digital preservation tools for repository managers a practical course in five parts revision with...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Digital Preservation Tools for Repository ManagersA practical course in five partsRevision with Steve Hitchcock
ByChris Blakeley
A rapid recap of tools from the KeepIt course: what they do, what they look like, what we did with them
![Page 2: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Tools Module 1
• The Data Asset Framework (DAF), Sarah Jones, University of Glasgow, and Harry Gibbs, University of Southampton
• The AIDA toolkit: Assessing Institutional Digital Assets, Ed Pinsent, University of London Computer Centre
![Page 3: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
… because good research needs good data
DAF at KeepIt Digital preservation tools for repositories, 19/01/10, Southampton
www.data-audit.eu/
Themes addressed in DAF surveys
• Data: type / format, volume, description, creator, funder
• Creation: policy, naming, versioning, metadata & documentation
• Management: storage, backup, roles and responsibilities, planning
• Access: restrictions, rights, security, frequency, ease of retrieval, publish
• Sharing: collaborators, requirements to share, methods, concerns
• Preservation: selection / retention, repository services, obsolescence
• Gaps / needs: services, advice, support, infrastructure
![Page 4: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
… because good research needs good data
DAF at KeepIt Digital preservation tools for repositories, 19/01/10, Southampton
www.data-audit.eu/
The methodology
http://www.data-audit.eu/DAF_Methodology.pdf
![Page 5: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
… because good research needs good data
DAF at KeepIt Digital preservation tools for repositories, 19/01/10, Southampton
www.data-audit.eu/
How would you scope:1) the range of data being created at your institution? 2) user expectations / requirements on the repository to help manage and preserve those data?
• What would you want to find out?- what would your key questions be?
• How would you go about collecting information?
• How would you ensure participation?
![Page 6: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Relevance to this Course
• AIDA can…– Measure your ability to manage digital content
effectively– Show how good you are sustaining continued
access– Be directly relevant to managing a repository
(access, sharing, and usage)– Helps you find out where you are – Help you decide what to do next
![Page 7: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Exercise
• Divide into four teams• One element from each leg, relating to one activity• Agree on the scope of what you will assess - work on a
single Institution (real or imaginary)• Assess the capacity for this activity• Expected results:
– A score for the element in each leg and at each level (6 scores in all)
– Explain why you arrived at that decision– Roles / job titles of people consulted– Outline evidentiary sources that might help
![Page 9: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Tools Module 2
• Keeping Research Data Safe (KRDS), Costs, Policy, and Benefits in Long-term Digital Preservation, Neil Beagrie, Charles Beagrie Ltd consultancy
• LIFE3: Predicting Long Term Preservation Costs, Brian Hole, The British Library
![Page 10: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What was Produced?• A cost framework consisting of:
– activity model in 3 parts: pre-archive, archive, support services
– Key cost variables divided into economic adjustments and service adjustments
– Resources template for Transparent Costing (TRAC)
• 4 detailed case studies (ADS, Cambridge, KCL, Southampton)
• Data from other services.
![Page 11: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Benefits Framework
KRDS2 Benefits Taxonomy
Dimension 1(Type of Outcome)
Direct Indirect (costs avoided)
Dimension 2 (When)
Near-Term Benefits Long-term Benefits
Dimension 3 (Who)
Private Public
![Page 12: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Group Exercise• Agree a spokesperson and “recorder”• Using KRDS2 Benefits Taxonomy:
– Q1 Identify which benefits can be costed?– Q2 Select 3 Key benefits (include costed and
uncosted)– Q3 Identify the information you might need for
measuring them• Report back at 12.10 !
![Page 13: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
LIF
E3
13
LIFE3: Estimating preservation costs
The LIFE3 Project: Aim: To develop the ability to estimate preservation costs across the
digital lifecycle The Project is developing:
A series of costing models for each stage and element of the digital lifecycle
An easy to use costing tool Support to enable easy input of data Integration to facilitate use of the results
Organisational Profile
Predicted Lifecycle Cost
CostEstimationTool
Context
Content Profile
![Page 14: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
LIF
E3
14
LIFE3 costing tool outputs – estimated costs
Reference Linking
Disposal
•Check-in
InspectionObtaining
BackupHoldingsUpdate
Ordering & Invoicing
....
User Support
RefreshmentDepositIPR & Licensing
....
