Digital Mobile Communications

and the TETRA System

Digital Mobile Communications

and the TETRA System

John Dunlop Demessie Girma

James Irvine University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scot/and

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Digual mobite commumca! ion~ and thc TETRA SySKOYl f John Dunlop, Dcmcssle Girma. hlTlCl< Irvine.

p. cm. IncludCli bibllogr.tphlcMI rc rerenco:-s. IS IlN0-47 1-98792- \ (al~. paper) I . TETRA \sIandard) Z. ~Iobilc Cl.>Illmumcal,on sys tems Standards.

3. Digi tal communication systo:-ms- Stnnd3rds. I. Girma. D.:mcssle. II. Irv1lle. James. 111. Tillo: TK5103.-188. D86 1999 62 1.3ll4S'02 I 8---dcZ I

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99-324611 CIr

A catalogue record ( 01" this book is 8\"lIilable from the Bntish Library

ISBN 0-47 1·98792-1

Contents

Preface List of Abbreviations and Symbols

Abbreviations Symbols

Chapter I Principles of Digital Mobile Radio

L J Introduction I 1.2 Modulation Methods I 1.3 Frequency and Time Di vision Multiplexing 4 1.4 Analogue to Digital Conversion 7 1.5 Spectral Properties of Digilal Signals 8 1.6 Pulse Shaping 10 1.7 Digital Modulation 12

1.7.1 AmplilUde Shift Keying (AS K) 12 1.7.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 13 1.7.3 Differential Phase Shlft Keying (DPSK) 13 1.7.4 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 15 1.7.5 Offset QPSK (OQPSK) 16 1.7.6 Differential QPSK (DQPSK) 17 1.7.7 7tl4-DQPSK [8 1.7.8 Linear Amplifiers 20 1.7.9 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 21 1.7.10 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 22 1.7. 11 MSK considered in tenns o f Phase Modulation 23 1.7. 12 Bandwidth of GMSK 26 1.7. 13 III-ary Modulalion 27

1.8 Pulse Shaping in Carrier Modulated Systems 27 1.9 Bandwidth Efficiency 28 1.10 The Radio En vironment 29 1. 11 Plane Earth Propagation Model 3 1 1.12 Fast Fading 34 1.1 3 SlowFading 37 1.14 Pathloss Models 39 1. 15 Link Budgets 40 1. 16 Fading in Digital Mobile Communications 4 1 1.17 The Cellular Concept 42 1.18 Typical Cell Operation 43 1. 19 Capacity of a Cellular System 44

xv xix xix

XXI';

vi CQntents

1.20 Frequency Re-use Distance 45 1. 21 Cellular Coverage 47 1.22 Sectoring 5 1 1.23 Statistical Issues 53 1.24 Conclusions 55

Chapter 2 Public Digital Mobile Radio Systems and Environment

2.1 Digital Cellular Radio 56 2.2 The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 56 2.3 The GSM Network Architecture 57 2.4 The GSM Radio Interface 58 2.5 Logical Channels in GSM 58

2.5. 1 Burst Structure for GSM 6 1 2.5.2 Mapping of Logical Channels in GSM 62 2.5.3 Mapping of Traffic Channels and Associaled Control Channels 65 2.5.4 Mapping of the BCCl-VCCCH 65 2.5.5 Mapping of the SDCCHISACCH 66 2.5.6 Mapping of Logical Channels in Low Capacity Systems 67

2.6 Security in GSM 67 2.6. 1 Authentication 68 2.6.2 Encryption 68 2.6.3 User Identity Protection 69 2.6.4 Sequence of Events 69

2.7 Operation of the GSM System 70 2.7.1 Location Updating 7 1 2.7.2 Call Establishment from a Mobile 73 2.7.3 Call Establishment to a Mobile 76 2.7.4 Call Release 76

2.8 Voice Coding in GSM 76 2.9 Non Voice Services 77

2.9. 1 Data Transmission Transparent Mode 78 2.9.2 Data Transmission (Non Transparent Mode) 78 2.9.3 The GSM Short Message Service 79

2. 10 Error Protection 80 2. 10. 1 Channel Coding in GSM 80 2.1 0.2 Interleaving 82

2. II Handover in GSM 83 2.1 2 GSM Handover Measurements 84 2. 13 Features of the GSM System 86

2. 13. 1 Adaptive Frame Alignment 86 2.13.2 Adaptive Power Control 86 2.13.3 Slow Frequency Hopping 87 2.1 3.4 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX) 88 2.13.5 GSM Evolution 88

