTaMP>2
IFSO: LEAVE LOCP1ENDTEST dPI< . (d)K-l ) . )/£KK
ABOVE
:
DOMP=oMP+
1
KK-iKK+1REPEAT LCCPlEND
BELOW: DOMP-£MP + 1
KJ=3K.I*1RcPEAI LCOP1END
ENDK=^K -
1
KK = j/KJKJ=1TEST 2K>4
IF NOT: REPEAT LCOP1END
'«/
COMPUTE PRI AND TEST FCR ROUND OFFRCJND UP BY 1.
:RROR. IF ERROR EXISTS
K=lPRII IEPRIK = iENDPRIPRITES
END
=
RATE 4 TIMES-o PRU-o.Pl ( .SJK. J
<*1
TEM=3PRI=3PRi/(4*3MP)I oJPRITEM MCD< 4«-£MPi >(»*<DMPl/2IFSO: PRI = aPR£H
LOAD PARAMETERS INTO CHANNEL BUFFER
DP = jINS( ..ill . )
CNDX = o)CNDX«-6C INDXl .a/I/5. ) = o.CNOXCHA\( . (u;CNDX+ I )
Cf-i 4 1 .( 3CNDX*-2)CHA\( . ( oJCNlDXr i\ .
ChA<l . <a)CNUA*t ) .
CHANC . ( c*CN0X + 5) .
BUF( .( duPf 1) . i
=a7MlN( . <a'I/5*2 ) . )
= aUMIN( . ( Jl /5*2*l ) . )
= »lrUFI . ( *uP*<f) . )
=SPRI
/" FLAu PULSE TRAIN AS STABLE AND INCREMENT CHANNEL COUNTER "/
SSF( .Ui/bi . J TRUENc=a NC
1
RETURNEND LCCPl
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1 150 PR IP
) 151 PR COMP) 152 PR COMP) 153 PR COMPi 154 PR COMP) 155 PR COMPi 156 PR COMPJ 157 PR CCMP; 156 PR COMPJ 159 PR COMP) 160 PK COMP) 161 PRJ 162 PR [COMP) 163 PR C. 1 P
) 164 PR COMP) 165 PR CCMP) 166 PR CC "IP
) 167 PK COMP) 168 PR CL^MP) 169 PR) 170 PR) 171 P* COMPJ 172 PR CC IP
) 173 PR COMP) 174 PR COMP) 175 PK 1
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) 1 76 PR -
) 177 PR C i MP) 178 PR 1
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64
/" TRAIN I A1LE0 STABILITY TEST. FLAG TRAIN AS NON STABLE "/
NSsF (. (Si/a). )=TRGEEND PR1COMP
PROCEDURE MAIN
/" DESCRIPTION CF VARIABLES
"/
BRNGFbRNOLCON I
CON2I I , JJ
TCAUTKAXT M I NT7EMTTEST
RCVk ANTENNA BEARING AT TOA OF FIRST PULSE OF A SIGNALRLVR ANTENNA CcARIno AT TuA OF LAST PJLSE CF A TRAINDOUBLE PRECISION TIME CALCULATION VARIABLEuGuoLt PRLCISIGN TiME CALCULATION VARIABLEINDICES
SCANIM RCVR ANTENNA SCAN TIME FOR ONE 6EAMWI0THTCAL LOWER HALF DOUBLE PKcCISION TIME OF ARRIVAL
UPPER HALF DOUBLE PRECISION TIME OF AkRIVALEXPECTED TIME OF LAST PUlSE INTERCEPTDUUJLE PRECISION TI.'.E OF ARRIVAL OF FIRST PULSEDCUoLt PRECISION TIME CALCULA1ION VARIABLEDOUBLE PRECISION TIME CALCULATION VARIAbLE
DECLARE (BRNGF ,8RNGL(39J , SC ANT Ml 1 ) , I I , J J , S TR ) R AMDECLARE* TCAL, TO AU,TMAX(7V) , TItSTI 1 J , TTEMI 1)) RAMULCLAREICUNKI) ,C0N2( 1) I RAM
/" INITIALIZE VARIABLES "/
CNDX=-6SCANTM=i 1201=0BP =NC = 1
/" StT NEW SIGNAL FCINTER FILE TO NEGATIVc VALUES "/
ITERATE 200 TIMESNS( .il . )=-li=ai+iEND1=0NS< .i.1 . )=0
LCAD INPUT BUFFER FROM CARDS
READ_UECieUP,bUF*39991
"/
MAINLP:55 DO
/" LCAD DP TOA OF FIRST PULSE OF SIGNAL FROM INPUT BUFFER ANOCOMPUTE EXPECTED TIME OF ARRIVAL Of LAST PULSE BASED ON RCVRANTENNA SCAN TIME FOR ONE ANTENNA BEAMrtlDTH "/
TCAL = a)BUF< . OeP*2) . )
TCAu=abUF< . (aBP+3) .