Access Control
Storage Provision
MetadataSubmission Agreement
....
Access Provision
Repository Admin
Quality Assurance
Selection....
Life
cy
cle
Ele
me
nts
Access
Re-ingest
Preservation Action
Preservation Planning
Preservation Watch
Content Preservation
Bit-stream Preservation
IngestAcquisitionCreation or Purchase
Life
cy
cle
S
tag
e
![Page 15: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
LIF
E3
15
Exercise
Excel model The Content Profile Refining the calculations
Feedback Do you feel that this approach is sound? Have we included all relevant factors? Is the model suitable for the kind of content your repository deals
with? Are we making correct assumptions, and is it clear what these are? How could we improve it?
![Page 16: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Tools Module 3
• Significant characteristics, Stephen Grace and Gareth Knight, King’s College London
• PREMIS, Open Provenance Model
![Page 17: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
AnalyseCheck Action
• Migration• Emulation• Storage selection
• Format identification,
versioning• File validation
• Virus check• Bit checking and
checksum calculation
Toolse.g. DROID
JHOVEFITS
Preservation planningCharacterisation:Significant properties and technical characteristics, provenance, format, risk factors
Risk analysis
ToolsPlato (Planets)PRONOM (TNA)P2 risk registry (KeepIt)INFORM (U Illinois)KB
Preservation workflow
![Page 18: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A group task on format risks1. Choose two formats to compare (e.g. Word vs
PDF, Word vs ODF, PDF vs XML, TIFF vs JPEG)2. By working through the (surviving) list of format
risks select a winner (or a draw) between your chosen formats for each risk category (1 point for win)
3. Total the scores to find an overall winning format4. Suggest one reason why the winning format using
this method may not be the one you would choose for your repository
![Page 19: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Determine expected behaviours• What activities would a user – any
type of stakeholder – perform when using an email?
• Draw upon list of property descriptions performed in the previous step, formal standards and specifications, or other information sources.
Task 2:Identify the type of actions that a user would be able to perform using the email (Groups. 15 mins).
• E.g. Establish name of person who sent email
• E.g. May want to confirm that email originated from stated source.
Analyse structureIdentify purpose of technical properties
Determine expected behaviours
Associate structure with each function
Classify behaviours into functions
Review & finaliseSelect object type
for analysis
Recipient local-part
Behaviour Structure
Recipient domain-part
Trace-route
Recipient display-name
Sender local-part
Sender domain-part
Sender display-name
Message-id
references
In-reply-to
Body text colour
Body background
strikethrough
underline
Paragraph
Line break
Message text
subject
![Page 20: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Exercise overview•Analyse the content of an email
• Analyse structure of email message• Determine purpose that each technical property performs
•Consider how email will be used by stakeholders• Identify set of expected behaviours• Classify set of behaviours into functions for recording
![Page 21: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
![Page 22: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
JHOVE Demo
![Page 23: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Define Sample Objects
![Page 24: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Some revision from KeepIt Module 3• Preservation workflow
– Recognised we have digital objects with formats and other characteristics we need to identify and record. These can change over time, or may need to be changed pre-emptively depending on a risk assessment, using a preservation action. Risk is subjective.
• Significant properties– We considered which characteristics might be significant using the function-
behaviour-structure (FBS) framework, and classifying the functions of formatted emails
– We recognised that assessment of behaviour, and so of significance, can vary according to the viewpoint of the stakeholder – e.g. creator, user, archivist
• Documentation– We looked at two means to document these characteristics, and the changes
over time1. Broad and established (PREMIS)2. Focussed, and work-in-progress (Open Provenance Model)
• Provenance in action: transmission and recording– Through a simple game we learned that if we don’t recognise the necessary
properties at the outset, and maintain a record through all stages of transmission, the information at the end of the chain will likely not be the same as you started with
![Page 25: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tools Module 4
• Eprints preservation apps, including the storage controller, Dave Tarrant and Adam Field, University of Southampton
• Plato, preservation planning tool from the Planets project, Andreas Rauber and Hannes Kulovits, TU Wien
![Page 26: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hybrid Storage Policies
![Page 27: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
EPrints Storage Manager
![Page 28: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Preservation - Analyse EPrints File Classification + Risk Analysis
Risk AnalysisRisk Analysis In EPrints
![Page 29: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Preservation - Action Mock up Transformation Interface
Transformation?