2. 14 Cordless Communication Systems 89 2.1 5 The Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommurucalions System (DEer) 89 2. 16 Voice Coding in DECf 90

56

2.17 The DECT Physical Layer 91 2.18 DECf Medium Access Control 92 2. 19 Call Management in DECf 92 2.20 Handover in DECT 94 2.21 Dynamic Channel Selection (DCS) 94 2.22 Spread Spectrum Systems 96 2.23 Code Division Multiple Access 96

2.23.1 Power Control in CDMA 97 2.23.2 Di versity in COMA 97 2.23.3 Frequency Diversity 97 2.23.4 Spatial Diversity 98 2.23.5 Time Di versity 98

2.24 The Forward (Base to Mobile) Link in cdmaOne™ 99 2.24. 1 Synchronisation Channel 100 2.24.2 Pagi ng Channels 100 2.24.3 Quad Cover 100

2.25 The cdmaOne™ Reverse Link 10 I 2.25. 1 Access Channel 101 2.25.2 Payload Data 101 2.25.3 Signalling 102

2.26 The Rake Receiver 102 2.27 Power Control Loops in cdmaOne™ 103

2.27. 1 Open Loop Power Control 104 2.27.2 Closed Loop Power Control 104 2.27.3 Base Station Transmi ssion Power Control 104

2.28 Mobile Access in cdmaOne™ 105 2.29 Conclusion 105

Chapter 3 The Private Mobile Radio Environment

3. 1 Introduction 107 3.2 The PMR User Community 108

3.2. 1 Emergency Services I JO 3.2.2 Utilities III 3.2.3 National Government III 3.2.4 Local Government III 3.2.5 On-site III 3.2.6 PAMR Operators II I 3.2.7 Transpon 11 2

3.3 Requirements of PMR Services 11 3 3.4 PMR Configurations 116 3.5 Compari son Between PMR and Cellular 11 9 3.6 PMR standards 122

3.6.1 The Need for and Development of Standards 122 3.6.2 Analogue PMR 122 3.6.3 Digital PMR 123

3.7 PMR Market Evolution 126

COlllelllS I 'i i

107

"iii COllletlts

Chapter 4 An O\'er\'iew of the TETRA System

4. 1 Introduction 129 4.2 The Basic Services of the Tetra System 130 4.3 TETRA Network Architecture 13 1 4.4 TETRA Circuit Mode (V+D) 132

4.4.1 Burst Structure 134 4.5 Logical Channels Hierarchy 135

4.5. 1 Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH) 137 4.5.2 Common Control CHannel (CCCH) 137 4.5.3 Associated Control CHannel (ACCH) 138 4.5.4 Access Assignment CHannel (AACH) 138 4.5.5 Common Linearisation CHannel (CLCH) 139 4.5.6 Traffic CHannels (TCH) 139 4.5.7 Signall.ing CHannel (SCH) 139

4.6 Mapping of Logical Channels in TETRA 140 4.7 Operation of the TETRA V+D Mode 141

4.7. 1 Location Regisu:uion 14 1 4.7.2 Random Access 142 4.7.3 Call set-up Procedure 144

4.8 Special Features of me V+D Mode 146 4.9 Voice Coding in TETRA 147

4.9. 1 Algebraic Code Excited Liner Predicti ve Coding (ACELP) 148 4.9.2 Error Concealment 150

4.10 DATA Services in V+D Mode 151 4. 11 Direct Mode 152

4. 11 . 1 The Direct Mode Channel 154 4. 11.2 Call Set-up in Direct Mode 155 4. 11 .3 Control Channels in Direct Mode Operation 157

4. 12 Summary 157 4.13 Spectral Efficiency 157

Chapter 5 TETRA System Architecture, Components and Services

5.1 Introduction 161 5.2 The TETRA User Groups 162

5.2. 1 Potential User Groups 162 5.2.2 The TETRA MoU 163

5.3 System Architecture and Components 164 5.3.1 TETRA System Architecture 164 5.3.2 System Components 165 5.3.3 TETRA Network 165 5.3.4 Mobile Station 165 5.3.5 Classes of MS 165 5.3.6 Line Station 168 5.3.7 Direct Mode Mobile Stalion 168 5.3.8 Gateway 169 5.3.9 Network Management Unit 170

129

161

5.4 System Imerfaces 170 5.5 TETRA Reference Configuration 171

5.5. 1 Basic Concepts 171 5.5.2 Refc rence Points in TETRA 172

5.6 Subscriber Access Imerfaces 172 5.6. 1 The ISDN Reference Configuration 173 5.6.2 Circuit Mode TETRA Reference Configurations 174 5.6.3 Packet Mode Reference Configurations 176