)
CCDELDRM D, 14, TCAL,
2
DAUD D,14,SCANTMSTRM D,14,TTEM,2
END&TR=2I/5*2TMAX< .dsT*
.
) = <£TTEMTMAX(.(o)STRtl).J=aTTEM(.l.)TMINI .a/SlR. J = £TOALTMINI.IoiSTRtl) . )=<iTGAU
COMPUTE:% DC
/"
INCREMENT BUFFER POINTER Ai^O CHECK AT BUFFER LIMIT. IFSO, GOCOMPKtSS RESIDUAL PULSES WITHIN INPUT BUFFER FOR FUTHER PROCESSING
6F=iBP*5TEST i,bP>3999
IFSu: LEAVE MAINLPEND
IF NO SIGNAL IN BUFFER INDEXED BY BUFFER POINTER INCREMENTPOINTER AND REPEAT COMPOTE "/
TEST o)BUF( .a)BP.)ZERO: REPEAT CCMPUTc
END1=0J =
SORT :
% DC
/" IF AT END uF NEW SIGNAL POINTER FILE, LEAVE SORT "/
TEST ?I>195IFSo: LEAVE iORT
END
/" IF NEW SIGNAL POINTER FILE INDEXED bY 1 IS EMPTY INDEX ANDCHECK NcXT LOCATION "/
TEST iJNSt.ai.)N E G : DO
REPEAT SCRT
) 133 PRICi^P) 1
;', PR1 ( 1 MJ 18b Pf UOMP) 186 PRICOMPJ 187 PRICuMP> 186i levJ 190) 191 Ma I Ni 19^ MAIN) 193 MAINi 194 MAIN) 195 MAIN) 196 MAIN> 197 MAIN) 196 MAIN) 199 MAIN1 200 MAI N) 201 MAINJ 202 MAINJ 203 MAINi 204 MAIN) 205 MAINJ 206 MAIN) 207 MAIN) 20 8 MAI N) 209 MAIN) 210 MAI N) 211 MAIN) 212 MAIN) 213 MAI N) 214 MAINI 215 MAIN) 21b MAIN) 217 MAINi 218 MAINJ 21 C
J MAI N) 220 MAIN) 221 MAI N) 222 MAINI 2?j MAINi 224 MAIN) 225 MAIN) 2Zo MAINJ 227 MAINJ 228 MAIN; 229 MAI N) 230 MAI NJ 23! MAIN) 2^.2 MAIN) 233 M A I N) 234 MAIN» 235 MAIN) 236 MAIN1 237 MAI N) 238 MAIN) 239 MAIN) 240 MAIN! 241 MAIN) 242 MAIN1 243 MAI NJ 244 M A I N) 245 MAIN) 246 H A I N) 247 MAINJ 248 MAI N) 249 MAI N) 2 50 MAI N) 251 MAIN) 252 MAIN) 253 M A I N) 254 MAIN) 255 MAIN) 25o MAIN) 257 MAIN) 25 3 MAIN) 259 M A I NJ 26 MAIN) 261 MAIN) 2t>2 MAIN) 263 MAIN1 2ct MAI N) 265 MAIN) 266 MAIN) 267 MAINj 268 M A i N1 269 MAIN) 270 rtAIN) 271 MAI N
i 272 MAIN) 273 :, A 1 N) 274 M A i N) 275 MAIN) 27o M t 1 N) 2 77 MAIN) 2/8 MAI N) 279 MAIN1 280 MAIN) 281 MAI NJ 232 MAIN) 283 MAIN) 284 MAINJ 285 MA 1 M
) 286 MAI N) 28 7 M .1 1 M
65
ENDEND
compare toa ct buffer signal with tmax oh signal found in newsignal pointer file. if toa of buffer signal is greater thanor euual tu imax, test fok stable signal in ns pcinthr filf.if signal has bten classified stable, reset active channelcounter and ssp flag, zero first five pulses from this signalin input buffer and compute emitter bearing using first andOCA OF SIG.MAl "/
COMCLMCCN2CON2CODE
ENDTEST
N
= o,duFI - (3dF«-2) . )
( .1 . )=3bOF( . laBPt3) .J= ojTMAX( . ( 31 /5*«i) . J
( .i . )=a,TMAX( . Ul/5*t*l ) . I
LDRM D,14,CGN1,2LORM D,7,CCN2,2DSUB P,7,14STRM D,7,TTEST,2
3TTESIEG, ZERO
TtSTP
END
: 00alSSH .131/5) .)OS: DO
NC=3NC-1SSf