Tool Preservation Level
PPT -> PPTX
PPT -> PDF
Migration Tools
Risk Analysis In EPrints Migration?
![Page 30: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Viewing high-risk objects
![Page 31: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Exercise: EPrintsAdding ‘at risk’ image collection
![Page 32: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Preservation Planning
![Page 33: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Plato
Assists in analyzing the collection- Profiling, analysis of sample objects via Pronom and other services
Allows creation of objective tree- Within application or via import of mindmaps
Allows the selection of Preservation action tools
Preservation Planning with Plato
![Page 34: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Plato
Runs experiments and documents results Allows definition of transformation rules, weightings Performs evaluation, sensitivity analysis, Provides recommendation (ranks solutions)
Preservation Planning with Plato
![Page 35: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Exercise Time! The Scenario
National library Scanned yearbooks archive GIF images The purpose of this plan is to find a strategy on how to preserve this
collection for the future, i.e. choose a tool to handle our collection with.
The tool must be compatible with our existing hardware and software infrastructure, to install it within our server and network environment.
The files haven't been touched for several years now and no detailed description exists. However, we have to ensure their accessibility for the next years.
Re-scanning is not an option because of costs and some pages from the original newspapers do not exist anymore.
![Page 36: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Exercise: EPrintsAdding ‘at risk’ image collection
![Page 37: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Exercise: Plato-EPrintsPlan-migrate-review
![Page 38: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Tools Module 5
• TRAC, Trusted Repository Audit and Certification: criteria and checklist
• DRAMBORA, Digital Repository Audit Method Based On Risk Assessment, Martin Donnelly, Digital Curation Centre, University of Edinburgh
![Page 39: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
… because good research needs good data
DRAMBORA and DAF, EDINA, 27th October 2009
www.data-audit.eu www.repositoryaudit.eu
Trustworthy Repositories Audit & Certification (TRAC) Criteria and Checklist
• RLG/NARA assembled an International Task Force to address the issue of repository certification
• TRAC is a set of criteria applicable to a range of digital repositories and archives, from academic institutional preservation repositories to large data archives and from national libraries to third-party digital archiving services
• Provides tools for the audit, assessment, and potential certification of digital repositories
• Establishes audit documentation requirements required• Delineates a process for certification
• Establishes appropriate methodologies for determining the soundness and sustainability of digital repositories
![Page 40: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
TRAC Criteria Checklist • Within TRAC, there are 84 individual criteria
Only 82 criteria to go!
![Page 41: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
To certify or not to certify?That is the question
1. Take a spreadsheet with all 84 TRAC criteria.
2. Select one.3. Decide whether you
could certify your repository for this, based on where your repository is now or where you think it might be after participating in this course. by Cayusa
by fabiux
![Page 42: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
… because good research needs good data
KeepIt #5: University of Northampton, 30 March 2010
www.repositoryaudit.eu
DRAMBORA Method• Discrete phases of (self-)assessment, reflecting
the realities of audit• Preservation is fundamentally a risk
management process:• Define Scope• Document Context and Classifiers• Formalise Organisation• Identify and Assess Risks
• Builds audit into internal repository management procedures
![Page 43: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
… because good research needs good data
KeepIt #5: University of Northampton, 30 March 2010
www.repositoryaudit.eu
Repository Administration
![Page 44: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
… because good research needs good data
KeepIt #5: University of Northampton, 30 March 2010
www.repositoryaudit.eu
Part I – Identify a risk (30 minutes)
Each group should identify one risk (based on your ownexperiences wherever possible), and complete the DRAMBORA worksheet.
Groups should complete:• name and description of the risk;• example manifestations of the risk;• nature of the risk;• risk owner(s);• stakeholders who would be affected;• if possible, relationships with other risks.
![Page 45: Digital Preservation Tools for Repository Managers A practical course in five parts Revision with Steve Hitchcock By Chris Blakeley A rapid recap of tools](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56649e7c5503460f94b7e10f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
… because good research needs good data
KeepIt #5: University of Northampton, 30 March 2010
www.repositoryaudit.eu
Part II – Mitigate the risk (30 minutes)
Now identify what steps your archive might take to manage and mitigate the identified risk over time…
Each group should complete:
• Risk management strategy/-ies;• Risk management activities;• Risk management activity owner(s).