5.7 Pcripheral Equipment Interface 178 5.7. 1 Overview 178 5.7.2 The TETRA PEl 178 5.7.3 PEl Componems 179

5.8 Addressing and Identities 181 5.8. 1 TETRA Equipment Idemity (TEl) 181 5.8.2 Mobile Network Identity (MNI) 182 5.8.3 TETRA Managemenlldentilies (TMI) 183 5.8.4 TETRA Subscriber Identity (TSJ) 183 5.8.5 Network-Layer SAP Addresses (NS AP) 184

5.9 TETRA Network Services 185 5.9. 1 Overview 185 5.9.2 Circuit Mode Data 186 5.9.3 Packet Mode Data 186 5.9.4 Short Data Service 186 5.9.5 Teleservices 187 5.9.6 Supplementary Services 188

5. 10 Mobility Management 19 1 5.10. 1 Basic Principles 19 1 5.10.2 Basic Mobility Procedures 194

5.11 TETRA Inter-System Interface 195 5. 11.1 lSI Overview 195 5. 11 .2 PISN Architecture 196 5.11.3 TETRA 151 Signalling 197

5. 12 TETRA Comparisons with GSM 198 5.12. 1 System Level Comparison 198 5.12.2 System Parameters and Others 199

5. 13 Summary of TETRA Parameters 200 5. 14 TETRA Confommnce Testing 201

5.14. 1 Scope of Conformance Testing 201 5. 14.2 Conformance Statement 202

5. 15 Conclusions 203

Cbapter 6 The Physical Layer

6.1 Overview. Function and Requirements 205 6.2 Frequency allocation 206 6.3 Choice of Multiplexing Method 207

6.3.1 COMA Operation of PMR Systems 208 6.3.2 FDM Operation of PMR Systems 208

Colltell ts ix

205

x COlllelllS

6.3.3 TOM Operation for PMR Systems 209 6.4 Choice of TDMA Parameters 212 6.5 Modulation 2 15 6.6 Frame. Slot and Burst Structures 220

6.6. 1 TETRA Frame Structure 220 6.6.2 TETRA Burst Structure 22 1 6.6.3 Types of Burst of the Physical Layer 224 6.6.4 Logical Physical Layer Logical Burst Types 227

6.7 Synchronisation 227 6.8 Transmission Delays 229 6.9 Scrambling 233 6. 10 Transmission Power and Power Control 235

6. 10.1 Power Classes 235 6. 10.2 Power Control 236

6.1 1 Channel Quality Measurement 237 6. 11 .1 Received Signal Strength Measurement 237 6. 11 .2 Signal Quality Measurement 237 6. 11 .3 Round-trip MS-BS Path Delay 238

6. 12 Physical Layer Perfonnance 238 6.12 .1 TETR A Receiver Sensiti vity 238 6.12 .2 TETRA Reference Channels 239 6.12.3 TETRA Receiver Classes 240 6. 12.4 Link Budget 24 J

6. 12.5 Area Coverage 243 6. 12.6 Area Coverage in the Noise Limited Case 245 6. 12.7 Area Coverage in Ihe Interference Limited Case 247

6. 13 Intelference to Other Systems 248 6. 13. 1 Limits on Adjacent Canier Interference 249 6. 13.2 Limits on Emissions Far from the CanierWithin the TETRA Band 250 6. 13.3 Li mits on Emissions OUlside the TETRA Band 250

6.14 Area Coverage Techniques 250 6.1 4 .1 Si ngle site wide area coverage 251 6. 14.2 Cell ular Channel Re-use 251 6. 14.3 Quasi-synchronous Transmission 251 6. 14.4 Time-sharing Transmi ssion 253 6. 14.5 Antenna Di ve rsity 254 6. 14.6 Site Di versity 254 6.14.7 On-Frequency Repeaters 255 6.14.8 Direct Mode f Trunked Gateway 256

6. 15 Conclusions 257

Chapter 7 The Data Link Layer

7. 1 Introduction 259 7.2 Organi sation of the D3ta Link Layer 259 7.3 Organisation of the MAC 26 J

7.4 Coding and Interleaving 264 7.4. 1 Error Control Strategies 265

259

Comel/IS xi

7.4.2 Forward Error Correction and Detection 266 7.4.3 TETRA Data and Signalling Channel Coding Schemes 280 7.4.4 Coding Parameters for Data and Control Channels 285 7.4 .5 TETRA Speech Coding Scheme 286 7.4.6 Mapping on the Physical Layer Channels 289 7.4.7 Example of Coding Steps 289 7.4.8 Coding Perfoml:mce 290