(
.lal/5) .)=FALS6B RNGF =3 BUF I . ( aNS I . 3 I . ) ) . J
I 1=0ITERATE 5 TIMES
JJ =I IERATE 5 TIMES
buf(. unsi. <ai«-aii) ,)«-ajjj.) = ojj=3j j+i
ENDI I^IIt 1
ENDCHAM .3CINDXI .3 1/5 . ). ) = (3BRNGF*-3 8RNGL< . J 1/5. ) 1/2END
/" IF NS POINTER FILE SIGNAL HAS BEEN CLASSIFIED AS NON STABLERESET NSSF FLAG "/
NSSFI . <3I/5 I . )=FALSE
/" CLEAR THE SIGNAL FROM NS POINTER FILE "
/
11=0ITERATE 5 TIMESnsi . <an-iii ). )=-lIi=3II+lEND1=31*5REPEAT SORT
ENDENDTEST o,8UF( . (3EP+1) . >==3BUFl . < a,N 3 < . 31 . ) + 1 ) . I
IFNOT: DJI=3I*5REPEAT SCkTEND
END
/" TEST FOR MATCH BETWEEN BUFFER SIGNAL FREQ AND PW AND NS SIGNALPOINTER FILE FRE« AND Pw. IF 30TH JO NOT MATCH REPEAT SORT.IF MATCH OCCURS AND SIGNAL HAS BEEN CLASSIFIED AS STABLE,ZERO bUFFER SIGNAL AND REPEAT COMPUTE. IF SIGNAL HAS BEENCLASSIFIED As NCN STABLE, REPEAT COMPUTE. "/
TEST 36UF(.<3BP + 4).1= = 3BUF(.(3NS(.31.)«-4).IIFNOT: DO
1=31+5REPEAT sORTEND
ENDTEST 3SSFI . [31/51 .)
NONZERO: DOBRNuLI . o<l/5. )=33UF( . 3BP. i
11=0ITERATE 5 TIMES60F( . (33P+3I I ). )=0I 1=31 iHEND
REPEAT COMPUTEEND
ENDTEST 3NSSFI . (31/5) .)==TRUE
IFSO: REPEAT COMPUTEEND
/" IF SIGNAL HAS NOT BEEN CLASSIFIED, STORE BUFFER PuINTER INNS foINTER FILE. IF THIS IS ThE FIFTH PULSE ASSOCIATED WITHThIS TRAIN, CcMPUTr TIME INTERVALS BETwEEN PULSES AND cAlLFCa Pki COMPUTATION. "/
ITERATE 3 IIMESJ=aiJ + l
TEST o/NS( . (31 <3J1 .)NfcG: DO
NSI . (31 to, J) . J=3BPREPEAT COMPOTEEND
ENDFNO
) 238 MA N) 2 8 V HA IN) 290 MA N> 291 MA N) 292 MA N) 293 MA NJ 29 4 MA N) 295 MA INJ 29b MA NJ 29 7 MA IN) 298 MA N) 29v MA N) 300 MA IN) 301 MA N) 302 MA •.
) 303 MA N) 304 MA -i
) 305 MA N) 306 MA NI 307 MA N| 308 MA NI 30 9 HA NI 310 MA N) 311 MA N) 312 MA NJ 313 MA N» 314 MA N) 315 MA N) 316 MA N) 317 MA N) 31o MA NJ 319 MA N) 320 MA N) 321 MA N) 322 MA N> 323 MA N) 324 MA N) 325 MA N) 326 MA NI 32/ MA N) 323 MA NI 329 MA N) 330 MA N) 331 MA NJ 332 MA N) 333 MA N) 334 MA N) 335 MA N) 336 MA N) 337 MA Ni 338 MA IN) 339 MA N) 340 MA NJ 34 1 MA N) 342 MA N) 343 MA N) 344 MA NJ 345 MA N) 346 MA N) 347 MA N) 348 M A N) 349 MA N) 350 MA N) 351 MA N1 352 MA N) 353 MA NJ 354 MA I
s;
) 355 MA]'
) 35o MA N) 357 MA N) 358 HA N) 359 MA NI 360 MA N1 3ol MA N) 362 MA N) 363 MAI N) 364 MA N) 365 MAI N> 366 MA N) 367 MAI N1 368 MA N) 369 MA N> 370 MAI N} 371 MAI N) 372 MA] N) 373 MA] N) 3/4 MA N) 375 M/S N) 376 MA NJ 37/ ma: N) 378 MAI Ni >79 ma; NJ 380 MAI N1 381 MAI N! 38 2 MAI .
1 383 MAI Nk 384 MA] r.
) 3J:> ,;. ,
» 386 MAI N
) 5a I MAI N) 388 MAI .