7.5 Stealing 291 7.5.1 Use of Stealing on the Uplink 292 7.5.2 Use of Steali ng on the Downlink 293

7.6 Trunking Methods 293 7.6.1 Message Trunking 294 7.6.2 Transmission Trunking 294 7.6.3 Quasi-transmission Trunking 295

7.7 Random Access 295 7.7.1 Random Access for Direct Mode Operation 297 7.7.2 Random Access for V +D Mode Operation 297 7.7.3 Access Frames 299 7.7.4 Access Control Channels 30 J 7.7.5 Reserved Access Procedures 303 7.7.6 Independent Allocation of Slots on the Uplink and Downl ink 303

7.8 Logical Channel Routing 304 7.8.1 Introduction 304 7.8.2 Logica l Channels Passed to the Upper MAC 304 7.8.3 Logical Channels Generated Within the Upper MAC 308 7.8.4 Logical Channel Routing to the Lower MAC 309 7.8.5 Channel Mapping in the Lower MAC 3 11 7.8.6 Inter-working Between MAC Layers 3D

7.9 Air Interface Encryption 3 15 7.10 Logical Link Control 317

7. 10. 1 lmroduction 3 17 7. 10.2 ARQ318 7. 10.3 LLC Operation 321

7.11 Syste m Modes of Operation 325 7. 11 . 1 Normal Mode 326 7. 11 .2 Extended Mode 326 7. 11 .3 Minimum Mode 327 7. J 1.4 Discontinuous Transmission - Time. Carrier and MCCH Sharing 328

7. 12 Mobile Station Modes of Operation 329 7. 12.1 Idle Mode 329 7. 12.2 Signalling and Packet Mode Data 329 7 .12.3 Traffic Mode 330 7. 12.4 Energy Economy Mode 330

7.13 Concl usions 331

Chapter 8 TETRA Network Layer Protocols

8.1 Introduction 333

333

xii Co"te"ts

8.2 Network Layer Concepts 333 8.2.1 Generic Functions of the Network Layer 333 8. 2.2 Control and User Plane Separation 335 8.2.3 User.; View of the Network Layer 336

8.3 Overview of TETRA Network Layer 336 8.3. 1 Types of Information Transported 336 8.3.2 TETRA Protocol Stacks 337 8.3.3 V+D Protocol Stack 338 8.3.4 PDO Protocol Stack 339 8.3.5 DMO Protocol Stack 340 8.3.6 Remarks on Air Interface Protocols 342

8.' Mobile to Base Link Entity 342 8.4.1 Overview 342 8.4.2 MLE Functions 342 8.4.3 Attachment Management 345 8.4.4 MLE Services and Access Points 353 8.4.5 MLE PDU Descriptions 354 8.4.6 Concluding Remarks on MLE 359

8.5 Mobility Management Protocols 360 8.5. 1 Mobility Management Functions 360 8.5.2 MM Subsystem Elements 361 8.5.3 Functional Organisation of the MS-MM 361 8.5.4 MM at the LMM-SAP 362 8.5.5 MM at the TNMM-SAP 364 8.5.6 MM with Network-MM Peer 364 8.5.7 Overview of MM Procedures 365 8.5.8 Description of Selected MM PDUs 365 8.5.9 Concluding Remarking on MM Protocols 37 1

8.6 Circuit Mode Connection Entity 372 8.6.1 Overview 372 8.6.2 MLE functions al CMCE SAP 372

8.7 Packet Mode Data Services 375 8.7. 1 InlToduction 375 8.7.2 Overview of X.25 Data Services 376 8.7.3 Overview of TETRA Data Services 378 8.7.4 Specific Connectionless Network Protocol (SCLNP) 379 8.7.5 TETRA Inter-network Protocols 379

8.8 Layers 4 to 7 380 8.8. 1 Transport Layer Protocol 380 8.8 .2 Session Layer Prolocol381 8.8.3 Presentation Layer Protocol 381 8.8.4 Application Layer Protocol 38 1

8.9 Conclusion 381

Chapter 9 Operational Aspects of the TETRA Network 383

9.1 Introduction 383 9.2 Network Security Management 383

9.2. 1 Overview of TETRA Network Security 383 9.2.2 Principles of Encryption and Authentication 385 9.2.3 Types of Encryption 387 9.2.4 Principles of Authenti cation 388 9.2.5 TETRA Encryption Algorithms 389 9.2.6 Protection Differences in TETRA Systems 389 9.2.7 Authentication in TETRA 390 9.2.8 Authentication POU Examples 393 9.2.9 Encryption Keys 394 9.2.10 Over The Air Re-keying 395 9.2.1 1 OTAR POU Examples 397 9.2. 12 Transfer of Authentication Information 398 9.2. 13 Overview of Air Interface Encryption 398 9.2. 14 Overview of End-to-End Encryption 399 9.2.15 L.'1wfullnterception 400

9.3 TETRA Inter-System Signalling 400 9.3. 1 The TETRA lSI Reference Configuration 400 9.3.2 Q and C Reference Points 401 9.3.3 Private Signalling System 1 for TETRA 402 9.3.4 PSS I Protocol Stack 403

9.4 TETRA Network Management 405 9.4. 1 Overview 405 9.4. 2 Principles of Networl:: Management 406 9.4.3 Network Management Protocols 408 9.4.4 The SNMP Model 408 9.4.5 TETRA Network Management Methodology4 10

9.5 Conclusions 411

Appendices

AI The TETRA Technical Specifications 414 A.2 TETRA MoU Members 4 15

A.2. 1 Manufacturers 4 15 A.2.2 Users 4 18 A.2.3 Regulators 420 A2.4 Accredi ted lest houses 420

A.3 Erlang B Table (for Blocked-Calis-Cleared) 421 A.3_1 Overview of Basic Concepts 421 A3.2 Erlang B Table 422

AA Erlang C Table (for Blocked-Calls- Delayed) 424 A4.1 Overview of Basic Concepts .. 24 A4.2 Erlang C Table 425

COI/UI/IS xiii

413

Index 427

Preface

The digital mobile telephone is now a ubiquitous object but it is still predominantly voice based. This will change radically in the near future. with a huge emphasis being placed on wireless access to the Intcrnct and the provision of wireless multimedia services by all mobile telephone networks. This movement is bei ng accommodated in the private mobile radio environmem by the introduction of the Terrestrial Trunked Radio Standard (TETRA) which has been expressly designed to accommodate voice and data services.

This book has been written 10 specifically explain the capabilities of the TETRA specifications and 10 give some insight into the wide range of services which digital technology can support in private mobile radio networks. The book is based on courses which the authors have presented 10 engineers engaged in the design and procurement of TETRA based networks and emphasises the relationship between the TETRA specifications and the layered structure of the open systems interconnection (051) model . The book assumes a basic understanding of the concepts of analogue modulation systems but begins by introducing some of the fundamental concepts of digital signal transmission. Therefore the non-TETRA specialist will find this text a useful introduction to digital mobile communications systems.

Chapter I begins with the principles of digital mobile radio and introduces concepts which are essential to the understanding of digital systems. It considers, in detail . the properties of amplitude. phase and frequency modulation of a carrier with digital signals with particular emphasis on bandwidth requirements. This is followed by an introduction to the properties of radio channels which is essential to the understanding of the compromises which are part of the design of all radio systems. This chapter also presents an overview of cellular topics with examples of the design constraints which cellular systems must address.

Chapter 2 considers the public digital radio environment and describes examples of time division cellular radio (GSM). and cordless telephone systems (DECf). The emphasis in this chapter is on the demands of public systems and the way in which these demands influence design choices. Thi s chapter also considers the basics of spread spectrum mobile communications systems with respe<:t to cdmaOne m. which is essentially a second generation system. Direct sequence COMA systems will be the basis of 3«1 generation mobile systems with which TETRA will have to co-exist and therefore it is important that specialists in TETRA have some understanding of the differences between CDMA and TDMA systems.

XI'; Pr~face

Chapter 3 deals with the pri vate mobile environment and highlights the different requi rements of private network mobile users and operators compared with the public equ ivalents. The different types of pri vate mobile network are described. and a review of altc111ati ves to TETRA is presented. This includes a brief description of the other digital PMR systems which are available. as well as a discussion of other mo bile and cord less radio solutions.

Chapter 4 is an overview of the TETRA system and concentrates on the explanation of logical channels and how these relate to the OS I model. Panicular attention is given 10 tmnked and direct mode operation which emphasises the way in which TETRA meets the demands of the private mobi le radio environment as outlined in Chapter 3. This chapter also introduces the concepts of lhe layered OSI model which is explored in more detail in subsequent chapters.