» 389 MAI NJ 3*0 MA! N) 391 MAI N) 392 MAI N
66
NS< . InJl *4) .l^aBPIEST i«NC»=10
IFSU: uONSSF I
.
I cl /5)
.
t = TKuEREPEAT COMPUTEENO
ENDJ=li TfcRAI t 4 flMfcSPl<.a/J.)=iBUFl.ta)NS(.(3Ua'JJ.U2). )- ioUFl . ( i)NS ( . ( 3 I to. J- I ) . J f 2 ) . J
TEST ojPI I . alj. J
NEo: Pi I .ij. )=3PI < .3J.)+327o7ENDj=3J+iENDCALL PRICOMPUREPEAT COMPUTE
END SCKl1=0CYCLETEST 3NS(.3I . )
NEG: OJNS( .31 . )=38PREPEAT MAINLPEND
ENDTEST ( I=3I«-5I>195
IFSU: DODUMP DEC(NS,NS*195)RETURNENO
ENDEND
END COMPUTEEND J»AINLP
/" ROUTINE oELCrt COMPRtSSES RESIDUAL PULSES WITHIN THE INPUTBUrt-tK. AN ATAo ASbtMBLf LANGUAGE CKUi.KAN Tu PKOCtSS THISRESIDUAL MAY BE INCORPORATED dETwEEN THE END AND END MAINSTATEMENTS UTILIZING THc CODE COLLECTION HEAD. "/
BP =ZEROCK:
% CYCLETEST 3BUFI .3BP+1. )
ZERO: DODP=36PLEAVE ZERDCK
ENDENDBF=3BP+5
END ZEROCK.CYCLE
bP=3BP*5TEST 36P>j-,95
IPSO: DORETURNEND
cNDTEST 3BUFI . 13BP+1). >= =
IFNuT: DO1 =
ITERATE 5 TIMESBUT-t . i<iiUP*6il ).)=3BUF<.<3bP*3II.)BUF( . ( 33P *JI ) . ) =I=3I+1
ENODP = <iDP + 5END
ENDEND MAIN
END
/h**** LINK MODULE FCR EXcCUTING PL/AT4C PROGRAM.SEXECUI I Vc
* * * * ii /MCOULE LiNK
DcLLARc PkOCSTK(64) RAMRO = PROCSTKuALL MAIN( J
END LINKEOF EcF cOF EOF iiOF EOF EOF EOF EOF
) 393 MAIN) 394 MAI N) 395 MAIN) 396 MAIN) 39 I MAI N) 390 MAI N) 399 MAI N) 400 MAIN) 401 MAI N) 402 MAIN) 403 MAINJ 404 MAIN) 405 MAIN) 406 MAIN) 40 7 MAI N) 408 MAI N) 409 MAIN) 410 MAIN) 411 MAIN1 412 MAIN) 413 MA! N) 41-* MAIN) 41 o MAIN416 M A I N
) 417 MAI N) 418 MAI N) 419 MAINJ 420 MAINj 421 MAIN) 42 2 MAIN) 423 MAIN) 424 MAIN) t25 MAI N) 426 MAIN) 427 MAIN) 428 MAIN) 429 MAIN) 430 MAIN) 431 MAIN) 432 MAIN1 43 3 MAIN) 434 MAI N) 435 M A 1 NJ 436 M A I N) 437 MAIN) 438 MAI N) 439 MAI N) 440 M A I Ni 441 MAIN) 442 MAIN) 443 M A I NJ 444 MAIN1 445 MAIN1 446 MAIN) 447 MAIN) 448 MAIN) <»49 MAIN1 450 AAl HJ 451 MAINJ 452 MAIN) 453 M a i r i
) *54 MAIN) 455 MAIM1 456 li A I N) 457 M A I N1 458 MAIN) 459 MAINJ 460 MAINJ 461 MAI N) 462 MAIN) 46 3 M A I N) 464 MAIN) 465) 466) 467J 468) 469J 4701 47 1 LINKJ 472 LINKJ 473 L INK) 474 LiNK) 475
67
APPENDIX D
PULSE TRAIN SEPARATOR SIMULATION PROGRAMASSEMBLY LANGUAGE LISTING AND OUTPUT
68
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Frazer, P.D., The Electronic Warfare Application ofSpecial Purpose Mi croprogrammcd Minicomputers , M . S . E . EThesis, Naval Postgraduate School, June, 1974".
2. ATAC, Applied Technology Airborne Computer , V. I, II,Itek Corporation, 19 74.
3* Elect ronic Countermeasures , U.S. Army Signal Corps, 19 61
4. User's Manual , 1st ed. , W.R. Church Computer Center,Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 19 7C.
94
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4. Professor Stephen Jauregui , Jr., Code 52Ja 10Department of Electrical EngineeringNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940
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