Chapter 5 describes TETRA system architecture and components in more detail. T ETRA reference configurations are introduced with the identification of imponant interfaces. which are considered in subsequent chapters. in the context of interfaces and protocols. The descri ption of system components and network services in this chapter is intended to provide a high-level o\'erview of T ETRA as a background 10 the more technical chaplers that follow. First time readers will therefore fi nd browsing this chapter usefu l before the T ETRA specific tcchnical descri ptions in later chapters.

Chapter 6 describes the TETRA physical layer. and the choices m(lde for modulation and transmi ssion. The nature of the PMR requireme rns makes these choices significantly different fro m those made fo r public cellular systems. and the chapter describes the justification the design parameters used in the TETRA physical layer. Other functions and features of the physical layer are descri bed. such as the delays introduced to the transmitted bit stream. synchronisation. power control and coverage techniques.

Chapler 7 is concerned with Layer 2 of the TETRA system. the data link layer. u )'cr 2. and in particular the MAC sub-layer. contains key functionality for the effi cient and successful operation of the system. The chapter covers the operation of the MAC. including coding. random access. logical channcl routing and stealing. as we ll as a number of support functions the MAC undertakes for upper layers in respect of encryption and channel quality measurement. This chapter al!>O details the logical link control sub-layer. which is responsible for ensuring that the info1111alion transmitted on behalf of the upper layers is received without error. and arranging for its re transmission if necessary.

Chapter 8 deals with network layer functions of TETRA as a follow on from the physical and data link layers di scussed in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7. It illlroduces general network layer concepts at the outset and develops into more detailed treat ment of TETRA specific network layer protocols. Radio link management and mobility management constitute the major palt of the TETRA network layer functions. and thi s chapter attempts to present these two important topics (and other network layer protocols) in a clear and an orderly manner. Where appropriate. prolOeo' data llllirs are used to ill ustrate network control

Pre/ace xliii

procedures and at the same time highlight important parameters associated with the network protocols. This chapter also presents an overview of packet mode data services that are supported by TETRA.

Chapter 9 collects together additional topics that are essential to the operation of TETRA over and above the network functions addressed in Chapters 6 to 8. Three important topics are identified for this chapter. namely. network security management. inter-system interface signalling. and network management . each described under a separate section. Network security management is an important feature of TETRA and particular attention is given to this topic for clear descriptions of the protocol mechanisms which are specified for authentication and encryption key management.

There is very significant potential for TETRA based systems to introduce widespread use of information technology into what has been a voice conmlllnicati ons based environment. Whilst this text has nOI dealt in depth with these new IT-base services it dcres provide sufficient coverage. in a single volume. to stimulate engineers and service providers to expand the potential of TETRA into a range of exciting new application areas.

List of Abbreviations and Symbols

ABBREVIATIONS

A AC ACCH ACELP ADC A DPCM AGCH AI AM AM PS ANF APCa ARQ ASCI ASK ASN AT ATDM ATM ATSI AuC

B BBK BCCH BCCH BER BLCH BNCH BPSK BS BSC BSCH

authentication code. authentication celltre Associated Control CHannel Algebraic CELP analogue to digital conversion adaptive differential pulse code modulation Access Grant CHannel air interface amplitude modulation Advanced Mobile Phone System additional network feature Association of Public-safety Communications Officers Autom:lIic Repeat reQuest Advanced Speech Call Items (GSM) amplitude shifl keying abstract syntax notation ATtention (conunand set for modems) asynchronous time d ivision multiplexi ng asynchronous transfer mode alias TETRA subscriber identity authentication centre (also AC)

Broadcast BlocK Broadcast Control CHannel Broadcast Control CHannel bit error rate Base station Linearisatio n C Hannel Broadcast Network Conlrol CHannel binary phase shift keying base station base station controller Broadcast Synchronisation CHannel

xx Lisl of Abbrerialions Qlld Symbols

SSS base station subsystem SST base station transceiver BT time bandwidth product of pulse shaping filter BTS base transceiver station

C CB CC CCCH CCH CCK COMA CDPD CEPT CFP CIR CK CLCH CMCE CM IP CNLS CNM CONP CPP CRC CSMNCD

o OAWS dB dBm DCCH DCE DCK DDB DECT DES OM DMCC DM-MS DMO OM-REP DPSK DQPSK OSB·AM DSRR DTE

Control Burst call control Common Control CHannel Control CHannel common cipher key code division multiple access Cellular Digital Packet Data Conference Europ6enne Postes des et Telecommunication Cordless Fixed Part carrier to interference ratio cipher key Common Linearisation CHannel Circuit Mode Control Entity common management information protocol connection less (packet data service) central networi.: management connection-oriented network protocol Cordless Portable Pan cyclic redundancy check carrier sense multiple access with collision detection

Digital Advanced Wireless System decibel decibel with reference to a milli·watt power Dedicated Control CHannel data communication equipment deri ved cipher key distributed database Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication data encryption standard Direct Mode direct mode call control Direct Mode Mobile Station Direct Mode Operation Direct Mode Repeater differential phase shift keying differential quaternary phase shift keying double sideband amplitude modulation Digital ShO.1 Range Radio system data terminal equipment

DTMF DW-MS

E ECCH ECMA EDACS EIRP EKSO EMC ERP ESN ETSI

F FAC FACCH FCCH FCS FDM FDMA FEC FHMA FM FSK

G GCK OFP OMSK OoS GPRS OSM GSM-R OTSI

H HAC HOB HLR HSCSD HT200

I IDEA iDEN 10FT

dual tone multi frequency Dual Watch-Mobile Station

List of AbbrevwtiQIIS alld Symbols xxi

Extended Common Control CHannel European Computer Manufacturers Association Enhanced Digital Access Communication System effective isotropic radiated power End-to-end Key Stream Generator ElectroMagnetic Compatibility effective radiated power e lectronic serial number European Telecommunications Standards Institute

final assembly code Fast Associated Control CHannel Frequency Correction CHannel frame check sequence freq uency division multiplex frequency division multiple access Forward Error Correction frequency hopping multiple access frequency modulation frequency shift keying

group cipher key generic functional prolOcol Gaussian minimum shift keying grade of service General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile communications Global System for Mobile communications for Railways group TETRA subscriber identity

home authentication centre home database home location register High Speed Circuit Switched Data Hilly Terrain environment at 200kph

International Data Encryption Algorithm Integrated Digital Enhanced Tec hnology inverse discrete Fourier transform

x:di

IF IMEI IMSI IN IP ISDN lSI ISO ISS I ITSI IV IVN

K kH, KSG

L LA LAC LAce LAN LANC LAP LAP-B LA P-D LS LCH LC H LLC LMN LMR LNM LS LTR LTV

M MAC MAF MAN MCC MCC H MER MFA MHz MIS

List of Abbrel'ialiolls Gild Symbols

intennediale frequency International Mobile Equipment Identity International Mobile Subscriber Identity Intellige ru Network internet Protocol integrated services digital network inter-system interface I ntcrnational Standards Organisation indi vidual short subscriber identity individual TETRA subscriber identity initial value (authentication algorithm) InterVening Network

kilo Hertz (103 cycles/s) Key Stream Generator

iocalion area location area code location area country code local area network location area network code link access protocol (or procedure) link access pro tocol for B channel (or - balanced) loca l access protocol for 0 Channel Linem;sation Burst Lineari sation Channel Linearisation CHan nel logical link control land mobile network Iond mobile radio local network management line (-conncctcd) station logic Inlnked radio line termination unit

medium access control mutual authentication flag metropolitan area network Mobile Country Code Main Control CHannel Message Error Rate management functional area Mega hertz ( 106 cyclesls) management infotmation base

MLE MM MMl MNC MNl MoU MPT MS MSC MSK MT MTU

N NDB NMU NSAP NT NUB

o OMC OQPSK OSl OTAR

P PA PAD PAMR PBR PC PCH PCM PD PDN PDO PDU PEl Pies P1N PINX PISN PLMN PLP PM PMR

Mobilelbase Link Entity mobility managemem man machine interface Mobile Network Code

Ust of Abbrel'iatiolls alld Symbols xxiii

Mobile Network Identity Memorandum of Understanding Minis!!)' of Post and Telecommunications (standards. e.g .. MPT1327) mobile station mobile switching centre minimum shift keying mobile temunation mobi le tennination unit

Nomlal Downlink Burst network management unit Network-layer Service Access Point network lemlination Normal Uplink Burst

operations & management centre offset quaternary phase shift keying open systems interconnection Over The Air Re-keying

power amplifier packet assembler/disassembler public access mobile radio private business radio personal compUler; prOiocol conlJ'Ol Paging CHanne l pulse code modulation packet data public data network packet data optimised protocol daLa unit peripheral equipment interface protocol implementation confonnance statement personal identity number Privale Integrated Network eXchange private integrated services network public land mobile network packet level protocol phase modulation private mobile radio

xxiv

PN POTS PPP PSK PSTN PTT PVC

Q QoS QPSK QSIG

R RACH RAND RES RF ROSE RS RSSI

S SACCH SAGE SAP S8 SCCH SCH SCHIF SCHIH SCHIS SCK SCLNP SDCCH SDS SIM SIR SMI SMR SMS SNAF SNMP SNR SRBR SS SS-C

List of Abbrel'ialwns alld Symbols

Pseudo raNdom Plain Old Telephone System point-to-point protocol phase shift keying public switched telephone network press to talk: post, telegraphy & telecommunications permanent virtual circuit

quality of service quaternary phase shift keying Q-reference point SIGnalling

Random Access CHannel RANDom challenge (on authentication) Radio Equipment and System: RESponse value (authentication) radio frequency remote operations service entity random seed received signal strength indicator

Slow Associated Control CHannel Security Algorithms Group of Experts service access point Synchronisation Burst Secondary Common Control CHannel Signalling CHannel (TETRA). Synchronisation CHannel (GSM) Signalling CHanneU Full slot Signalling CHanneU Half slot Synchronisation CHannel (TETRA Direct Mode) static cipher key Specific ConnectionLess Network Protocol Stand alone Dedicated Control CHannel short data service subscriber identity module signal to interference rntio Short Management Identity specialist mobile radio short message service suh-network access funct ion simple network management protocol signal to noise ratio short range business radio supplementary service supplementary services control

SSI STCH STE SVC $wM I

T TA TAC TCH TOilS TCP TDO TDM TDMA TE TEl TETRA TMI TMN TNMM TP TSI TUSO

U UAK UOP UIC

V V+O VAC VAD VOS

W WT

shon subscriber identity STealing CHannel signalling lennina! exchange switched virtual call

List of A bbrel'iatiolls mId Sy mbols XXI '

Switching and Management Infrastructure

leoninal adapter (or adapting) type approval code Traffic CHannel Traffic Channell Speech transport control protocol time di vision duplex time division multiplexing time division multiple access tcmunal equipment TETRA Equipment Identity TErreslrlal Trunked RAdio TETRA Management Identity telecommunications management network TETRA network mobility management (protocol access point) Traffic Physical channel TETRA Subscriber Identity Typical Urban channel 3150kph

user authentication key user datagram protocol Union Intemationale des Chemins de Fer (International Rail Union)

voice plus dma visitor authentication cemre voice activi ty detector visi to r dmabase

Waiting Time

xx!'; Uno! Abbn.,iatwfls al/d Symbols

SYMBOLS

a. p !if !if, !if. m, y

~ ;.

P G. T

r(R)

A A, B 8(111)

B, B" B,. c C C/, CZ

C" D Dd P) D/k/ EJ P) J, I , I. F V(\I)

G GIj) G(f) G(x)

G,(f) G,(f) H h, lib' II",

roll off factor for pulse shaping modulation index elemental bandwidth carrier deviation noise bandwidth delay spread attenuation coefficient bandwidth efficiency free space wavelength channel occupancy or utilisation factor (teletraffic load) standard deviation of shadow fading dununy time variable average fade duration (vertical monopole antenna)

mean offered teletraffic load. in Erlang effective aperture of an antenna bandwidth of a signal or channel ",Ill binary digit coherence bandwidth bandwidth of a mobile communications channel allocated spectrum velocity of light in free space trunk size in number of channels TETRA pathloss parameter /IIh harmonic in a Fourier series frequency re+use distance de<:ryption function phase transition in rrJ4-DQPSK encryption function fundamental frequency of a periodic wave cut--off frequency. carrier frequency frequency of modulating waveform cumulative distribution function normalised offered traffic frequency response between transmitter and receiver power spectral density Gaussian shaping function frequency response of receiver filter frequency response of transmitter filter magnetic fi eld height of base station antenna height of an antenna

". i rk)

" K L m /ilL

N(R)

" rl!

P pit) p. P, PQ P, P, plv) q Q qlk) S S, T t, ri l) 1',(1)

1'..11) X(k). Y(k)

List of Abbrel'iat;ollS and Symbols xxvii

height of mobile station antenna in+phase component interference power cluster size. e ncryption key pathloss depth of modulation sector mean level crossing rate number of channels per cell power in a signal impulse response of a network power per unit aTea blocking probability queuing probability received power transmitted power probability density function cCK:hannel interference reduction faclor number of calls in the busy hour quadrature phase component nomlalised throughput nonnalised carrier power duration of bit or symbol : caU holding time in minutes mean packet delivery lime general function of time carrier voltage as a function of time voltage of modulating wavefoml as a function of time kill dibit combination